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1. Detection and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in lower-income countries

Author

I. Izabelle, F. Ello, H. Ssemuwemba, S. Phiri, J. Olasode, Marie-Sylvie N’Gbeche, S. Kouadio, Jesper Eugen-Olsen, M. Mpoudi-Etame, Cristin Q. Fritz, S. Dapiap, J. Zoungrana, Antoine Jaquet, Aristophane Tanon, Rasmata Ouédraogo, N. T. Loan, E. J. Carter, Obaseki, F. F. Diakité, H. X. Zhao, Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit, Z. J. da Silva, Peter Aaby, Dewi Kumara Wati, David da Silva, L. Ayangma, K. Jjingo, P. Kim, Romanee Chaiwarith, James Ndirangu, Valériane Leroy, L. P. P. Atmikasari, N. Zobo, H. Chenal, Rita Lyamuya, Catherine C. McGowan, Keswadee Lapphra, Wanatpreeya Phongsamart, B. B. Mwebesa, Théodore Niyongabo, D. Katile, B. Ba, Matthias Egger, L. Mofenson, A. Mounkaila-Harouna, Boris Tchounga, M. Moh, Elom Takassi, Haby Signaté Sy, G. Sagbo, F. Kaeser, Eduardo Gotuzzo, Guillaume Bado, C. C. McGowan, S. Karcher, Constantin T. Yiannoutsos, V. H. Bui, Christopher J. Hoffmann, Didier K. Ekouevi, J. Akakpo, I. Azinyue, S. Kiertiburanakul, S. O. Koule, W. Bishai, Mariam Guindo Traoré, C. Williams, Elise Arrivé, A. Tapsoba, S. Bessekon, Patrick A. Coffie, F. Yuliana, A. Gougounon-Houéto, Somnuek Sungkanuparph, Y. Abo, Q. Vo, Praphan Phanuphak, M. B. Kokora, Kouadio Kouakou, Fla Kouéta, M. E. Dainguy, O. Benson, I. Soré, W. Prasitsuebsai, Harry Moultrie, C. Guehi, Beatriz Grinsztejn, T. Q. Du, L. Diecket Ahoussou, Z. Diallo, N. Traoré, Firas Wehbe, C. V. Do, J. Tatwangire, A. Kotosso, F. Soppi, Amabelia Rodrigues, Juan Sierra Madero, P. S. Sow, Rodolphe Thiébaut, I. Y. Malino, Moussa Seydi, Helena Rabie, A. Dienderé, Geoffrey Somi, Emmanuel Bissagnene, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, H. C. Traoré, David A. Cooper, N. M. Manga, P. Osakede, S. Ajayi, J. Paulo, Marguerite Timite-Konan, Andrew Edmonds, B. Diop, A. M. Traoré, W. Hiembo, A. Koïta, M. Faye, A. Azon-Kouanou, Christian Wejse, Claudia P. Cortes, T. Pety, N. Durier, Thira Sirisanthana, Camille Ndondoki, Karl-Günter Technau, J. S. Elvis Diby, G. Alim, M. D'Almeida, A. Komi, J. Bashi, J. M. Tine, D. Hawerlander, R. Ditangco, Akouda Patassi, A. Kalle, F. J. Zhang, Lorna Renner, N. H. Chau, Janet Giddy, G. Clouet, Samwel O. Ayaya, A. Sohn, Lars Østergaard, Sylvie Ouédraogo, Clement Adebamowo, Azar Kariminia, John Ssali, Joseph Drabo, M. Dembelé, Nicola Maxwell, Albert Minga, M. D.N. Amego, Wilai Kotarathititum, Christian Erikstrup, H. A. Traore, Kapella Zacharia Ngonyani, E. Geng, Lukas Fenner, A. Diagne, Marcelo Wolff, A. I. Assi, A. Sackey, A. R. Yao, M. F. Sami, Edmond Addi Aka, H. Adjide, Pagakrong Lumbiganon, Karen