22 results on '"MacDonald, Morgan"'
Search Results
2. Pediatric testicular torsion management practices: A survey of Canadian urologists.
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MacNevin, Wyatt, MacDonald, Morgan, MacLellan, Dawn L., and Keefe, Daniel T.
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HEALTH services accessibility , *RISK assessment , *UROLOGISTS , *MEDICAL personnel , *RURAL health , *SPERMATIC cord torsion , *SALVAGE therapy , *HOSPITAL admission & discharge , *POPULATION geography , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DECISION making , *ULTRASONIC imaging , *CHILDREN'S hospitals , *PEDIATRICS , *SURVEYS , *PHYSICIAN practice patterns , *AMBULANCES , *RURAL population , *HUMAN comfort , *DELAYED diagnosis , *TREATMENT delay (Medicine) , *MANAGEMENT , *TRANSPORTATION of patients - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric testicular torsion (TT) is a urologic emergency that may result in testicular loss if left untreated. Testicular salvage is dependent on prompt intervention, and thus delays in diagnosis and management may threaten testicular viability. Knowledge of real-world Canadian practice patterns for pediatric TT will allow optimization of practices based on resource availability and geographic limitations to improve care. METHODS: An electronic survey on pediatric TT management was distributed to Canadian urologists. Descriptive statistics were performed on respondent demographic factors, hospital policies and barriers to care, surgical approaches, and transfer practices. Respondent practice patterns were analyzed based on geographic location and training. RESULTS: Thirty-four urologists responded, with most respondents operating a community practice. Ultrasonography (US) was frequently used to support TT diagnosis. Despite this, poor US access was often cited as a barrier to care, with particular impact on rural urologists. Neonatal patients and <10 years old were commonly transferred to a pediatric hospital for definitive management due to surgeon discomfort and hospital policies. Reported transport methods commonly included use of the patient's own vehicle or ambulance based on availability and timing. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal patients and patients under 10 years old are most commonly reported to be transferred to pediatric hospitals for TT management. Patients located in rural locations and at centers with limited US access may be at risk for delayed diagnosis and treatment. Pathways for prompt management of suspected TT may better serve these younger pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Addressing how multiple household water sources and uses build water resilience and support sustainable development
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Elliott, Mark, Foster, Tim, MacDonald, Morgan C., Harris, Angela R., Schwab, Kellogg J., and Hadwen, Wade L.
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- 2019
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4. An Examination of the Relationship between Mental Distress, Functional and Psychosocial Quality of Life Indicators in a Population Based Sample of Prostate Cancer Survivors Who Received Curative Treatment
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Ilie, Gabriela, MacDonald, Morgan, Bell, David, Rendon, Ricardo, Langille, Gavin, Bailly, Gregory, Mason, Ross, Bowes, David, Wilke, Derek, Patil, Nikhilesh, Lawen, Joseph, Grantmyre, John, Thompson, Robert, MacDonald, Cody, OʼMalley, Padraic, Pan, Larry, Bagnell, Scott, Campbell, Holly, Acker, Matthew, Massaro, Peter, Padmore, Dave, and Rutledge, Robert D. H.
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- 2020
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5. An alternative remedy for police misconduct: a model state 'pattern or practice' statute.
