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Les plaintes déposées en 2023 par plusieurs patients, qui s'estiment victimes d'effets indésirables graves liés à un traitement par des fluoroquinolones, poussent ainsi à s'interroger sur les conséquences éventuelles du choix de prescrire et de dispenser des thérapeutiques en dehors des recommandations des indications du dossier d'autorisation de mise sur le marché et des agences de sécurité sanitaire. Sur le plan de la responsabilité indemnitaire, la prescription et la dispensation d'un traitement antibiotique à base de quinolone nécessitent d'informer clairement les patients sur les probabilités d'apparition d'effets indésirables potentiellement graves comme des tendinopathies ou des atteintes neuropsychiques, selon des modalités prévues par la loi et explicitées par la jurisprudence. En l'occurrence, la décision d'entreprendre une thérapeutique non complètement éprouvée ou présentant des risques importants pour la santé impliquera au préalable pour le praticien d'envisager toutes les options disponibles, sur la base d'une documentation clinique validée et reconnue par l'ensemble de la communauté scientifique. Some complaints were filed in 2023 by several patients, victims of serious adverse effects related to treatment with fluoroquinolones. These procedures thus raise questions about the possible consequences of the choice to prescribe and dispense therapeutics outside the recommendations of the indications in the marketing authorization dossier and the health safety agencies. In terms of indemnity liability, prescribing and dispensing antibiotic therapy require to explain potentially serious adverse events such as tendinopathy or neuropsychic impairment, in the respect of law. In this case, the decision to undertake a therapy that is not completely proven or that presents significant health risks will involve to consider all available options, on the basis of clinical documentation validated and recognized by the entire scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’exercice de la pharmacie fait face aux nombreux enjeux de sécurité sanitaire qui exposent la population aux dangers dus à l’usage irrationnel des médicaments et à des trafics liés à ces derniers. Le secteur pharmaceutique est un des secteurs stratégiques dans la vie humaine requérant une sécurisation avérée en termes de règlementation. La présente étude a pour point de départ, la recrudescence de toutes ces pratiques pharmaceutiques illégales observées dans les officines pharmaceutiques en RDC. À ce propos, l’Arrêté ministériel portant fonctionnement des établissements pharmaceutiques signé en 2015, n’a toujours pas été appliqué comme il se devrait. Aussi, l’objectif que s’assigne cette étude est-il d’analyser cet Arrêté en essayant de comprendre dans quelle mesure sont appliquées les dispositions qui y sont stipulées, et de scruter les raisons liées à l’inapplicabilité de ces différentes dispositions.

Objective: The objective is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of nitrofurantoin, chitosan, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in combination with propylene glycol (PG) as an intracanal medicament against endodontic pathogens. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two extracted single-rooted maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and premolars were selected. The root canals were enlarged using Protaper universal rotary files. Clinical isolates of microorganisms collected from retreatment cases were used. Bacterial isolates obtained from infected root canals were introduced into brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Incubation of samples for 14 days was carried out to facilitate the development of mature biofilms. Intracanal medicaments were divided into four groups: Group 1 - Nirofurantoin+20% PG, Group 2 - Chitosan+20% PG, Group 3 - Ca(OH)2 + 20% PG, and Group 4 - 20% PG. The prepared root samples were incubated for 7 days. After collecting dentin samples, they were placed in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. Serial dilutions were then performed, and each dilution was plated on BHI agar. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37℃. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of remaining colony-forming units. Results: Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan paste was significantly higher followed by nitrofurantoin as compared to other groups when used as an intracanal medicament. Conclusions: In the root-canal biofilm model, the combination of chitosan and PG demonstrated a significant reduction in the viability of endodontic pathogens when employed as intracanal medication for 7 days. This suggests its potential as an effective intracanal medicament for endodontic retreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prophetic medicaments are mentioned in hadith literature, which records the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. His teachings and practices serve various functions, including guidance on maintaining good health and treating illnesses. Historically, one of the well-known Prophetic medicaments found in Malay medical manuscripts is reciting prayers as protection against illness, to cure diseases, and for good health derived from hadith texts. Thus, this article delves into analyse of the Prophets' prayer medicaments practiced in Malay medical treatment by focusing on the Kitab Tib MSS1653 manuscript. The study is descriptive library research by applying the qualitative content analysis method. The data was then analysed by using inductive, deductive, and comparative methods between hadith and Malay medical practices in healing diseases. The result shows that 17 hadiths were mentioned as prayer recitations in this manuscript and practiced by the Malay community in their medical treatment. It is proof that Prophetic prayer medicament and Malay medical treatment are important