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Plants produce secondary metabolites for defense against herbivorous insects. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of quinine, nicotine, and tannic acid on food consumption and pupal parameters of the larva of a severe pest, Malacosoma neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), were investigated in 2007. Artificial diets containing 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations of quinine or nicotine were prepared. In addition, diets containing 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% tannin and a control diet without secondary metabolite were prepared. The feeding experiments revealed that the food consumption and pupal parameters of male and female larvae were different, and all parameters of female individuals were higher than those of male larvae. It has been determined that tannins cause more reductions in food consumption and pupal parameters than alkaloids in male and female individuals. We observed an increase in male larvae's pupal mass with increased concentration of nicotine to 0.5%. Nicotine did not cause a decrease in pupal parameters of larvae compared to quinine. In addition, all parameters of female individuals decreased with the addition of secondary metabolite. Although food consumption in alkaloid-containing diets was less than in the control group, there was a positive relationship between food consumption and pupal lipid and protein content. However, quinine had a more significant effect on triggering protein storage than nicotine. In diets containing tannins, more lipids were stored. A decrease was observed in the food consumption and pupal parameters of all individuals in the tannin-containing diets compared to the other diets.

Abstract Background The European tent caterpillar Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), a worldwide pest, feeds on a wide variety of woody and shrub-like plants in its larval stage and causes extensive economic losses. In the fight against this species, environmentally friendly biological control methods should be preferred instead of chemical control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium brunneum (ORP-13) and Beauveria bassiana (GOPT-301-2) isolates against the fourth instar larvae of M. neustria under laboratory conditions. Results M. neustria eggs were collected from the Kızılırmak Delta of Samsun Province, Turkey, and the fourth instar larvae were used in the experiment. Larvae in the control group were fed on sterilized leaves of Eleagnus rhamnoides. Both fungal isolates were applied onto the larvae at 2 ml for each concentration (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia ml−1). Ten larvae were placed in each group, and sterilized E. rhamnoides leaves were offered to the larvae. The study was carried out in 9 replicates for each group, and the larvae were observed for 14 days. As a result of the study, it was found that the survival rates of the larvae decreased as concentration increased. It was determined that both isolates caused 100% mortality at 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 concentration. The lowest LC50 value was found in larvae exposed to the ORP-13 isolate. Conclusion It has been suggested that M. brunneum and B. bassiana isolates were virulent for M. neustria larvae and can be used for biological control of this species.

Представлены данные по состоянию популяции Malacosoma neustria в период эруптивной фазы численности многолетней динамики. Изучена смертность насекомых от биотических факторов (паразитоиды, вирус ядерного полиэдроза, бактерии). Показано, что основными причинами коллапса популяции в этот период явилась инфекция вируса ядерного полиэдроза и бактериоз. Отмечены единичные случаи гибели гусениц от паразитоидов и микоза. Зависимость развития гусениц от погодных условий не отмечена.

