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In Search of the Most Appropriate Mechanism for Resolving the Disputes Arising from Large Satellite Constellations: The increasing number of satellite constellations poses many significant challenges. Given the continued growth of the amount of space debris and due to the potential harmful interference in orbits, as at least two consequences of the emergence of the large constellations, resolving the international disputes arising from launching satellite constellations is deemed to be one of the main concerns in this regard. This paper aims at answering the main question that considering the shortcomings of international space law dispute resolution mechanisms, how can disputes arising from large satellite constellations, be more appropriately settled. Among the space law treaties, except for Article XIV of the 1972 Liability Convention which foresees the establishment of a Claims Commission, there are no binding dispute settlement provisions. Due to the urgent necessity of dealing with these disputes, international arbitration is to be considered as the most appropriate mean for the dispute settlement of constellations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, dramatic advancement in space technologies has impressed all the aspects of human life. The protection of human life in aviation and maritime has firmly tied to precise data and crucial information derived from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The present article aims to find a binding solution to ensure the continuity of providing positioning satellite services for aviation and sea navigation for all States. For this purpose, after analyzing the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and the Charter on the Rights and Obligations of States Relating to the GNSS Services and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, this article seeks to address three crucial questions using the qualitative method. First, what are the harmful effects of malfunction and discontinuity of GNSS services on human life? Second, is there any obligatory provision in Space Law instruments that ensures the continuity of obligation to provide GNSS services? Therefore, from the human rights law perspective, this study tries to recognize the provision of GNSS services as a legal obligation of the provider States and prove that all the provider States should not discontinue these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources beyond our planet could be exploited by private companies under title of "NewSpace" initiatives. Space mining has attracted the attention of universities and mining companies around the world, who see in it an opportunity they can benefit from. The goal of mining asteroids is an objective which demands a huge financial investment as well as the most advanced technical capabilities in order to be successful. However, the issue raises some legal questions. It remains to be seen whether private companies will legally be able to appropriate resources that, under international space treaties, and whether national space law and regulations can be approved exploitation by private companies in despite of the treaties. The legal framework which regulates this activity is equally complex. Article II of the space Treaty established that Outer space, including the Mon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means and Article 11.3 of the moon Agreement stated that Neither the surface nor the subsurface of the moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become property of any State, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or nongovernmental entity or of any natural person. The international treaties are binding on both States and their nationals, and consequently space mining cannot be undertaken by companies for private gain in a way that would exclude the rest of mankind. However, the situation today is very different to when the original treaties were first enacted, and there is no specific regulation on this matter, new regulation is required to regulate and promote this activity. This article suggests that international community needs a new regulation especially about responsibility and liability for private section to promote and open up this activity. It would be advisable, when preparing any new regulations, to take into the account two similar treaties to unify regulations on private international law about activity of private section in international level, since they have been the subject of intense legal debate as both are considered to and not subject to the jurisdiction of a specific country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]