and complement physical treatments by reciting prayers and seeking divine assistance as integral parts of the healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'obésité de l'enfant et de l'adolescent est une pathologie dont la compréhension a profondément évolué depuis quelques années grâce à l'identification des formes génétiques et à un accroissement exponentiel des connaissances en biologie. Le tissu adipeux est un organe endocrine en dialogue permanent avec les autres organes dont les centres de régulation de l'appétit cérébraux et la signalisation neuroendocrine du tube digestif. Face à un enfant ou un adolescent développant une obésité, une analyse rigoureuse de la dynamique de sa pathologie, des éventuelles anomalies et complications cliniques associées est requise. La coopération avec les centres de référence pédiatriques et de recherche en nutrigénomique permettant d'identifier les mutations associées permet de poser dans des cas encore rares mais probablement sous diagnostiqués l'indication de traitement spécifiques efficaces. Récemment un essai randomisé a montré qu'un analogue du Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1-R), molécule clé de régulation de l'appétit d'origine intestinale, avait un effet bénéfique majeur dans des obésités polygéniques. Des études sont encore nécessaires pour s'assurer des résultats à long terme et de l'absence de toxicité mais les résultats acquis font d'ores et déjà rediscuter la place de la chirurgie bariatrique. Si la prévention doit rester une priorité, de nombreuses autres molécules et d'autres voies thérapeutiques sont en cours d'investigation dans la plus fréquente des maladies métaboliques et chroniques de l'enfance. Child and adolescent obesity is definitely a pathology the understanding of which has faced dramatic changes in recent years thanks to the identification of the genetic background of some cases and an amazing increase in the knowledge of its biological background. The adipose tissue is an endocrine organ in permanent communication with other ones, including the appetite regulation centres of the brain and the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract. A precise analysis of the trajectory of weight gain and its associated manifestations such as abnormal physical or developmental features and complications is mandatory while facing a child or adolescent with obesity. A close cooperation with reference centres for childhood obesity and nutrigenomics research units leading to the diagnosis of genetic forms, likely to be underdiagnosed, may allow the use of targeted and efficient drug treatment. A recent double-blind study has shown that a Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue, a key contributor of appetite regulation from intestinal origin, has a major beneficial impact on adolescents with obesity of polygenic origin. Further studies are still required to ensure the long-term effect and the lack of side effects of such a treatment. However, such results already challenge the indication of bariatric surgery. While prevention still must be a priority, many other molecules and therapeutic approaches are underway for the most frequent metabolic and chronic childhood disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alors que les dispositions règlementaires et légales relatives à la profession de la pharmacie sont suffisamment claires, s’agissant du rôle central et technique reconnu au pharmacien dans le système de santé, le laxisme de l’État, le chômage, l’influence affinitaire, le trafic d’influence se classent en tant que facteurs favorisant la prolifération des pharmacies non conformes, c’est-à-dire tenues par des non pharmaciens. Dans un tel contexte, le rejet et/ou la transgression des normes, les pratiques difformes et illicites confèrent à la RDC, l’image d’une société malade, déréglée qui limite la force des textes règlementaires en exposant la population à de graves risques de santé. Le présent article s’inscrit dans cette perspective lorsqu’il se propose d’analyser les motivations des personnes qui font fonctionner des officines pharmaceutiques de façon illégale. En partant de la littérature sur la règlementation pharmaceutique ainsi que des données empiriques issues du terrain d’enquête, ce travail scrute les services techniques du Ministère de la santé, hygiène et prévention et d’autres services de collaboration, et projette un regard prospectif sur le secteur pharmaceutique de Kinshasa.

L’impression 3D révolutionne nos processus de fabrication dans la plupart des domaines, y compris en sciences de la santé. Elle comporte différents avantages dont le coût, la réduction des déchets, l’économie d’énergie et l’ultra personnalisation. Dans le secteur médical, elle est d’application pour la fabrication de matériel, particulièrement intéressant pour les pays émergents ayant des capacités financières restreintes. On voit également son application pour la fabrication « d’organes » destinés à réparer et remplacer une fonction déficiente. Dans le domaine pharmaceutique, l’impression 3D de médicaments constitue également une avancée majeure qui nous rapproche encore plus d’une médecine adaptée au patient et nous appellent à repenser la façon dont les traitements sont administrés mais aussi la façon dont ils sont développés, produits et rendus accessibles aux patients. Il est en effet difficile d’imaginer que cette production puisse intervenir ailleurs qu’au sein même du parcours de soins (hôpital ou officine) et non plus en amont de façon industrielle comme c’est le cas aujourd’hui. Ceci nous oblige à repenser et à réinventer la chaine de valeur et le rôle des différents acteurs de cette chaine de valeur. Cette conférence fera le point sur la question en se focalisant sur les principaux cas d’usage pharmaceutique qui trouvent une solution via l’impression 3D ainsi que sur les aspects galéniques liés à la formulation et à la production par impression 3D.

Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to highlight the effect of nanoparticles (NPs) when incorporated as an intracanal medicament to direct imminent research to understand the efficiency of NPs in clinical scenarios. Methods: A PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO host, and manual search were performed April 18, 2022. Inclusion criteria were set that had to be met by each study for it to be selected for the review. "The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist." Results: Ten in vitro studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Six studies evaluated silver NPs, one study with bioactive glass NPs, one study with chitosan-propolis NPs, one study with zinc oxide NPs, two studies with calcium hydroxide NPs, and one with calcium oxide NPs. In endodontics, materials such as zinc oxide and silver NPs disturb biofilm and lessen bacterial load within biofilm. The small size of the particles allows them to readily penetrate greater depths into dentinal tubules, resulting in an amplified antimicrobial action on root canal pathogens. Conclusion: According to the included studies, the findings indicate that the antibacterial efficacy of intracanal medicament was higher in groups containing NPs and provide a basis for future studies to be conducted in vivo and direct future research on NPs and its various unexplored applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric disorders are common co-existing conditions in children with epilepsy and can precede or follow epilepsy onset. Therefore, when selecting anti-seizure medications (ASMs) for children with epilepsy, in addition to seizure control, careful consideration of behavioral and psychotropic effects (BPEs) is critical, as they can have a negative impact on ASM adherence and quality of life. The goal in supporting children with epilepsy is an individualized approach to maximize seizure control and minimize negative BPEs. A previous history of a psychiatric disorder is the most significant risk factor for negative BPEs. Therefore, systematic screening for psychiatric symptoms can guide ASM selection and prompt intervention as needed. Besides familiarity with different ASM profiles, awareness of risk factors for negative BPEs including rapid dose titrations and weaning schedules, polypharmacy, high ASM doses, and drug interactions are important. In children with co-existing psychiatric disorders, ASMs with mood stabilizing, behavior regulating or anxiolytic properties may be preferred choices. Overall, a comprehensive and coordinated approach, with family psychoeducation and a mutual understanding of clinical aspects between the disciplines of neurology and psychiatry will enable better outcomes in children with epilepsy. Further pediatric "real-world" studies will expand knowledge of BPEs and potential risk factors. For some children, timely epilepsy surgery or precision therapies targeting a pathological defect may reduce the ASM burden in a child's life and subsequent BPEs. The ability to predict an individual child's susceptibility to negative BPEs with valid biomarkers may become available in the near future with advances in pharmacogenomics and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'analyse du liquide cérébrospinal pour la recherche et le dosage des médicaments ou des drogues reste une analyse d'exception. La meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de diffusion des xénobiotiques dans le système nerveux central et l'intérêt d'identifier le médicament ou la drogue sur son site d'action pour mieux apprécier son effet pharmacologique ou toxique reste cependant indéniable. Les méthodes d'analyses restent très classiques, souvent proches de celles décrites pour des matrices biologiques plus couramment utilisées comme le sang ou le plasma. Ce sont des méthodes de chromatographies liquides couplées à des détecteurs en spectrométrie de masse permettant ainsi d'identifier des concentrations mesurées souvent beaucoup plus faibles que celles décrites dans le plasma. Quelques applications en pharmacologie pour mesurer l'efficacité des thérapies ou en toxicologie pour mieux comprendre les effets neurotoxiques seront également décrites. The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for research or dosage of pharmacological drugs or narcotics remains an exceptional analysis. However, the better understanding of the mechanisms of diffusion of xenobiotics in the central nervous system and the interest of identifying the pharmacological drug or narcotic on its site of action to better appreciate its pharmacological or toxic effect remains undeniable. The methods of analysis remain very conventional often close to those described for biological matrices more commonly used such as blood or plasma, often using liquid chromatography methods coupled with mass spectrometry detectors to identify measured concentrations that are often much lower than those described in plasma. Some applications in pharmacology to measure the effectiveness of therapies or in toxicology to better understand neurotoxic effects will also be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to highlight the effect of nanoparticles (NPs) when incorporated as an intracanal medicament to direct imminent research to understand the efficiency of NPs in clinical scenarios. Methods: A PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO host, and manual search were performed April 18, 2022. Inclusion criteria were set that had to be met by each study for it to be selected for the review. “The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist.” Results: Ten in vitro studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Six studies evaluated silver NPs, one study with bioactive glass NPs, one study with chitosan-propolis NPs, one study with zinc oxide NPs, two studies with calcium hydroxide NPs, and one with calcium oxide NPs. In endodontics, materials such as zinc oxide and silver NPs disturb biofilm and lessen bacterial load within biofilm. The small size of the particles allows them to readily penetrate greater depths into dentinal tubules, resulting in an amplified antimicrobial action on root canal pathogens. Conclusion: According to the included studies, the findings indicate that the antibacterial efficacy of intracanal medicament was higher in groups containing NPs and provide a basis for future studies to be conducted in vivo and direct future research on NPs and its various unexplored applications.

