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The article looks at pediatric care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It shows how foreign missions and foreign aid are contributing to the country's development and one example is the Swedish Agency for International Assistance. In 1957, The Ethio-Swedish Projects in the Field of Health were begun. Three projects were agreed upon by the Ethiopian and Swedish governments. These are the Ethio-Swedish Pediatric Clinic, the Ethio-Swedish Health Center Project and the Children's Nutrition Unit. It also describes a variety of diseases that are prevalent in the region. These include gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infection, rickets and malnutrition.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to examine arrhythmias and hypoglycaemia among individuals with and without diabetes who are receiving haemodialysis and to investigate the association between arrhythmias and hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability., Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included 70 participants on maintenance haemodialysis (35 with diabetes and 35 without diabetes). We employed implantable cardiac monitors for continuous heart rhythm monitoring in combination with periodic use of continuous glucose monitoring. Logistic-regression-type linear mixed models were used to examine associations between arrhythmias and glycaemic measures., Results: During 18 months of follow-up, clinically significant arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmia and ventricular tachycardia) were identified in 12 (34%) participants with diabetes and 11 (31%) without diabetes. Atrial fibrillation was detected in 13 (37%) participants with diabetes and 14 (40%) without, while other supraventricular tachycardia was detected in seven (20%) and 11 (31%) participants with and without diabetes, respectively. Hypoglycaemia (sensor glucose <3.9 mmol/l) was observed in 27 (77%) participants with diabetes and 32 (91%) without diabetes. Compared with euglycaemia, hypoglycaemia was associated with an increased rate of arrhythmias among participants without diabetes (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 3.13 [95% CI 1.49, 6.55]), while hyperglycaemia (sensor glucose >10.0 mmol/l) was associated with a decreased rate of arrhythmias among participants with diabetes (IRR 0.58 [95% CI 0.37, 0.92]). Glycaemic variability showed no association with arrhythmias regardless of the presence of diabetes., Conclusions/interpretation: Arrhythmias and hypoglycaemia were common in those undergoing haemodialysis regardless of diabetes status. Our data suggest a temporal relationship between arrhythmias and glucose level in both individuals with and without diabetes., Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04841304., Competing Interests: Acknowledgements: We gratefully thank the study participants for their contribution. From the Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, we thank research nurse H. Corinth and laboratory technician A. Haltorp for assisting with study procedures, as well as medical students N. T. Bruun and U. J. Lentoft for data entry and CGM management. Furthermore, we thank our colleagues at the Peritoneal Dialysis Unit at the Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, for providing facilities for the implantation procedure and the dialysis nurses and other colleagues in the Department of Nephrology at Rigshospitalet, Herlev Hospital, Holbaek Hospital and North Zealand Hospital for supporting the study. Data availability: The data of this study are not publicly available due to the risk of potential re-identification of individuals but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Funding: Open access funding provided by National Hospital. This study was supported by grants from the Rigshospitalet’s research foundation, the Augustinus Foundation (grant no. 20-1977), Skibsreder Per Henriksen R og Hustrus Fond (grant no. 01-10403), Johnny Weilebys Fond (grant no. 10-100067), Helen og Ejnar Bjørnows Fond and Region Zealand’s Health Research Foundation. The CGM equipment was partly sponsored by Dexcom and ILRs were partly sponsored by Medtronic. The study sponsor/funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report. Authors’ relationships and activities: DHK has received speaker honoraria from Bayer outside