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Walker, Samuel and Macdonald, Morgan
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Police misconduct -- Remedies ,Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 14141) - Published
- 2009
6. Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Bleeding Outcomes After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
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MacDonald, Morgan, Ilie, Gabriella, Power, Liam, Whalen, Stewart, Parker, Robin, Skinner, Thomas A., and Powers, Andrea G. Lantz
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PERCUTANEOUS nephrolithotomy , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *HEMOGLOBINS , *TRANEXAMIC acid , *BLOOD transfusion , *HEMORRHAGE , *DATA extraction - Abstract
Purpose: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the efficacy of the routine use of tranexamic acid (TXA) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the updated reporting guidelines from PRISMA 2020. Results: In total, 275 titles and abstracts were reviewed, of which 20 were screened to be eligible for full text review. Of these 20 articles, 11 were selected for inclusion after full article evaluations. Seven of these 11 studies were seen as having a low risk of bias with a Jadad score of ≥3. These studies were included for data extraction. Once data were extracted, 964 patients were included. The primary outcome, blood transfusion rate, showed significant reduction with a ratio for transfusion rate of 0.34 [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.19 to 0.61), z = 3.61, p = 0.0003]. Mean hemoglobin (Hgb) drop and operative time were both shown to be reduced with the use of TXA. The mean difference for Hgb drop was −0.86 [95% CI (−1.26 to −0.46), z = 4.23, p < 0.0001]. Reduction in operative time showed a mean difference of −8.45 minutes [95% CI (−15.04 to −1.86), z = 2.51, p = 0.01]. Stone clearance was not shown to differ significantly between experimental and control groups, with a risk ratio of 1.28 [95% CI (0.89 to 1.84), z = 1.31, p = 0.19]. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that the routine use of TXA at time of PCNL reduces the rates of blood transfusion, mean Hgb drop, and operative time. With the low cost of TXA and strong safety profile, stronger consideration should be given to the routine use of TXA during PCNL by endoscopic surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. Disproportionate punishment: the legality of criminal disenfranchisement under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
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Macdonald, Morgan
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Suffrage -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Government regulation ,International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 25) - Published
- 2008
8. A statistical and spatial analysis of water poverty using a modified Water Poverty Index.
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Prince, Breeanna C., Juran, Luke, Sridhar, Venkataramana, Bukvic, Anamaria, and MacDonald, Morgan C.
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POLYWATER ,WATER analysis ,WATER use ,WATER management ,STATISTICS - Abstract
This study advances methods of measuring access to water by providing a framework that can be operationalized by practitioners to inform decision and policy making. A modified WPI was developed and deployed in India, with results indicating significant differences between WPI and many indicator scores both between and within administrative territories. Spatial analyses identified significant clustering of WPI and indicator scores, indicating that scores are not randomly distributed. Three weight schemes were applied, two of which were informed by local stakeholders. The weight schemes highlighted the subjectivity of weighting and importance of including local populations in water development and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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9. The Application of Participatory Research to Optimize a Household Water Treatment Technology in a Poor and Marginalized Community of Chennai, India
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MacDonald, Morgan and Hall, Kevin
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poverty alleviation ,participatory ,household water treatment ,diarrhea ,India ,collaborative innovation ,sustainability ,slum ,point-of-use - Abstract
This research provides an authoritative perspective on the importance of collaborative innovation for the development of sustainable household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) in Mylai Balaji Nagar, a low-income, peri-urban community in Chennai, India. The use of HWTS to improve drinking water quality and reduce the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in poor and marginalized communities in the developing world has received considerable attention. However, the technologies proposed by foreign researchers and engineers are often designed without the involvement of local people, and often neglect the cultural heterogeneity of the low income communities they’re intended for. Participatory action research (PAR) encourages a two-way exchange of information that promotes collaborative learning and increases the likelihood of sustainable development. This research employed a PAR framework to promote community control and stimulate local participation in a user-centered approach to HWTS design. Complementary evidence is presented on the importance of appropriate technology that places greater emphasis on the social determinants of user satisfaction. A twelve month randomized controlled trial of the collaboratively designed HWTS revealed significant reductions of indicator bacteria in intervention household drinking water, with mean log reductions of 1.54 (95\% CI: 1.35 - 1.73) for \emph{E.} coli and 1.92 (95\% CI: 1.76 - 2.08) for total coliforms. Bacterial concentrations in treated water were higher during the monsoon season than the dry season, indicating that water quality may vary according to seasonality in tropical countries with monsoon rains. Additionally, survey data established that households with “high” perceptions of treated water taste, colour, and odour were more than three times more likely to comply with treatment instructions than were households with “very low” perceptions. These findings merit further study, as it appears that HWTS products that produce aesthetically appealing water receive greater compliance, and therefore present greater potential for achieving the desired health outcomes. The results of this research promote PAR as a powerful tool for developing contextually appropriate and culturally sensitive HWTS in poor and marginalized communities as a way to improve drinking water quality. International Development Research Centre, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Published