Malateste, L. Diero, M. Gansonré, P. N. An, A. H. Sohn, D. Meless, D. Avit-Edi, D. Walker, L. Hardwicke, A. S. Kaya, Véronique Mea-Assande, G. S. Gottlieb, Denis Padgett, Eric Balestre, Candida Medina, D. Amani, C. Kouakou, C. Shiboski, E Messou, B. G. Kariyare, M. Ballif, W. Wester, J. M. Gonsan, G. Gbadamassi, A. Ba, M. Fomba, Denis Malvy, R. Bantique, S. N. Owiafe, Andrew Kambugu, Festus Igbinoba, M. Y. Maiga, C. Ahomadegbé, A. Berthé, R. D. Gueye, C. C. Bassabi, Djimon Marcel Zannou, Olivia Keiser, Kara Wools-Kaloustian, K. E. Mensah-Zukong, A. Doring, C. Chimbetete, J. Rivenc, V. Andavi, F. Alihonou, S. Datté, S. Pestilli, T. Mengthaisong, Kathryn Anastos, A. D. Mbaye, D. Lameck, Claire Graber, J. Lewis-Kulzer, G. Reubenson, B. Siloué, Marcel Yotebieng, K. T.K. Dung, C. Ahouada, Severin Lenaud, J. Welbeck, D. Dickinsonn, L. Zoungrana, A. Avihingsanon, T. T. Cao, V. K. Nguyen, Morten Sodemann, J. C. Dusingize, B. Okwara, C. Lewden, H. Traoré, Patrick MacPhail, David C Boettiger, G. Oka-Berete, H. K. Truong, F. Houngbé, Robin Wood, Venerandah Nhandu, J. C. Azani, G. Wandeler, K. L. Issouf, K. C. Anzan, Andrea L. Ciaranello, Awachana Jiamsakul, M. T. Ha, K. Brou, M. Maskew, L. Tossa-Bagnan, B. Zerbo, P. Pakpame, Xavier Anglaret, Jean W. Pape, J. B. Essanin, A. Petit, A. Kouakou, E. Rabourdin, Orasri Wittawatmongkol, Daniela Garone, S. El-Hadj Djibril, S. Duda, C. Twizere, K. C. Chan, Annie J. Sasco, N. Sanmeema, N. V. Lam, J. Conrad, Q. T. Du, P. Tharnprisan, Z. Yao, A. Djeha, Siriatou A. Koumakpai, Joachim Gnokoro, I. Hodonou, Sabine Hermans, Timothy R. Sterling, C. Nchot, D. Minta, E. Yunihastuti, T. F. Eboua, T. Cissé, Revathy Nallusamy, Jeffrey S. A. Stringer, Dabis F, F. Bohossou, Brian Eley, E. Traore, R. McKaig, Matthew Law, Manhattan Charurat, G. M. Kouakou, Madeleine Amorissani Folquet, A. Mandalakas, Sophie Desmonde, S. Eholié, J. K. Assouan, Andrew Boulle, Tuti Parwati Merati, A. Koko Lawson-Evi, Eugene Mutimura, C. A. Bosse, M Dosso, Fred Nalugoda, T. T. Pham, T. Udomphanit, H. L. Ha, N. Kancheya, N. Han, J. Sehonou, S. N. Kangah, R. Huebner, A. Gasser, C. Gilbert, Appolinaire Horo, J. C. Kouakou, D. Yé, P. Acquah, A. Héma, Pope Kosalaraksa, Hans Prozesky, J. James, Fatoumata Dicko, P. Cahn, Moussa Doumbia, I. Oliviera-Souto, Morna Cornell, Elenore Judy B. Uy, G. Hounhoui, J. E. Carter, V. A. Yao, Adrien Sawadogo, B. Petersen, S. E. Reid, B. Goka, G. Carriquiry, M. A. Davies, P. Nipathakosol, J. Le Carrou, M. L. Lindegren, H. Dior, P. Cegielski, E. Baramperanye, Mariam Sylla, Anders Fomsgaard, P. Braitstein, S. T. Coulibaly, D. D. Cuong, C. N'Diaye, M. Kone, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, A. Gitembagara, Niaboula Koné, K. Ruxrungtham, R. Bognounou, Aissatou Touré, A. Ephoévi-gah, Alex Lund Laursen, and Y. Atakouma