Context: Inappropriate self-medication is seen as a global public health concern. Without appropriate professional healthcare guidance, a variety of issues can arise with potentially serious consequences to one’s personal health. Aims: To describe self-medication in outpatients aged 18 years or over who attended public health care centers in Honduras. Methods: A sample of 4573 people was chosen using a cluster sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was applied. Study variables included: sociodemographic factors, frequency and reasons for self-medicating, kind of medicine and sources of acquisition. Results: With a minimum age of 18 years and a maximum age of 94 years, women predominated with 3340 (73.0%), originated from the department of Francisco Morazán with 1186 (25.9%) persons, primary complete in 1042 (22.8%) persons, and with a monthly household income of less than $171.41 in 1462 (32.0%) persons, 3035 (66.4%) people reported knowing what self-medication is, but 2365 (51.7%) of them were unaware of the consequences of self-medication and 2385 (52.2%) people used medications in the last three months without a prescription. Conclusions: The frequency of self-medication in the studied population shows the need to implement national prevention and promotion initiatives in the rational use of medicines, emphasizing the consequences of self-medication, as well as the creation of stricter surveillance and regulation policies in the sale of medicines.

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La recherche translationnelle en radiothérapie connaît un développement intense. Un transfert de plus en plus rapide se fait depuis le laboratoire jusqu'aux patients, tant dans la sélection des patients pouvant bénéficier de la radiothérapie que dans le développement de stratégies d'irradiation innovante ou le développement de combinaison avec des médicaments. Accélérer le passage des découvertes de laboratoire vers la clinique représente l'idéal de tout programme de recherche translationnelle mais nécessite une prise en compte des multiples obstacles pouvant ralentir ce cheminement. L'ambition du réseau RadioTransNet, projet de structuration de la recherche préclinique en radiothérapie en France est justement de favoriser les interactions scientifiques et cliniques à l'interface de la radiothérapie et de la radiobiologie, dans son positionnement préclinique, afin de dégager des priorités de recherche stratégiques dédiées à l'innovation en radiothérapie. Les équipe de radiothérapie par nature multidisciplinaire avec des experts en biologie, médecine, physique médicale, mathématique et sciences de l'ingénieur sont à même de relever ces nouveaux défis qui permettront de transférer aux patients au plus vite ces avancées d'aujourd'hui. Translational research in radiation oncology is undergoing intense development. An increasingly rapid transfer is taking place from the laboratory to the patients, both in the selection of patients who can benefit from radiotherapy and in the development of innovative irradiation strategies or the development of combinations with drugs. Accelerating the passage of discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic represents the ideal of any translational research program but requires taking into account the multiple obstacles that can slow this progress. The ambition of the RadioTransNet network, a project to structure preclinical research in radiation oncology in France, is precisely to promote scientific and clinical interactions at the interface of radiotherapy and radiobiology, in its preclinical positioning, in order to identify priorities for strategic research dedicated to innovation in radiotherapy. The multidisciplinary radiotherapy teams with experts in biology, medicine, medical physics, mathematics and engineering sciences are able to meet these new challenges which will allow these advances to be made available to patients as quickly as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eu égard à la nécessité de fédérer les ressources face aux multiples défis du secteur pharmaceutique, de nombreuses initiatives ont été prises par l’UEMOA à partir des années 2000 en vue d’optimiser la réglementation du secteur pharmaceutique de l’Union. Le règlement n°02/2005/CM/UEMOA demeure le texte fondateur de la réglementation pharmaceutique de l’espace UEMOA. Sa mise en œuvre s’est faite par l’adoption d’autres textes communautaires relatifs notamment aux produits pharmaceutiques, mais aussi à la profession et à l’activité pharmaceutique. A côté de la réglementation communautaire UEMOA concernant le médicament vétérinaire, les initiatives d’harmonisation de la réglementation pharmaceutique au sein de l’UEMOA concernant les produits pharmaceutiques à usage humain ont eu un impact significatif dans les pays membres, et sont de nature à favoriser une meilleure protection de la santé publique. En prenant appui sur la documentation disponible, notamment les textes réglementaires applicables au secteur pharmaceutique de l’espace UEMOA, cet article décrit le processus de mise en place de cette réglementation communautaire et sa portée.