- 2013
10. Assessing Participant Compliance With Point-of-Use Water Treatment: An Exploratory Investigation.
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MacDonald, Morgan Callender, Juran, Luke, Srinivasan, Sekar, Jose, Jincy, Ali, Syed Imran, Rajagopalan, Prema, and Hall, Kevin
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Field studies on household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) suggest that positive health outcomes are strongly linked to user compliance. We investigated factors that influenced compliance in a marginalized community of South India where residents worked with researchers to develop a water treatment intervention in absence of government water utilities. Survey and water quality data were collected during a 12-month randomized controlled trial of 124 households. Data were used to construct indices for social, technical, and institutional predictors of compliance including technological effectiveness, gender, community capacity, perceived benefit, and inherent demand. Perceived benefit was the only parameter to be significantly associated with compliance. Households in which participants had “very high” levels of perceived benefit were over 4 times more likely to comply with instructions on water treatment and maintenance with the HWTS. These findings suggest that compliance, and therefore disease prevention, can be improved by enhancing perceived benefit to the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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11. Development and application of a multi-scalar, participant-driven water poverty index in post-tsunami India.
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Juran, Luke, Macdonald, Morgan C., Basu, Nandita B., Hubbard, Shane, Rajagopal, Raj, Rajagopalan, Prema, and Philip, Ligy
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TSUNAMI damage , *METROPOLITAN areas , *WATER shortages - Abstract
This article presents a modified water poverty index that captures several waterscape attributes to better understand complex issues surrounding water. Household surveys (n= 300), water quality tests (n= 375) and qualitative methods were deployed to examine 14 post-tsunami settlements in Nagapattinam and Karaikal Districts (India) through the lens of water. Data were used to develop a contextualized, participant-driven water poverty index to measure water poverty at several scales. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the two districts (p≤ .0001) and between rural and urban areas within each district (p≤ .0001). Three weight schemes (one dictated entirely by research participants) produced analogous outcomes though predicated on different indicator arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2017
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12. Investigating Multiple HouseholdWater Sources and Uses with a Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) Survey.
- Author
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MacDonald, Morgan C., Elliott, Mark, Chan, Terence, Kearton, Annika, Shields, Katherine F., Bartram, Jamie, and Hadwen, Wade L.
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WATER resources development ,WATER use ,COMPUTER assisted instruction ,CLIMATE change ,HOUSEHOLD surveys ,INTERVIEWING - Abstract
The investigation of multiple sources in household water management is considered overly complicated and time consuming using paper and pen interviewing (PAPI).We assess the advantages of computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). We adapted an existing PAPI survey on multiple water sources and expanded it to incorporate location of water use and the impacts of extreme weather events using SurveyCTO on Android tablets. We then compared the efficiency and accuracy of data collection using the PAPI version (n = 44) with the CAPI version (n = 291), including interview duration, error rate and trends in interview duration with enumerator experience. CAPI surveys facilitated high-quality data collection and were an average of 15.2 min faster than PAPI. CAPI survey duration decreased by 0.55% per survey delivered (p < 0.0001), whilst embedded skip patterns and answer lists lowered data entry error rates, relative to PAPI (p < 0.0001). Large-scale household surveys commonly used in global monitoring and evaluation do not differentiate multiple water sources and uses. CAPI equips water researchers with a quick and reliable tool to address these knowledge gaps and advance our understanding of development research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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13. Mental Health Impacts of Forced Land Evictions on Women in Cambodia.
- Author
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Richardson, Jayson W., Nash, John B., Tan, Karen, and MacDonald, Morgan
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EVICTION ,WOMEN ,ANXIETY ,POST-traumatic stress disorder - Abstract
This research examines the mental health impacts of land evictions on 40 women in Cambodia based on interviews conducted in four Cambodian provinces. The results suggest that women subjected to forced land evictions display multiple symptoms of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Women who are forcibly evicted from their homes by the Cambodian government experience sadness, compulsive worry, difficulty in sleeping, difficulty in concentrating, emotional outbursts and a preoccupation with the safety of the family. Suggestions for assistance to this population are explored. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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14. The impact of rainfall and seasonal variability on the removal of bacteria by a point-of-use drinking water treatment intervention in Chennai, India.
