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Os sistemas de preparo afetam a estrutura do solo e podem influenciar o armazenamento de água disponível para as plantas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de longo prazo (17 anos) dos sistemas de preparo convencional (PC), preparo reduzido (PR) e semeadura direta (SD) sobre os atributos físicos relacionados ao armazenamento e disponibilidade de água de um Argissolo Vermelho com textura média, em Eldorado do Sul, RS. Amostras de solo (0-2,5, 2,5-7,5, 7,5-12,5, 12,5-17,5cm) foram coletadas numa seqüência ervilhaca/milho. Adicionalmente, amostrou-se uma área sob campo nativo (CN), adjacente à área experimental, como referência à condição natural do solo. O solo em SD apresentou maiores teores de carbono orgânico (CO) na camada superficial e maiores valores de resistência ao penetrômetro em profundidade, em relação ao solo em preparo convencional. Os sistemas de preparo não se diferenciaram quanto ao seu efeito na macro e microporosidade do solo, contudo o revolvimento no PC aumentou a condutividade hidráulica saturada em profundidade. Não se verificou nenhuma restrição física ao desenvolvimento radicular sob os diferentes sistemas de preparo, o que foi comprovado pelos valores de densidade (1,35 a 1,65 Mg m-3), macroporosidade (0,09 a 0,20 m³ m-3) e resistência ao penetrômetro (0,25 a 0,75 MPa). Do ponto de vista hídrico, as curvas de retenção e o volume de água disponível (AD = 10 kPa (capacidade de campo) - 1.500 kPa (ponto de murcha permanente)), não foram influenciados pelos sistemas de preparo, sendo o baixo volume de água disponível (0,05 a 0,09 m³ m-3) relacionado à textura desse solo. Nesse caso, o aumento da taxa de infiltração e a diminuição da evaporação da água decorrente da manutenção dos resíduos vegetais sobre o solo nos sistemas de preparo reduzido e semeadura direta, podem contribuir para uma maior disponibilidade hídrica na fase inicial do estabelecimento das culturas nesses sistemas conservacionistas de manejo em comparação ao preparo convencional.

Estudos envolvendo a dinâmica de nutrientes no solo sob campo nativo submetido a queimas no Sul do Brasil são escassos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as modificações nos atributos químicos do solo oriundas da queima das pastagens nativas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em Lages - SC, num Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico, argiloso e com alto teor de matéria orgânica. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas áreas contíguas, uma de 5,06ha com pastejo e queima, e outra, de 3,4ha, somente submetida ao pastejo. A temperatura do solo, a 1cm de profundidade, da área queimada, foi medida por sonda elétrica. As amostragens de solo, em três camadas (0 fraction three-quarters 2, 2 fraction three-quarters 5 e 5 fraction three-quarters 10cm), foram efetuadas 3 dias antes da queima, imediatamente após a queima e 30, 60, 90, 150, 220 e 350 dias após a queima, para o tratamento queimado; e 3 dias antes da queima, 90 e 220 dias após a queima, para o tratamento não queimado. Avaliaram-se o pH em água e os teores de N-total, N-NO3-+NO2, N-NH4+, Ca+Mg, K, Al e P. A camada superficial do solo (0 fraction three-quarters 2 cm) foi a que mostrou ser mais sensível à ação do fogo, atingindo temperatura máxima de 70masculineC aos 4 minutos. Nessa camada, logo após a queima, ocorreu aumento nos teores de nitrato e diminuição nos teores de amônio. Também a queima aumentou os teores de K, Ca+Mg e os valores de pH e diminuiu os teores de Al+3. De um modo geral, todos os atributos químicos do solo avaliados tenderam aos valores originais a partir dos 90 dias após a queima.

The female orgasm remains a subject of extensive debate within evolutionary sciences, primarily due to the absence of a consensus regarding its adaptive function. Some hypotheses propose that it could function as a mechanism for mate selection, possibly linked to reproductive strategies. Studies have observed that lesbian women tend to experience orgasms more frequently than straight women, suggesting a potential link to advantageous partner characteristics. We explored the connection between the female orgasm and mate selection, aiming to ascertain its role as an adaptive tool for mate choice. A total of 939 sexually active Brazilian women (M age  = 28.3 years) engaged in committed relationships participated by completing the Marital Empathy Questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index, and evaluations of their partners' attributes. Analysis using structural equation models revealed that higher orgasm scores were positively associated with perceptions of partner kindness, intelligence, good health, physical attractiveness, and empathy. However, the small effect sizes of these associations warrant caution in their interpretation, and no significant association was found for relationship duration, financial prospects, dominance, and masculinity/femininity. Additionally, no differences were found between women in same-sex and other-sex relationships regarding orgasm frequency and its association with partner traits. The findings partially support the mate-choice theory, encompassing both sire-choice and pair-bond hypotheses, suggesting that female orgasm is positively associated with some partner attributes related to genetic quality and the capability for emotional connection and resource investment. Therefore, female orgasm may offer information about the partner that might not be primarily accessed and contribute to relationship maintenance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Appearance modification practices are ubiquitous, serving to enhance physical attractiveness and accrue social advantages, including increased desirability as a potential mate. Facial cosmetics are frequently used for appearance modification, yet individual differences in makeup usage remain understudied. While makeup usage in women has been linked to traits like narcissism and extraversion, the broader association with Dark Triad traits and how personality influences makeup application across diverse social contexts were less explored. Here we examined these relationships in 1,410 Brazilian women (Mage = 29.9, SD = 10.35), who completed online Big Five and Dark Triad personality measures, reported their usual makeup usage habits, and detailed their makeup usage across different social scenarios. Results revealed makeup usage was positively associated with narcissism and extraversion, and negatively with psychopathy. Additionally, women used less makeup when alone (at home, exercises) and more in social settings, particularly for the first date. However, women with higher narcissism and neuroticism showed larger differences among low and high makeup usage situations, while individuals with higher psychopathy used makeup in similar frequencies among different situations. Further, (1) overall