L'action des pharmaciens humanitaires a pour finalité de favoriser l'accès aux soins des plus démunis en France et à l'étranger. Ils interviennent dans les zones de conflits, mais aussi en cas de catastrophe naturelle et de crise sanitaire ou économique. Les pharmaciens qui font le choix de s'engager peuvent accéder à des formations afin d'être à même d'apporter leur contribution aux organisations non gouvernementales qui œuvrent dans ce domaine. The purpose of humanitarian pharmacists is to promote access to health care for the poorest people in France and abroad. They intervene in conflict zones, but also in the event of natural disasters and health or economic crises. Pharmacists who choose to get involved can access training to be able to contribute to non-governmental organizations working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La consommation de drogues est observée dans toutes les sociétés humaines. Ces substances ont de multiples fonctions – recherche de plaisir, soin, convivialité, etc. – et des statuts qui évoluent dans le temps puisqu'elles peuvent être légales ou illégales, disponibles en accès libre ou sous certaines conditions. Elles sont souvent associées à la notion de danger. La mise en place d'indicateurs de suivi aide les pouvoirs publics à légiférer et à évaluer leur balance bénéfice-risque. Drug use is observed in all human societies. These substances have multiple functions – pleasure seeking, care, conviviality, etc. – and statuses that evolve over time since they can be either legal or illegal, freely available or under certain conditions. They are often associated with the notion of danger. The establishment of monitoring indicators helps public authorities to legislate and to evaluate their benefit-risk balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary molars with asymptomatic reversible pulpitis are commonly treated by pulpotomy procedure. Different pulpotomy materials used so far for pulpotomy that have been mentioned in the literature have been included in this article. This literature review includes all medicaments including natural alternatives. Many significant medicaments with their success rates have been mentioned in this paper. To increase the therapeutic success of pulpotomy procedure, it is necessary to identify a novel effective and preferably natural pulpotomy medicament.

The effect of different medicaments and irrigation solutions on root dentin microhardness (MH) was evaluated depending on time. After initial measurements, MH of 60 maxillary incisors (n = 15 per group) was measured after 3 steps: irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, exposure to medicaments [triple antibiotic (TAP) or calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes, 1 week or 1 month)] and final irrigation [20 mL of 17% EDTA or 20 mL 1% phytic acid (PA)]. The percentage of MH reduction was calculated. Data were analysed statistically at P < 0.05. Treatments caused a significant decrease in MH values compared to baseline and pre‐measurements (P < 0.05). TAP significantly reduced the MH values of the samples over time (P < 0.05). Removal of TAP after 1 month with PA resulted in a significant reduction in MH compared to removing TAP after 1 week and CH removing after 1 month (P < 0.05). Considering the chemical preparation steps, the most hazardous effect on MH was observed after the first irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articolul include definiția medicamentului dată de OMS și caracteristica succintă a proceselor (fazelor) de elaborare a lui, evoluția activităților de cercetare științifică în domeniul medicamentului, realizate de catedra „farmacologie și farmacologie clinică” a USMF „Nicolae Testemițanu” în cele III perioade a anilor 1945-2019. Prezintă interes compartimentul constatării situației în domeniul medicamentului și a nivelului de dezvoltare a industriei farmaceutice naționale, asortimentului de medicamente ce se produc în țară, calității și eficienții lor, tehnologiilor ce se folosesc la fabricarea acestora, cu menționarea stringentă a necesității de restructurare și susținere considerabilă a industriei farmaceutice naționale, care s-a pomenit în situația dificilă. Realizarea scopului, determinarea obiectivă a domeniilor și direcțiilor principale ale cercetărilor științifice cu descriere succintă a celor mai importante rezultate obținute în urma implementărilor lor în practica medicală sunt recunoscute și confirmate prin diverse modalități: publicații științifice, brevete, medicamente autohtone elaborate, monografii și manuale, teze științifice susținute, programe de stat, proiecte și granturi științifice obținute, diverse foruri științifice internaționale și naționale organizate și desfășurate de farmacologii clinicieni, toate având ca scop asigurarea farmacoterapiei raționale, eficiente și inofensive. În vederea soluționării obiectivelor și reformelor înaintate s-a recurs la mai multe acțiuni: Includere disciplinei „Farmacologie clinică” în planurile și programele de instruire a studenților, de pregătire a specialiștilor în domeniu (prin rezidențiat) și de perfecționare postuniversitară a medicilor (USMF „Nicolae Testemițanu”); Implementarea în structurile IMSP a specializării „Medic farmacolog-clinician” și a serviciului „Farmacologie clinică” în sistemul de sănătate din țară; Elaborarea și implementarea Conceptului utilizării raționale a medicamentelor și sistemului de formular. Editarea suportului științific consacrat serviciului „Farmacologia clinică”