- Author
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MacDonald, Morgan C., Juran, Luke, Jose, Jincy, Srinivasan, Sekar, Ali, Syed I., Aronson, Kristan J., and Hall, Kevin
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STERILIZATION equipment , *RAINFALL , *ANALYSIS of variance , *CHLORINE , *ESCHERICHIA coli , *SEASONS , *TIME , *AQUATIC microbiology , *WATER supply - Abstract
Point-of-use water treatment has received widespread application in the developing world to help mitigate waterborne infectious disease. This study examines the efficacy of a combined filter and chemical disinfection technology in removing bacterial contaminants, and more specifically changes in its performance resulting from seasonal weather variability. During a 12-month field trial in Chennai, India, mean log-reductions were 1.51 forE. coliand 1.67 for total coliforms, and the highest concentration of indicator bacteria in treated water samples were found during the monsoon season. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the microbial load of indicator organisms (coliforms andE. coli) between seasons, storage time since treatment (TST), and samples with and without chlorine residuals. Findings indicate that the bacteriological quality of drinking water treated in the home is determined by a complex interaction of environmental and sociological conditions. Moreover, while the effect of disinfection was independent of season, the impact of storage TST on water quality was found to be seasonally dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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15. An assessment of boiling as a method of household water treatment in South India.
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Juran, Luke and MacDonald, Morgan C.
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WATER boiling , *WATER quality , *HOUSEHOLDS , *BACTERIA - Abstract
This article scrutinizes the boiling of water in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. Boiling, as it is commonly practiced, improves water quality, but its full potential is not being realized. Thus, the objective is to refine the method in practice, promote acceptability, and foster the scalability of boiling and household water treatment (HWT) writ large. The study is based on bacteriological samples from 300 households and 80 public standposts, 14 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 74 household interviews. Collectively, the data fashion both an empirical and ethnographic understanding of boiling. The rate and efficacy of boiling, barriers to and caveats of its adoption, and recommendations for augmenting its practice are detailed. While boiling is scientifically proven to eliminate bacteria, data demonstrate that pragmatics inhibit their total destruction. Furthermore, data and the literature indicate that a range of cultural, economic, and ancillary health factors challenge the uptake of boiling. Fieldwork and resultant knowledge arrive at strategies for overcoming these impediments. The article concludes with recommendations for selecting, introducing, and scaling up HWT mechanisms. A place-based approach that can be sustained over the long-term is espoused, and prolonged exposure by the interveners coupled with meaningful participation of the target population is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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16. Latin America's corruption fight
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Lehtman, Jeffrey A. and Macdonald, Morgan G.
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United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Laws, regulations and rules ,United States. Department of Justice -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Alcatel-Lucent S.A. -- Economic aspects -- Cases ,Telecommunications equipment industry -- Economic aspects -- Cases ,Political corruption -- Investigations -- Cases ,Skepticism -- Analysis ,Company legal issue ,Government regulation ,Telecommunications equipment industry ,Business ,Human resources and labor relations ,Insurance ,Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 - Abstract
The prospect of sustained economic growth in certain Latin American countries has continued to attract the interest of international investors. However, the region's well-chronicled history of public corruption has caused [...]
- Published
- 2012
17. Collaborative Innovation for the Development of Contextually Appropriate Water Treatment Technology in a Marginalized, Low-income South Asian Community.
