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Pelargonium graveolens commonly known as geranium crop has received attention by essential oil manufacturers. Geranium plant is propagated using plant tissue culture followed by its cultivation in the fields. Geranium oil extraction creates a large amount of post distilled geranium biomass (PDGB). The present study utilized this unexplored PDGB for extraction of antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antimicrobial constituents for cosmetic applications and determining the extract’s safety. The PDGB of methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract exhibited good qualitative phytochemical profiles. Antimicrobial activity was found to be absent in both extracts. Ethyl acetate extract of PDGB exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition. The IC50 for ethyl acetate extract and methanol extract were found to be 0.188 and 0.201 mg/ml, whereas for GO it was found to be 77.49 mg/ml. The tyrosinase inhibition was found to be significantly higher (p

Nanotechnology has prompted new aspirations for managing modern human challenges. Furthermore, it has been utilized for aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ovulatory disorders. Women with ovulatory issues may benefit from formulations using nanotechnology as an alternative possible treatment. Clomiphene citrate is a nonsteroidal, ovulatory stimulant that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It is a triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative that is primarily used to trigger ovulation in female infertility cases where there is anovulation. Anovulatory infertility is most frequently caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is a gynecological endocrine disorder. Elevated serum concentrations of androgens, LH, and insulin are the main features of its endocrine profile. The primary goal of treating PCOS-related infertility is to increase the amount of FSH that is exposed to the ovary, either by antagonizing the estrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate in the hypothalamus or by directly affecting the ovary using recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In about 80% of treated individuals, ovulation is recovered by clomiphene citrate. In this review, we discuss the chemistry and pharmacology of clomiphene citrate, as well as the delivery of clomiphene citrate via nanosystems for improving solubility and limiting side-effects. The hyphenated techniques for analyzing and quantifying clomiphene citrate in solvents and biological samples are also overviewed.

Obeticholic acid (OCA), also known as 6alpha-ethyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholon-24-oic acid, is a semi-synthetic derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, 3alpha,7alpha, dihydroxy-5-cholon-24-oic acid), a primary bile acid that is produced in the liver from cholesterol and is comparatively hydrophobic. OCA, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, is crucial for the enterohepatic movement of bile acid. OCA has significantly improved biochemical outcomes in preliminary tests in individuals with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterised by cirrhosis, cholestasis, fibrosis, and destruction and inflammation of the intrahepatic bile ducts; the autoimmune reaction is mostly responsible for this. In order to reduce inflammation, OCA targets the physiological and immunological functions of PBC. Drugs are used in immunological therapy, targeting specific cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammation, as well as immunological molecules involved in B cell and T cell responses. We concentrate on numerous nanotechnology therapeutic modalities for liver illness in this review. Nanomedicine provides a novel strategy that focuses on tolerance induction rather than immunosuppression, offering significant promise for the treatment of autoimmune illnesses. Immune-modifying drugs can be incorporated into tolerogenic nanoparticles to safely and effectively target the antigen-specific immune response in autoimmune disorders. Given the anatomical characteristics and immunological uniqueness of PBC, these may be particularly effective.

Nanotechnology is used today in a wide range of industries. Weakly water-soluble medications have better solubility and bioavailability when delivered by nano-specific drug delivery methods, such as nanocrystals. Another name for ziprasidone is 5-[2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, and it is a brand-new “atypical” or “second-generation” antipsychotic drug. Its multipotent G-protein-coupled (GPCR) receptor binding profile is distinctive. It is used to treat bipolar-disorder-related acute manic or mixed episodes as well as schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious mental condition in which a person can experience reality in a strange or different way. Ziprasidone is a highly lipophilic and unstable drug. Ziprasidone nanoparticles, another incarnation of this drug, are used to treat diseases. When ziprasidone is present in the form of particles with an effective average crystal size of less than or equal to 100 nm, the term “nanoparticle” is frequently used to characterize them. A colloidal submicron dispersion of ziprasidone particles is what ziprasidone nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions are made of. One formulation that makes use of solubilization technology is a nanosuspension of a crystalline ziprasidone free base. In order to get around the drug’s solubility issue and investigate its potential for nose-to-brain delivery, a buffered nanoemulsion of ziprasidone HCl has been created. We discuss numerous ziprasidone nanoformulations used to treat psychotic illnesses in this review.

A skin ailment known as psoriasis, which affects 2–5% of people worldwide, is characterised by excessive keratinocyte proliferation and abnormal differentiation. Calcipotriene, a synthetic vitamin D analogue, is the first-line treatment for psoriasis. It may be used in combination with methotrexate, tazarotene, acitretin, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids. It reduces the number of T cells and regulates the inflammatory response in psoriatic lesions. However, the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy based on conventional formulations for treating patients is only partially favourable. Recent developments in nanotechnology-based nanomedicines may allow us to improve the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapeutic treatments for psoriasis. Enhancing therapeutic efficacy while lowering toxicity through overall dose reduction are two spectacular effects of using nanomedicine as a medication carrier. This novel method efficiently ensures the site-specific administration of medications throughout the skin to treat psoriatic lesions. The present manuscript aims to discuss the chemistry and pharmacology of calcipotriene, conventional pharmacotherapy and contemporary research on calcipotriene, and the combinations of it that are used as nanomedicines for the better management of psoriasis. This review primarily focuses on the nanoemulsion loaded gel of calcipotriene and clobitasol propionate as it offers high drug loading and retention in the skin, improving the local concentration of both drugs and reducing their systemic side effects. Calcipotriene and methotrexate combined in a nanostructured lipid carrier are also the most recent generation of solid lipid nanoparticles, with better drug loading, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability.

A phenolic compound in Foeniculum vulgare can improve human health. Foeniculum vulgar contains flavonoids, glycosides, and other constituents that are used for medicinal ailments. Trans-anethole, fenchone, and estragole essential oils are the main ingredients in F. vulgare seeds. The principle component of fennel oil, anethole, has structural similarity with the synthetic oestrogen diethylstilbestrol, making it an active estrogenic agent. Women with PCOS may exhibit obesity, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, infertility, or androgenic features, which are characterized by the absence of ovulation and hyperandrogenism. Oligomenorrhea is a kind of irregular menstruation period. Treatment of oligomenorrhea depends on the causes; the main cause of oligomenorrhea is the presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), with 75–85%experiencing infrequent periods. This mini-review focuses on F. vulgare seeds as an advantageous addition to treat PCOS. Women with PCOS also have a lower level of the hormone progesterone due to the absence or reduction in ovulation. Numerous phytoestrogens can be found in F.vulgare seeds; with less insulin resistance and lower blood sugar level, fennel phytoestrogen content is beneficial. It is also thought to aid in reducing the cellularim balance that causes PCOS’s metabolic abnormalities.