Contrairement aux allergies respiratoires, alimentaires et aux venins d'hyménoptères qui concernent des allergènes protéiques, la prise en charge des allergies aux médicaments nécessite rarement le recours aux examens biologiques pour obtenir la preuve d'un mécanisme allergique IgE-dépendant. Un nombre très restreint de dosages d'IgE spécifiques de médicaments est disponible car la grande majorité des médicaments sont des haptènes. L'utilisation rationnelle des outils biologiques disponibles selon les données actualisées de la science est à même de garantir l'efficience diagnostique. Le mésusage de la biologie de l'allergie et/ou leur interprétation erronée risque d'aboutir à des attitudes thérapeutiques inadaptées voire dangereuses. Consciente de cet enjeu, la Société française d'allergologie (SFA) a mis en place un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire pour l'actualisation des recommandations de biologie de l'allergie, les précédentes recommandations élaborées en 2005 par la Haute autorité de santé (HAS) étant devenues en partie obsolètes en raison de l'évolution des techniques et concepts. La méthodologie utilisée est celle des recommandations pour la pratique clinique (RPC) élaborée par la HAS, même si le texte n'a pas été labellisé par celle institution. Le groupe de travail a rédigé 11 recommandations gradées sur l'allergie aux médicaments. Bien que non exhaustives, ces 11 questions répondent aux préoccupations les plus courantes des prescripteurs qu'ils soient allergologues ou non pour la prise en charge des patients ayant une suspicion d'allergie aux médicaments, tout en tenant compte du contexte réglementaire français. Unlike respiratory allergies, food allergies and hymenopteran venoms which involve protein allergens, the management of drug allergies rarely requires the use of laboratory tests to obtain evidence of an IgE-dependent allergic mechanism. A very small number of drug specific IgE assays are available because drugs are mostly haptens. The rational use of the biological tools available according to updated scientific data can guarantee diagnostic efficiency. The misuse of the biology of allergy and/or their misinterpretation may lead to inappropriate or even dangerous therapeutic attitudes. Aware of this issue, the French Society of Allergology (SFA) has set up a multidisciplinary task force to update allergy biology recommendations, the previous recommendations drawn up in 2005 by the High Authority for Health (HAS) having become partly obsolete due to the evolution of techniques and concepts. The methodology used is that of the recommendations for clinical practice (RPC) developed by the HAS, even if the text has not been labeled by that institution. The working group drafted 11 graded recommendations for the management of drug allergy. Although not exhaustive, these 11 questions respond to the most common concerns of prescribers whether or not they are allergists for the management of patients with suspected drug allergy, while taking into account the French regulatory context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'utilisation des spots de sang séché en biologie remonte aux travaux de Guthrie appliqués initialement au dépistage néonatal de la phénylcétonurie, puis étendus depuis au dépistage d'une dizaine de maladies héréditaires. Initialement qualitative ou semi-quantitative, la méthode des spots de sang séché (DBS – Dried Blood Spot) a été appliquée à la quantification de nombreux analytes, avec une difficulté majeure due au manque de précision du volume de sang prélevé. Parmi les facteurs influençant ce volume, l'hématocrite est sans nul doute le plus limitant. Deux nouveaux systèmes dits volumétriques, HémaPENTM et MitraTM ont permis de s'affranchir de la valeur de l'hématocrite. Ils permettent de prélever de façon précise des volumes compris entre 2,5 et 30 µL. Comme les DBS, ces nouveaux systèmes présentent de nombreux avantages comme la facilité de transport et de stockage. Cependant, les faibles volumes de sang prélevés, s'ils sont particulièrement adaptés aux études en pédiatrie ou à l'expérimentation animale, nécessitent le développement de méthodes analytiques sensibles. Ces méthodes sont en général des méthodes chromatographiques couplées à de la spectrométrie de masse validées avec une phase de préparation d'échantillon plus longue que pour des prélèvements classiques. Malgré leurs couts élevés, les systèmes volumétriques ont permis de développer de nombreuses applications quantitatives dans de multiples domaines de la biologie, comme la pharmacocinétique, le suivi thérapeutique, la toxicologie clinique et médico-légale. The use of Dried Blood Spots (DBS) in the field of biology goes back to the work of Guthrie, initially employed for the neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, and extended since to the screening of a dozen of hereditary diseases. At first qualitative or semi-quantitative, the DBS method was used to the quantification of numerous biomarkers with a major difficulty, due to the lack of the precision of the blood volume collected. Amongst the factors influencing this volume, hematocrit is without any doubt, the most restricting. Two new systems called volumetric: HemaPEN™ and Mitra™ allowed to do without the hematocrit value. They allow to sample with precision the volumes between 2,5µL and 30µL. As the DBS, these new tools have many advantages like the simplicity of storage and transportation. However, the low volumes of blood collected, although compatible with pediatric studies or animal experimentation, require the development of sensitive analytical methods. In general, these methods rely on chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, validated with a longer sample preparation phase compared to that of conventional samples. Despite their high costs, volumetric systems allowed the emergence of multiple quantitative applications