the submitted work. SZD is a consultant for Cortrium, Acesion Pharma and Vital Beats, a member of the Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer advisory board, and has received speaker honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer and Bayer and travel grants from Abbott and Bostin Scientific. TB has been a member of the Medtronic and AstraZeneca advisory board and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work. AA has received lecture fees from and served on advisory boards for Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. JB has received speaker honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the scope of the submitted work. ML is a member of the advisory board at AstraZeneca, Bayer Denmark, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novo Nordisk, and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer Denmark, Novo Nordisk and Boehringer Ingelheim, as well as research collaboration funded by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. KN holds stocks in Novo Nordisk; has been a paid consultant for Novo Nordisk and Medtronic; has received speaker honorarium and honorarium for Advisory Board to her institution from Medtronic, Novo Nordisk and Convatec; and her institution has received research funding from Zealand Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Medtronic and Dexcom. TPA holds stocks in Novo Nordisk. JHS is a member of the advisory board at Medtronic and Vital Beats and has received speaker honoraria and research grants from Medtronic outside the submitted work. MH has served on scientific advisory boards for the following companies outside the scope of this study: Astra Zeneca; Novo Nordisk; Boehringer Ingelheim; GSK; and CSL Vifor Pharma. MH has also served as moderator of a symposium and an educational meeting for Astra Zeneca and Novo Nordisk, has received research grants from the A.P. Møller Foundation, Augustinus Foundation, Helen Bjørnow Foundation and Lundbeck Foundation; and has received a Twinning Horizon 2020 Europe Grant. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. Contribution statement: DHK, SZD, TB, MØA, MR, YSL, KL, HPH, CR, ML, TL, KN, TPA, JHS, BF-R and MH were involved in the conception and design of the study. DHK, SZD, TB, MØA, AA, EM, MR, YSL, KL, ML, JB, KS, TL, KN, TPA, JHS, BF-R and MH were involved in the data acquisition, analyses and interpretation of the data. DHK wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. DHK is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10-15% globally and is a marked independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prevalence estimations are essential for public health planning and implementation of CKD treatment strategies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and stages of CKD in the population-based Lolland-Falster Health Study, set in a rural provincial area with the lowest socioeconomic status in Denmark. Additionally, the study characterized participants with CKD, evaluated the overall disease recognition, including the awareness of CKD and compared it with other common conditions. Cross-sectional data were obtained from clinical examinations, biochemical analyses, and questionnaires. CKD was defined as albuminuria (urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m², or by a diagnosis in the National Patient Register. Patient awareness was assessed by self-reported CKD, and overall disease recognition by either a registered hospital diagnosis or self-reported CKD. Among 16 097 adults (median age 58.6 years), CKD prevalence was 18.0% (n = 2903), with 70.1% identified by albuminuria, 28.4% by reduced eGFR, and 1.5% by a registered diagnosis alone. Of those with CKD, 98.8% had stages 1-3 (eGFR ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m²), and 1.2% had stages 4-5 (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²). Female sex, comorbidities, smoking, and low socioeconomic parameters were independently associated with CKD. Patient awareness of CKD was 4.4%, compared to >50% for hypertension and >80% for diabetes, and the overall CKD recognition (self-reported or registered diagnosis) was 7.1%. Thus, in this population-based study, CKD was highly prevalent but poorly recognized, indicating great potential for preventing CKD progression and related complications., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association.)

