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The aim of this study is to ascertain whether a simplified screening algorithm incorporating glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) tests increases type 2 diabetes (T2D) screening in 10- to 14-year-old Aboriginal Australians presenting to primary healthcare (PHC) services. The study involved a 6-month pilot of a locally developed evidence-based screening algorithm in a remote Western Australian Kimberley town. A retrospective audit of electronic health records for the pilot period (27 June–26 December 2016) and a 6-month period before the screening algorithm was introduced (1 October 2015–31 March 2016) was conducted. Interviews were held with 30 PHC staff at participating PHC services, an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) and a hospital-based general practice service. During the pilot, significantly more patients received an initial T2D screening test at the ACCHS (28/130 (22%) v. 50/139 (36%), P = 0.011), but there was no change at the hospital (0.02% v. 0.02%, P = 0.615). Staff feedback suggested measures to improve screening; these include simple guidelines, targeted screening, patient and staff education, point-of-care HbA1c tests and a whole-of-clinic approach to implementation. Implementing a screening algorithm for young-onset diabetes in Aboriginal Australians is challenging, but practical measures can be taken to improve screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]