in many fields of medical biology, such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical and forensic toxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary molars with asymptomatic reversible pulpitis are commonly treated by pulpotomy procedure. Different pulpotomy materials used so far for pulpotomy that have been mentioned in the literature have been included in this article. This literature review includes all medicaments including natural alternatives. Many significant medicaments with their success rates have been mentioned in this paper. To increase the therapeutic success of pulpotomy procedure, it is necessary to identify a novel effective and preferably natural pulpotomy medicament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis plusieurs décennies, les missions du pharmacien canadien ont évolué grâce à la reconnaissance dont il bénéficie en tant que spécialiste de la pharmacothérapie et des médicaments. Le Canada est un État fédéral composé de dix provinces et de trois territoires. Chaque province a toute autorité dans le domaine de la santé et organise la pratique de la pharmacie d'un point de vue législatif et réglementaire. Au Québec, les dix dernières années ont été porteuses d'avancées notables à l'officine. For several decades, the missions of the Canadian pharmacist have evolved thanks to the recognition he enjoys as a specialist in pharmacotherapy and drug. Canada is a federal state composed of ten provinces and three territories. Each province has full authority over health care and organises the practice of pharmacy from a legislative and regulatory perspective. In Quebec, the last ten years have seen significant advances in pharmacy practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'internat en pharmacie est une formation spécialisée de troisième cycle, à la fois universitaire et hospitalière, accessible par concours. Dispensée en quatre ou cinq années, elle conduit à l'obtention d'un diplôme d'études spécialisées, notamment de biologie médicale et de pharmacie hospitalière. The internship in pharmacy is a specialized postgraduate training program, both university and hospital-based, accessible by competitive examination. It lasts four or five years and leads to a diploma of specialized studies, particularly in medical biology and hospital pharmacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bien que l'officine soit la spécialité la plus connue de la filière pharmaceutique, les missions du pharmacien de ville restent floues aux yeux du grand public. La profession est en constante évolution et s'ancre au centre du système de santé français, ce qui éloignent ses représentants de l'image de "vendeurs de boîtes". Although the pharmacy is the best known speciality of the profession, the tasks of the dispensing pharmacist remain unclear to the general public. Far from the image of the formerly decried "box salesman", the profession is constantly evolving and is anchored after the many developments of recent years, at the center of the French health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Success of the regenerative endodontic treatment depends upon the disinfection of the root canal system. Because almost no instrumentation is carried out, the disinfection protocol relies only on the medicaments used. The most commonly used medicament is triple antibiotic paste (TAP) composed of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline. The major drawback associated with the minocycline is tooth discoloration. Several antibiotics have been suggested as an alternative to minocycline. However, the tooth discoloration potential of these alternative formulations has not been documented. Aim: The present study is designed to evaluate the crown discoloration produced by different modifications of TAP. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted human anterior teeth (n = 40) were sectioned 3 mm above and 5 mm below the cementoenamel junction. After access cavity preparation and canal enlargement, specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 for each group), and each group received the following antibiotic paste fillings: TAP with minocycline, TAP with amoxyclav, and TAP with clindamycin. Samples in control group were left empty. Images were taken with DSLR on day 0, 1, and at weeks 1, 2, and 3 at a fixed resolution. The analysis of slices was performed using the ImageJ software and mean values of pixel intensity were calculated. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: TAP with minocycline and amoxyclav induced more coronal discoloration compared with the clindamycin group (P

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has spread rapidly all over the world and turned into a pandemic. Rapid spreading, human-to-human transmission, lack of any definitive treatment, and fatality associated with this disease have a significant impact on public health, making it difficult to control. No increased sensitivity to COVID-19 has been reported in pregnant women compared to the general population. However, pregnant women are more susceptible to diseases than those who are not pregnant, and morbidity and mortality rates are higher. Pregnancy and postpartum management of suspicious or infected pregnancies should be performed by a competent team in this regard due to the high mortality rates associated with similar viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, in pregnant women. The mortality rate due to SARS-CoV infection is about 25%. There is limited information about COVID-19 infection in pregnant women, and for the time being, treatment management is similar to that in non-pregnant women. Some pregnant patients have fetal distress and