Bu çalışmada polifag bir tür olan Malacosoma neustria’nın son larva döneminde toplam diyet tüketim miktarı, pupa ağırlıkları, pupaların lipit ve protein miktarları ve gelişme sürelerine sekonder maddelerin sinerjistik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kontrol diyetine farklı konsantrasyonlarda (%1, 3, 5) tanik asit, galik asit ve p-Kumarik asit katılarak 9 diyet hazırlanmıştır. Kontrol diyetine %3 konsantrasyonda tanik asit, galik asit ve p-Kumarik asit katılarak ikili kombinasyonlu 3 diyet hazırlanmıştır. Üçlü kombinasyonda bir diyet yapılarak toplamda 14 diyet ile tercihsiz beslenme deneyi yapılmıştır. Lipit miktarının belirlenmesinde kloroform kullanılmıştır. Protein analizi semi-mikro Kjeldahl metodu ile Kjeltec Auto 1030 analizörü (Tecator, Sweden) ile yapılmıştır. İstatistik analizlerde ANOVA-Dunnet testi kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna göre hem tanik asit hem de p-Kumarik asit içeren diyetlere ilave edilen madde konsantrasyonu arttıkça, M. neustria larvalarının toplam diyet tüketim miktarlarında, pupa protein ve lipit miktarlarında azalma olduğu bulunmuştur. Gallik asit ilave edilen diyetlerde gallik asit konsantrasyonu arttıkça toplam tüketim miktarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Diyete ilave edilen tanik asit konsantrasyonu arttıkça gelişim süresinin uzadığı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada kullanılan sekonder maddelerin ilgili konsantrasyonlarına ve kombinasyonlarına larvaların dirençli olduğu ve pupa dönemine ulaşabildikleri gözlemlenmiştir.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in total consumption amounts, survival rates, and phenoloxidase (PO) activities in Malacosoma neustria (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) larvae infected with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp, kurstaki Berliner. Malacosoma neustria eggs were collected from Bafra District of Samsun, Turkey, in 2018. Malacosoma neustria larvae that hatched from the eggs fed on the host plants, Coryllus maxima Mill., Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson, Quercus cerris L. 1753, and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Except for the control groups, the experiment continued by spraying Bacillus thuringiensis on the plants. The amounts of consumption and survival rates of both the control and infected larvae fed on E. rhamnoides leaves with the highest amounts of protein, phenolic, and gallotannin, were higher than in other groups. In all groups, both the consumption amounts and the survival rates decreased with a bacterial infection. When compared to the control groups, the infected groups had the higher phenoloxidase activities (except C. monogyna). As a result of this study, it was thought that the changes in total consumption amount, survival rates, and PO activities in larvae were related to both bacterial infection and the amounts of protein, phenolic, and gallotannin in the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infection of M. neustria caterpillars by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks. ex Fr.) Brown et Smith, Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas causes the decrease of their viability, paralysis and mummification of the body. Only in the case of B. bassiana the character distinguishing infection by this fungus are black spots on the surface of the cuticle. The easy development and aboundant spore formation of the above-mentioned hyphomycetous fungi on M. neustria facilitate the determination of the causes of the disease.

لتقدير عدد البيض لكل كتلة من كتل بيض حشرة ناسجة الخيام Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus) على نوعين من الأشجار (التفاح والبلوط) في منطقة الجبل الأخضر الواقعة شمال شرق ليبيا ، خلال الموسمين 1996/1997م ، استخدمت عدة متغيرات منها طول وقطر الكتلة وقطر الفرع الملتفة حوله الكتلة والمساحة الجانبية للكتلة وقد كان معدل معامل الارتباط عالياً عند استخدام تحليل الانحدار للمساحة الجانبية لكتلة البيض مع عدد البيض بها على النوعين من الأشجار . كما أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى أن خصوبة الحشرة كانت على البلوط أعلى منها على التفاح .