Objectives: This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among HIV-infected women during pregnancy and after delivery in a cohort of 200 Tanzanian women., Methods: HIV-infected women participating in a study on antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission between 2006 and 2011, were tested retrospectively for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in plasma samples at 9 months post-partum. Anti-HEV IgG-positive patients were tested for anti-HEV IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in samples from enrolment, and seroconverting women were tested for HEV RNA., Results: A total of 16 women were anti-HEV IgG-positive, two of whom had seroconverted between enrolment and 9 months post-partum, with no detection of anti-HEV IgM or HEV RNA, yielding an HEV seroprevalence of 8.0% (confidence interval 5.0-12.6%) and an annual incidence rate of 1.0% (confidence interval 0.2-3.4%). CD4 cell counts were relatively high (median 403×10 6 /l), with no significant difference between women with and without serological signs of HEV., Conclusions: An annual HEV infection incidence rate of 1% strongly indicates ongoing transmission of HEV in Tanzania and should be kept in mind for pregnant women presenting with signs of acute hepatitis., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

We tested the effect of bone marrow cell (BMC) transplantation in either preventing or reversing cirrhosis on an experimental model of chronic liver disease. Female Wistar rats were fed a liquid alcohol diet and received intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) over 15 weeks. Ten animals (cell-treated group) received five injections of BMCs during the cirrhosis induction protocol (on the 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks) and four animals received the cells after liver injury was established through tail vein. Nine animals (nontreated group) were submitted to the previously described protocols; however, they received vehicle injections. Analyses were performed to verify whether the infusion of cells was effective in preventing the development of cirrhosis in our model of induction, and if the cells could reverse cirrhosis once it was established. Hepatic architecture and fibrotic septa were analyzed in liver slices stained with hematoxilin & eosin and Sirius red, respectively. Fibrosis quantification was measured by Sirius red histomorphometry. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed to detect the amount of tissue transglutaminase 2. Blood analyses were performed to assess liver injury and function by the assessment of alanine aminotransferase and albumin. Ultrasound was performed to analyze the portal vein caliber and presence of ascitis. Cirrhosis features (regenerative nodules and fibrous septa) were observed in histopathology after 15 weeks of continuous hepatic injury in nontreated and cell-treated groups. Collagen content, immunofluorescence analysis, and biochemical and ultrasound parameters were similar in nontreated and cell-treated groups; however, both groups showed significant differences compared to a normal control group. Cell infusions with bone marrow-derived cells seem to be ineffective in improving morphofunctional parameters of the liver when applied to chronic cases either during or after establishment of the hepatic lesion.

Human lymphatics convert exogenously added 14C-arachidonic acid into PGE2, PGF2 alpha and the main metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Thromboxane formation is undetectable either by radiothinlayer-chromatography or by radioimmunology. These data confirm and extend our earlier findings indicating an important PGI2-synthetic mechanism in human lymphatics. Assuming that lymphatic contractility is regulated at least in part by thromboxane A2, we propose that this derivative of arachidonic acid derives from extralymphatic sources.

Previous studies demonstrate that prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) is the main arachidonic acid product in human lymph vessels. Pulsatile perfusion increases and prolongs PGI2-formation as do leukotrienes (LT) such as LTC4. Thus, physical activity besides local mechanical and biochemical influences on lymph pressure and flow also stimulates local lymphatic PGI2 synthesis, a prime counterbalancing factor in lymphatic constriction induced by other eicosanoids.

A 37-year-old man with visual loss was found to have hypopituitarism and primary polydipsia associated with sarcoidosis. Neuroradiologic studies demonstrated a dramatic evolution of CNS lesions, including a left thalamic infarct, an enhancing suprasellar mass, and ultimately an empty sella turcica. The patient has been clinically stable in spite of these changes. This case is likely to be the first reported of CNS sarcoidosis with an empty sella turcica documented by computed tomography.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), but not prostacyclin (PGI2), plays an important role in human lymph vessel contraction. Paradoxically, whereas substantial amounts of PGI2 are detectable in human lymphatics, TXA2 is undetectable and probably derives from surrounding tissues.

A 21 year old man presented with asymptomatic, isolated chylopericardium. Despite echocardiography, radionuclide-angiography, computer tomography, and chemical analysis of the chylous effusion, the etiology remained obscure. After patent blue dye infusion into peripheral soft tissues, the appearance of coloring material in the effusion at 4 hours suggested direct communication of the pericardium with an apparently large thoracic duct. Fifteen months later, cardiomegaly persists in site of medium-chain triglyceride dietary restriction.

Whereas prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a major metabolite of human lymphatics, does not itself affect lymphatic contractility significantly, it is able to counterbalance the contractile response to thromboxane and leukotrienes. We now demonstrate that leukotrienes C4 and D4 evoke a dose-dependent increased production of PGI2 from human lymphatics. It is likely that leukotrienes either exert a contractile rhythmic effect on human lymphatics or, alternatively, evoke increased PGI2-formation which relaxes human lymphatics. These mechanisms may be of local importance in regulating lymphatic "tone" at sites of inflammation as leukotrienes are liberated from activated white blood cells.

The ability of human lymphatics to generate prostacyclin in important amounts (4.5 +/- 2.1 pg/mg/min) is described. The prostacyclin produced, exhibits the same properties as reported for arterial and venous tissue. No age and sex difference could be observed. The role of prostacyclin in physiology of lymphatics, however, is unknown.