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MacDonald, Morgan C., Ali, Syed Imran, and Hall, Kevin
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WATER purification , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *DRINKING water , *WATER filtration , *BACTERIA - Abstract
The appropriateness of any development technology depends on its suitability to meet the needs, circumstances and capacities of the people in a unique and challenging environment. This paper focuses on the importance of collaborative innovation that harmonizes technical ingenuity with user satisfaction while working within social and environmental constraints. The people of Mylai Balaji Nagar (MBN), a low-income, peri-urban community on the fringe of Chennai, India, were recruited to participate in the design of an alternative safe water system with researchers from the University of Guelph and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. The community obtains its drinking water from a nearby lake known to contain dangerously high concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria, implicated in diarrhoeal disease. This study employed a participatory design framework for the development of a safe water system capable of removing or rendering inactive bacterial pathogens and making the water safe for human consumption. Researchers undertook a five stage participatory design process modeled after participatory action research, to develop a household water filtration system. Following laboratory assessment to assess bacteriological and organics control efficacy, four treatment prototypes were presented to, and critiqued by, community representatives for their appropriateness to context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
18. DISPROPORTIONATE PUNISHMENT: THE LEGALITY OF CRIMINAL DISENFRANCHISEMENT UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS.
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MacDonald, Morgan
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CRIMINAL law , *INTERNATIONAL law , *POLITICAL rights , *HUMAN rights , *OFFENSES against the person , *CRIMINAL sentencing , *CRIMINAL procedure , *CIVIL rights ,INTERNATIONAL Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (1966) - Abstract
The article offers information on the applicable provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and their relevance to criminal disenfranchisement. It considers the supplementary ways of interpretation of the ICCPR to decide what conceptualization of criminal disenfranchisement law is allowable under ICCPR Article 25(b). It assigns the criminal disenfranchisement law of the countries into four groups according to factors including the crimes committed and the length of sentence.
- Published
- 2009
19. Mitigating drought impacts in remote island atolls with traditional water usage behaviors and modern technology.
- Author
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MacDonald, Morgan C., Elliott, Mark, Langidrik, Dustin, Chan, Terry, Saunders, Angela, Stewart-Koster, Ben, Taafaki, Irene J., Bartram, Jamie, and Hadwen, Wade L.
- Abstract
Adaptation to drought is particularly challenging on remote island atolls, such as those found in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), a nation of 58,000 populating 29 low-lying coral atolls spread over >2 million km2. Exposure to consecutive atmospheric hazards, such as meteorological floods and droughts diminish scarce water resources and erode the resilience of island communities. Drought impact mitigation measures must supply emergency drinking water to stricken communities, while simultaneously conserving natural sources in order to reduce their vulnerability to subsequent events. Household surveys (n = 298) and focus group discussions (n = 16) in eight RMI communities revealed that 86% of households have experienced drought and 88% reported using multiple water sources to meet normal household needs. With no surface water and a thin freshwater lens (FWL), rainwater collected from rooftops is the most common household water source. The traditional use of carved hollows in the base of coconut trees to collect rainwater ("Mammaks") appears to have been displaced by large rainwater tanks. However, rationing of rainwater for consumption only during drought was widely reported, with private wells supporting non-consumptive uses. Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination units have provided relief during drought emergencies but concerns have been raised around dependency, maintenance challenges, and loss of traditional water practices. Most notably, RO use has the potential to change the anthroposhpere by adversely affecting the FWL; 86% of RO units were installed at island-centre where excessive pumping can cause upconing, making the FWL brackish. Balancing the introduction of desalination technology to mitigate water shortages with maintenance of traditional water conservation practices to preserve the quantity and quality of the FWL is a promising strategy on island atolls that requires further investigation. Unlabelled Image • Small island states are among the most vulnerable to drought and climate change. • Cycling of multiple household water sources increases resilience to drought. • Austere usage behaviors conserve rainwater for drinking during drought. • Emergency water created using reverse osmosis presents a hazard to groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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20. Clinical utility of routine postoperative serial hemoglobin measurements in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma.