Subjects
Male, Questionnaires, West African, Pediatrics, Asia Pacific, Antitubercular Agents, HIV Infections, Drug resistance, rifampicin, South Africa, drug resistant tuberculosis, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Central Africa, antiretrovirus agent, Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient, clinical practice, microbial sensitivity test, Infectious Diseases, priority journal, urban population, Female, anti human immunodeficiency virus agent, supply and distribution, medicine.drug, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Adult, isoniazid, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Asia, phenotype, Anti-HIV Agents, Developing country, MDR-TB, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.08 [https], preventive medicine, Article, South and Central America, socioeconomics, medicine, Humans, controlled study, human, rural population, drug sensitivity, Developing Countries, Directly Observed Therapy, Preventive healthcare, ART programs, Caribbean, business.industry, questionnaire, Drug resistant tuberculosis, developing country, CD4 lymphocyte count, Central africa, Central America, South America, medicine.disease, major clinical study, Latin America, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.07 [https], Africa, world health organization, tuberculostatic agent, business, Rifampicin
Abstract

SETTING: Drug resistance threatens tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons.OBJECTIVE: To describe practices in the prevention and management of drug-resistant TB under antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs in lower-income countries.DESIGN: We used online questionnaires to collect program-level data on 47 ART programs in Southern Africa (n = 14), East Africa (n = 8), West Africa (n = 7), Central Africa (n = 5), Latin America (n = 7) and the Asia-Pacific (n = 6 programs) in 2012. Patient-level data were collected on 1002 adult TB patients seen at 40 of the participating ART programs.RESULTS: Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) was available in 36 (77%) ART programs, but was only used for 22% of all TB patients. Molecular DST was available in 33 (70%) programs and was used in 23% of all TB patients. Twenty ART programs (43%) provided directly observed therapy (DOT) during the entire course of treatment, 16 (34%) during the intensive phase only, and 11 (23%) did not follow DOT. Fourteen (30%) ART programs reported no access to second-line anti-tuberculosis regimens; 18 (38%) reported TB drug shortages.CONCLUSIONS: Capacity to diagnose and treat drug-resistant TB was limited across ART programs in lower-income countries. DOT was not always implemented and drug supplies were regularly interrupted, which may contribute to the global emergence of drug resistance.

Published
2014
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2. First year lymphocyte T CD4+ response to antiretroviral therapy according to the HIV type in the IeDEA West Africa collaboration

Author

Djimon Marcel Zannou, Emmanuel Bissagnene, François Dabis, M. Y. Maiga, Julia Drylewicz, Serge Eholié, Rodolphe Thiébaut, Kevin Peterson, Didier K. Ekouevi, Papa Salif Sow, Mouillet, Evelyne, Epidémiologie et Biostatistique [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (SMIT), CHU de Treichville, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Hôpital Gabriel Touré [Mali], Centre de Prise en Charge des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHNU) du Cotonou, CHU de Fann, Programme PAC-CI, Fajara Cohort, MRC, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (SMIT), Hôpital de Treichville, and Hôpital Gabriel Touré

Subjects
Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Immunology, Context (language use), HIV Infections, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Internal medicine, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, HIV Protease Inhibitor, Humans, Protease inhibitor (pharmacology), 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Young adult, Prospective cohort study, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, virus diseases, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Middle Aged, Viral Load, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Regimen, Africa, Western, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, HIV-2, HIV-1, RNA, Viral, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, business, Viral load
Abstract

As of 2007, it was estimated that the rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West and Central Africa had resulted in 430 000 patients with advanced HIV disease receiving treatment of a total in need of 1.7 million [1]. Although the prevalence seems to be declining [2-4], West Africa remains the epicentre of the HIV-2 epidemic. Compared to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterised by a longer latency period [5] and a slower T Lymphocyte CD4+ (CD4) depletion with a lower plasma viral load [6, 7], but nonetheless leads to clinical AIDS in some instances [8, 9]. Unfortunately data on the ART response in HIV-2 and dually positive patients are sparse [10-19]. There is clear evidence that non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) are inappropriate for the treatment of HIV-2 infection [20]. However, this type of regimen remains the first line treatment of choice in resource-limited countries [1]. Even where a protease inhibitor (PI) regimen has been used results have not always been encouraging [12, 14], perhaps due to HIV-2 having a decreased susceptibility to several, especially unboosted PIs, [21] or to the presence of viral resistance mutations prior to the onset of an effective PI-based therapy [13, 15, 22-25]. In Abidjan, a lower CD4 response at six months has been reported in HIV-2 and dually positive patients compared to HIV-1 infected patients [26]. In this context of a rapid scale-up of ART delivery, a consortium of leading clinicians and clinical epidemiologists from five major cities around West Africa, representing 11 adult clinic cohorts has been assembled in West Africa in the context of the global International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Collaboration of the US National Institutes of Health [27, 28]. Using this international database, we describe the case management of HIV-2 infected or dually positive patients and their response to treatment compared to HIV-1 infected patients in West Africa.

Published
2010

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