greater users of makeup scored higher on narcissism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness; (2) average users displayed lower psychopathy; and (3) lesser users reported lower narcissism and higher psychopathy. These findings underscore the nuanced relationship between makeup usage and personality, particularly highlighting the influence of narcissism. These findings contribute to the interplay between personality traits and makeup usage, considering interindividual differences and intraindividual variation in understanding cosmetic behaviors among women., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic social changes for many people, including separation from friends and coworkers, enforced close contact with family, and reductions in mobility. Here we assess the extent to which people's evolutionarily-relevant basic motivations and goals-fundamental social motives such as Affiliation and Kin Care-might have been affected. To address this question, we gathered data on fundamental social motives in 42 countries ( N  = 15,915) across two waves, including 19 countries ( N   =  10,907) for which data were gathered both before and during the pandemic (pre-pandemic wave: 32 countries, N  = 8998; 3302 male, 5585 female; M age   =  24.43, SD  = 7.91; mid-pandemic wave: 29 countries, N  = 6917; 2249 male, 4218 female; M age   =  28.59, SD  = 11.31). Samples include data collected online (e.g., Prolific, MTurk), at universities, and via community sampling. We found that Disease Avoidance motivation was substantially higher during the pandemic, and that most of the other fundamental social motives showed small, yet significant, differences across waves. Most sensibly, concern with caring for one's children was higher during the pandemic, and concerns with Mate Seeking and Status were lower. Earlier findings showing the prioritization of family motives over mating motives (and even over Disease Avoidance motives ) were replicated during the pandemic. Finally, well-being remained positively associated with family-related motives and negatively associated with mating motives during the pandemic, as in the pre-pandemic samples. Our results provide further evidence for the robust primacy of family-related motivations even during this unique disruption of social life., Competing Interests: None., (© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives-self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care-are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; M age  = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; M age  = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people's fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Women wearing makeup are perceived by others as more attractive, competent, dominant, and more socially prestigious. Individuals differ in how much and how frequently they use makeup. Some studies show that women with lower self-esteem use more makeup, probably to hide imperfections. However, women with higher self-esteem can also use makeup to attract attention. This study verified whether social and general self-esteem and body image are associated with makeup usage in Brazilian women. We collected data from 1,483 women (Mage = 31.08; SD = 11.15) about body image (appearance orientation and appearance evaluation), social self-esteem, general self-esteem, and makeup usage (frequency of makeup usage, time spent applying makeup per day, and money spent on makeup per month). Appearance orientation positively predicted frequency of makeup usage, time spent applying makeup, and money spent on makeup, whereas appearance evaluation inversely predicted money spent on makeup per month. Social self-esteem and general self-esteem also positively predicted money spent on makeup, but in different directions. The results suggest that the significance given to appearance and social interactions are importantly associated with makeup usage in women., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Appearance modification is ancient, universal and influences other and self-perceptions. It has been rarely addressed how expectation of appearance modification would affect women's self-perception. We analyzed self-assessments of women without makeup and after having makeup professionally applied at four increasing levels (light, moderate, heavy 1, and heavy 2 makeup). In the simulation phase, women were treated with colorless cosmetics. Fifty Brazilian women (M age  = 24.26 years; SD = 5.53) rated themselves on attractiveness, health, self-esteem, femininity, satisfaction with appearance, age, dominance, confidence, and competence in all experimental conditions. Women in the simulation phase considered themselves more feminine, healthier, and with higher self-esteem than without makeup. In the real makeup phases, these ratings were higher than in the simulation phase. Appearance satisfaction and attractiveness did not differ between simulation and the real makeup phases, both being higher than without makeup. Confidence increased only in real makeup phases, but there was no effect on competence. Thus, real appearance modification and/or an expectation thereof can differently affect specific domains of self-evaluation., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Well-being (vs. ill-being) might function as an internal guide for approaching (vs. avoiding) situations, strategies, and achievements that ancestrally led to higher (vs. lower) reproductive success. Indeed, coupled individuals report higher well-being than singles, while depressive individuals report lower mate value and higher sociosexuality. Here we investigate associations between well-being, depression and evolutionary reproduction-related aspects (mate value, intrasexual competition, age, and sociosexuality). Overall, 1,173 predominantly heterosexual Brazilian women (mean = 31.89; standard deviation = 11.10) responded to online instruments measuring self-perceived happiness, life-satisfaction, depression, mate value, intrasexual competition, age, and sociosexuality. Multiple regression models indicated that higher well-being was positively predicted by mate value and negatively by intrasexual competition and sociosexual desire, while the opposite was true for depression. Although intrasexual competition and unrestricted sociosexuality can, under some circumstances, increase individual reproductive success, they are risky and suboptimally effective strategies, thus leading to feelings of ill-being. Contrarily, affective long-term bonds, higher mate-value, and lower intrasexual competition might increase feelings of well-being, because this would lead to a safer route towards ancestral reproductive advantages., Competing Interests: Anthonieta Looman Mafra, Renata Pereira de Felipe, Marco Antonio Varella, John M. Townsend, and Jaroslava Varella Valentova declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2021.)