Plants produce secondary metabolites for defense against herbivorous insects. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of quinine, nicotine, and tannic acid on food consumption and pupal parameters of the larva of a severe pest, Malacosoma neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), were investigated in 2007. Artificial diets containing 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations of quinine or nicotine were prepared. In addition, diets containing 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% tannin and a control diet without secondary metabolite were prepared. The feeding experiments revealed that the food consumption and pupal parameters of male and female larvae were different, and all parameters of female individuals were higher than those of male larvae. It has been determined that tannins cause more reductions in food consumption and pupal parameters than alkaloids in male and female individuals. We observed an increase in male larvae's pupal mass with increased concentration of nicotine to 0.5%. Nicotine did not cause a decrease in pupal parameters of larvae compared to quinine. In addition, all parameters of female individuals decreased with the addition of secondary metabolite. Although food consumption in alkaloid-containing diets was less than in the control group, there was a positive relationship between food consumption and pupal lipid and protein content. However, quinine had a more significant effect on triggering protein storage than nicotine. In diets containing tannins, more lipids were stored. A decrease was observed in the food consumption and pupal parameters of all individuals in the tannin-containing diets compared to the other diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experments and field traits were carried out on the efficiency of selected three con-centrations of each Garlic Gard extract and a mix-ture of chili oil of mustard extract (Valoram) based on fourth instar larvae of the insect. Garlic Gard extract was used in a concentrations of: 1 cm3/L, 0.5 cm3/L and 0.25 cm3/L. The mortality percentages were: 87.5 %, 83.3 % and 66.6 % respectively. The mixture of chili extract and oil of mustard extract was used in a concentrations of : 2 cm3/L, 1 cm3/L and 0.5 cm3/L The mortality per-centages were : 100%, 100% and 73% respect-tively. Garlic Gard extract when used in a field with concentrations of : 8 cm3/L, 6 cm3/L and 4 cm3/L mortality percentages were: 23.3%, 3.3% and 3.3% respectively, and for pupation were : 83.3 %, 49.9% and 36.6% respectively, also the mixture of chili extract and oil of mustard was used in a concentrations of: 20 cm3/L, 10 cm3/L and 7 cm3/L the mortality percentage: 46.6%, 6.6% and 6.6% respectively. And for pupation: 89.9%, 83.3% and 66.6% respectively. Laboratory experiments showed that the mixture of chili ex-tract and of mustard oil was highly effective against insect and more effective than Garlic Gard extract. Field traits showed that both Garlic Gard extract and the mixture of chili extract, and oil of mustard showed repellent effect and Killer materi-als to insects. The mortality percentage was high in using Valoram in comparison with Garlic Gard.

In this study, 6 lepidopteran cell lines derived from Trichoplusia ni (Tn5), Lymantria dispar (LdElta), Bombyx mori (Bm-5), Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21), Spodoptera exigua (Se-1), and Choristoneura fumiferana (Cf-124T) were investigated for susceptibility to Malacosoma neustria nucleopolyhedrovirus (ManeNPV) isolated in Turkey. Infection of Malacosoma disstria (Md203) cell line by ManeNPV was used as a control. In ManeNPV-Md203 infection, polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) were detected at 36 h p.i. and observed in all infected cells by 120 h p.i., and the infectious virus titer increased 103-fold. At 24 h p.i., the efficient replication of viral DNA was detected. In this study, we determined that Tn5 and LdElta cells were productive to ManeNPV, and the replication of viral DNA occurred at 24 h p.i. PIB productions were determined in both cell lines at 36 h p.i., and the infectious virus titer in both cell lines increased 10-fold. By contrast, infections of Sf21 cells were not found productive. However, infected cells had apoptosis-like structures. Finally, no cytopathic effects, inclusion bodies, and viral DNA replication were detected in infected Bm-5, Se-1, and Cf-124T cell lines. Therefore, these cell lines were accepted as non-productive. This is the first study on the host specifity of ManeNPV in vitro. Our results suggest that Tn5 and LdElta cell lines can provide an important model for studying ManeNPV in vitro system as in the Md203 cell line system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plaque-purified genotypic variant, derived from a field isolate of the Malacosoma neustria nucleopolyhedrovirus (ManeNPV) from Turkey was characterized based on in vitro replication properties in a cell line, Md203 derived from Malacosoma disstria. The life cycle of ManeNPV was studied based on the cytopathic effects (CPEs), polyhedral inclusion body (PIB) formation, budded virus (BV) production, viral DNA replication and polyhedrin protein expression in ManeNPV-infected Md203 cells. Infection of Md203 cells with ManeNPV resulted in cytopathic effects within 24 and 36 h post infection and most cells detachted from the bottom of the culture plate on the fourth day. Typical