- Author
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Whalen, Stewart, Rendon, Ricardo A., Bell, David, Macdonald, Morgan, Duplisea, Jon, Cox, Ashley, Bailly, Greg, and Mason, Ross
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CYSTECTOMY , *LENGTH of stay in hospitals , *HEMOGLOBINS , *ACADEMIC medical centers , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *AGE distribution , *POSTOPERATIVE care , *RETROSPECTIVE studies , *PATIENTS , *HOSPITAL admission & discharge , *RISK assessment , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *RED blood cell transfusion ,BLADDER tumors - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Routine measurements of serum hemoglobin (sHgb) are common after abdominal surgery; however, prolonged measurements may be associated with patient anxiety, increased costs, and longer hospitalization without clinical benefit. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of routine sHgb measurements after radical cystectomy (RC) and factors associated with transfusion of packed red blood cell (pRBC) beyond postoperative day (POD) 2. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent RC between 2009 and 2019 at a single academic tertiary care center. The number of sHgb measurements for each patient was examined and pRBC transfusion rates were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with transfusion beyond POD 2. RESULTS: The median number of sHgb measurements per patient during admission was nine (interquartile range [IQR] 7, 25). Overall, 69/240 (28.7%) patients received a postoperative transfusion, including 46/240 (19.2%) patients receiving a transfusion beyond POD 2. Among patients with a sHgb >100 g/L on POD 2, 7/85 (8.2%) went on to receive a transfusion beyond this day compared with 39/155 (25.2%) patients with sHgb <100 g/L. On multivariable analysis, risk factors associated with pRBC transfusion beyond POD 2 included older age, lower sHgb on POD 2, and longer length of stay in hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion of pRBCs beyond POD 2 was found to be common; however, patients with sHgb >100 g/L on POD 2 were at low risk of requiring subsequent transfusion. Discontinuing further routine sHgb checks in these patients may serve to decrease patient anxiety, healthcare costs, and delays in hospital discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
21. Functional Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Rare Case With Thrombus Extension Into the Inferior Vena Cava and a Presentation of Cushing Syndrome.
- Author
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Southall TM, MacDonald M, Acker MR, and Organ M
- Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, highly malignant endocrine tumor, often associated with a poor prognosis. Most patients who develop ACC are either children of ages 1-6, or adults in their fourth to fifth decade of life. Individuals with a functional cortisol-secreting ACC frequently present with Cushing syndrome. We report a case of an 18-year-old male who was found to have a large ACC tumor, with thrombus extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC), after presenting with Cushing syndrome. ACC presents a challenging scenario for physicians as surgical resection remains the only form of curative therapy, however, despite such treatment many patients quickly develop metastases., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Southall et al.)
- Published
- 2021
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22. Enzalutamide inhibits testosterone-induced growth of human prostate cancer xenografts in zebrafish and can induce bradycardia.
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Melong N, Steele S, MacDonald M, Holly A, Collins CC, Zoubeidi A, Berman JN, and Dellaire G
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- Animals, Benzamides, Bradycardia etiology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Synergism, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Humans, Male, Nitriles, Phenylthiohydantoin pharmacology, Phenylthiohydantoin therapeutic use, Prostatic Neoplasms chemically induced, Receptors, Androgen metabolism, Terfenadine administration & dosage, Terfenadine adverse effects, Testosterone, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Zebrafish, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Phenylthiohydantoin analogs & derivatives, Prostatic Neoplasms drug therapy
- Abstract
The zebrafish has become a popular human tumour xenograft model, particularly for solid tumours including prostate cancer (PCa). To date PCa xenotransplantation studies in zebrafish have not been performed in the presence of testosterone, even when employing androgen-dependent cell models, such as the LNCaP cell line. Thus, with the goal of more faithfully modelling the hormonal milieu in which PCa develops in humans, we sought to determine the effects of exogenous testosterone on the growth of LNCaP, or androgen-independent C4-2 cells xenografted into zebrafish embryos. Testosterone significantly increased engrafted LNCaP proliferation compared to control xenografts, which could be inhibited by co-administration of the anti-androgen receptor drug, enzalutamide. By contrast, C4-2 cell growth was not affected by either testosterone or enzalutamide. Enzalutamide also induced bradycardia and death in zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner and strongly synergized with the potassium-channel blocking agent, terfenadine, known to induce long QT syndrome and cardiac arrhythmia. Together, these data not only indicate that testosterone administration should be considered in all PCa xenograft studies in zebrafish but also highlights the unique opportunity of this preclinical platform to simultaneously evaluate efficacy and toxicity of novel therapies and/or protective agents towards developing safer and more effective PCa treatments.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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