NPV cytopathic effects (CPE) like granulated and rounded cells, nuclear hypertrophy and impairment in cell proliferation, and lost cell shape with the extendings were observed. Budded viruses were detected at 24 h p.i. However, significant increase in BV production was observed after 48 h p.i. PIB was firstly detected at 36 h p.i. When BV's were used for reinfection of the Md203 cells, the result showed that these cells support production of viable virus progeny. We also observed a significant level of viral DNA synthesis by 24 h p.i. The results indicate that ManeNPV can be propagated at in vitro system for further studies and thus has a potential for development into an effective biotechnological and microbial insecticidal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To assess the functional conservation of a baculovirus CNE. Methods. CNE deletion from the baculovirus genome and its replacement with a heterologous CNE was performed by using the bacmid-based technology. Transfection-infection assays were used to investigate cell-to-cell spread of the recombinant virus. Results. The recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus genome carrying the Malacosoma neustria nuclepolyhedrovirus CNE in place of the innate CNE was constructed. The recombinant virus was able to transmit the infection in a cell culture. Conclusions. The CNE essential function was found to be conserved between the representatives of I and II groups of the genus Alphabaculovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malacosoma neustria is a pest for many plant species. Instead of chemical control, eco-friendly biological control methods should be used to combat this species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of isolates of two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium brunneum (ORP-18) and Beauveria bassiana (GOPT-331), used as both oral and spray application on the 4th instar larvae of M. neustria under laboratory conditions. In addition, it was determined how the infection affected the amounts of malondialdehyde, NADPH oxidase and glutathione of the larvae. Both fungal isolates were placed in separate containers at 2 ml for each concentration (1x105, 1x106, 1x107 and 1x108 conidia/ml) in the oral group and contaminated all over the Elaeagnus rhamnoides leaves and then the contaminated leaves were offered to ten larvae in each container. For the spray group, 2 ml of spray was applied to every ten larvae placed in the containers for each concentration. As a result, it was found that both isolates killed the larvae. The ORP-18 isolate caused higher mortality rates than the GOPT-331 isolate. The spray application was more lethal than the oral application. With increasing conidial concentrations of both isolates, the amounts of malondialdehyde and NADPH oxidases increased, while the glutathione amounts decreased, which indicated the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on larval survival. On the basis of the results, it is recommended to use the ORP-18 isolate for the control of larvae of M. neustria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larval parasitoids and larval diseases of Malacosoma neustria (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in various host plants were investigated in Erzurum Province, Turkey, during 2004 and 2005. The larval parasitoids were reared in a laboratory, and a total of 29 parasitoid species were established in association with the larvae of M. neustria in the families Tachinidae (Diptera), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Of the 6 tachinid parasitoids, Pales pavida (Meigen) was the most prevalent species and accounted for 25% of the tachinid records. Among the tachinids, there were 2 new records for the Turkish fauna: Exorista amoena Mesnil and Palesisa nudioculata Villeneuve. Exorista amoena was reared from M. neustria for the first time. The braconid species Meteorus lionotus Thomson and Cotesia vanessa (Reinhard) were also reared from M. neustria for the first time. Among the 10 chalcidoid species reared, Monodontomerus aereus Walker and Brachymeria secundaria (Rusc.) were the most prevalent species. Five chalcidoid species, Asaphes suspensus (Nees), A. vulgaris Walker (Pteromalidae), Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) (Chalcididae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Eupelmidae), and Eurytoma verticillata (F.) (Eurytomidae), were reared from M. neustria for the first time. Of the 10 species of ichneumonids reared, Exeristes roborator F. was the most abundant and accounted for 35% of the total ichneumonid records. The total parasitism rate of all parasitoids was 33.7%. As disease agents of M. neustria, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus and 4 pathogenic bacteria, Brevibacillus agri, Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans (Achromobacter xylosoxidans), Bacillus lentimorbus, and Serratia fonticola, were diagnosed. All of the bacteria from M. neustria were recorded for the first time. The percentage of diseased larvae was low, about 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malacosoma neustria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is one of the important agricultural pests in Turkey. A bacterial pathogen of M. neustria was isolated and characterized to find an effective and safe bacterial agent for its biological control. The isolated bacteria were identified as Brevibacillus agri and show a high toxicity to the larvae of M. neustria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lackey moth, Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758), a worldwide pest, causes extensive economic losses on particularly hazelnut, Prunus, Quercus, Populus, and Salix trees. In this study, a local nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) was isolated from the larvae of M. neustria in the northeast of Turkey. It was named ManeNPV-T2. Electron microscopic observations showed that the polyhedra of the new isolate contain several virions with multiple nucleocapsids packaged within a single viral envelope. Restriction endonuclease analysis of ManeNPV-T2 DNA indicated that it has a different restriction profile compared to the previous Turkish and Latvian isolates. The phylogenetic analysis of the amplified polh sequence of ManeNPV-T2 showed its relation to the other NPVs from Malacosoma species. Mortality values for third instar M. neustria larvae ranged from 48% to 100% according to the concentration of polyhedral occlusion bodies. Based on screening tests, the LD50 value of the new isolate was calculated as 1.34 x 104 occlusion bodies per larvae. Consequently, ManeNPV appears to be a promising microbial control agent for biocontrol of M. neustria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecies competition in a field population of Gregopimpla himalayensis (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) parasitic on the prepupae of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) was investigated. The parasite oviposits the sufficient number of progeny (5 individuals/0.1 g dry weight of host) to exhaust a single host in a single attack. However, at the intensity less than 22-26 individuals/0.1 g d.w. of host, all individuals can emerge, i.e. density-dependent mortality does not occur. Within this range of intensity, survival of parasite larvae is guaranteed by diminution in body size and decreasing sex ratio. In contrast, total biomass of parasites showed a peak at 5 individuals/0.1 g d.w. of host at which a single host is exhausted. Above the intensity of 22-26, extraordinary minute individuals appeared and they died before maturation. If intraspecies competition play a role in regulation of G. himalayensis population in the field, the process is usually not through density-dependent mortality but through decreasing reproductive rate caused by decrease in the sex ratio, adult longevity and fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The family Poxviridae is divided into two subfamilies, the Chordopoxvirinae of vertebrates and the Entomopoxvirinae of invertebrates. The Amsacta mooreientomopoxvirus (AMEV, Entomopoxvirinae) has the potential to be used in gene therapy, as an expression vector, and as a biopesticide. It was suggested that AMV248 protein is a putative glycosyltransferase (GT) but was also shown to be an attachment protein to host receptors. GTs encoded by some other viruses catalyse the binding of sugars molecules to growth hormones of the host insects rendering the hormones inactive. Consequently, larval development is arrested and frequently results in larval mortality. In this study, AMV248 protein was shown to be a GT and the purified enzyme catalysed the production of uridine diphosphate (UDP) from the substrates UDP‐glucose and UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine. This AMEV enzyme may behave much like the ecdysteroid UDP‐glucosyltransferase of baculoviruses. Various concentrations of the GT enzyme were tested for its insecticidal activity against gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), lackey moth Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. It had varying deleterious effects on all test larvae but L. dispar was the most sensitive to the enzyme. While this enzyme exhibits properties with potential to be developed as an insecticide in biocontrol strategies, investigations are needed to ascertain its value in pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unraveling multiple layers of collective behavior outside the well-known isopteran and hymenopteran societies was a tall order for the scientific community, especially in the case of gregarious juveniles in the order Lepidoptera. Often protected with a solid silk shelter, devoid of reproductive division of labor or conventional forms of parental care, caterpillar aggregations have rarely been considered in terms of economic importance. Of over 60 European communal species, 24 can be associated with voracious feeding habits, and thus be irruptive or pestilential, depending on the extent and severity. This review retrieves 59 cases of biocontrol against Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.), Malacosoma neustria (L.), Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller), T. processionea (L.) and Yponomeuta malinellus (Zeller) and classifies them in predefined research and application subcategories. The percentage-wise distribution of the utilized or explored biocontrol agents was projected at 35.59% in favor of parasitoids and predators. Falling between fundamental and applicative disciplines, biocontrol, especially in its early days, built a global reputation of being underreported. To provide guidance for future research regarding the group, the functional trait-based concept used in this study is complemented with preliminary outcome assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]