preterm labor. There is no evidence that coronavirus can spread from mother to baby. Nevertheless, on February 6, 2020, the SARS-CoV 2 test was found to be positive 36 hours after delivery in the newborn of a woman who was COVID-19 positive. In line with all this information, necessary measures should be taken to prevent contamination in pregnant and puerperal women, and appropriate treatment method should be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ces dernières années, 2018 a battu tous les records avec la mise sur le marché de quatorze nouveaux médicaments au-dessus du prix de capage. Outre le fait que le concept de médicament cher mérite une explication, il convient d'envisager l'importance que revêtent et revêtiront ces produits pour l'économie officinale. In recent years, 2018 has been a record year with fourteen new medicines coming on to the market above the ceiling price. In addition to the fact that the concept of expensive medicines deserves an explanation, it is worth considering the importance that these products have and will have for the pharmacy economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le TDAH est le trouble mental le plus fréquent chez les enfants d'âge scolaire. Plusieurs études récentes ont mis en lumière des écarts considérables entre les consensus scientifiques internationaux et l'information transmise au grand public. Dans cet article, nous interrogeons les représentations de l'hyperactivité dans les thèses de médecine dédiées au TDAH en France, à partir de l'analyse systématique d'un corpus de 45 thèses soutenues entre 1990 et 2018 au niveau national. Les résultats obtenus font état de distorsions majeures (94,5 %) dans les connaissances scientifiques concernant l'étiologie, le diagnostic ou les bénéfices du traitement médicamenteux. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'il existe une idéologie présidant aux représentations sociales des médecins et, potentiellement, aux pratiques dédiées aux enfants diagnostiqués TDAH et à leur famille. Ces distorsions induisent un risque de surmédication des enfants diagnostiqués hyperactifs et questionnent le format des thèses d'exercice présentées en médecine, qui semblent mésestimer l'importance du travail diagnostique et psychothérapeutique opéré par les praticiens eux-mêmes. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder has first been defined in the third version of the DSM published in 1980. Though it still lacks a consensual biological etiology, ADHD is the most common mental disorder among school-age children nowadays. Several recent studies have however highlighted considerable distorsions between international scientific consensus and information provided to the general public. Those distorsions always favor biomedical approaches of ADHD and support the use of psychostimulant medication. They hence overshadow the psychosocial factors contributing to the disorder and leave no room for other therapeutic approaches like psychodynamic psychotherapies. We therefore deemed it necessary to investigate the content of medical theses focusing on this particular disorder. In this article, we examine the representations of hyperactivity in medical theses dedicated to ADHD in France, based on the systematic analysis of a corpus of 45 theses defended between 1990 and 2018. Our corpus was analyzed using the following questions: 1) does the thesis support a biomedical or psychoanalytical approach to ADHD? We used the term "combined approach" when both points of view were argued; 2) for each thesis, is the biological etiology of ADHD – genetic, neurological or neurodevelopmental – mentioned and discussed?; 3) are the environmental and social factors of hyperactivity also discussed?; 4) do medical theses present the risks associated with ADHD: academic failure, delinquency, substance abuse?; 5) what treatment do medical theses recommend in the care and support of children diagnosed with hyperactivity: drug treatment, psychotherapy or a combination of both?; 6) does the use of a psychostimulant treatment protect against the risk of school failure: yes/no/both opinions?; 7) is it possible to diagnose ADHD hyperactivity by brain imaging?; 8) finally, we sought references to scientific work or experts involved in conflicts of interest with the pharmaceutical industry – references in the text body or bibliography. We also looked for critical indications for the risks of over-medication of ADHD. The results we obtained indicate major distortions (94.5 %) in scientific knowledge concerning the etiology of ADHD, the approved methods for diagnosis or the benefits of psychostimulant medication on academic performances. Indeed, though hundreds of studies using MRI imaging have failed to show any neurological lesion associated with ADHD, 91 % of our corpus supported a neurological etiology of this disorder. Similarly, 87 % of our corpus wrongly described ADHD as a genetic disorder, and more than 50 % still affirmed MRI could be used to diagnose ADHD, despite the scientific consensus claiming the opposite. Psychostimulant medication was also the most mentioned form of treatment, despite it theoretically being a « last resort » treatment. Our results suggest there might be a biomedical ideology determining physicians' representations of ADHD. This ideology could have an impact on physicians' care pratices with children suffering from ADHD and their families, thus possibly increasing the risk of over-medication. It could also lead future practitioners to underestimate the importance of their diagnostic skills and the therapeutic work they engage into. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le devenir des médicaments dans l'organisme fait intervenir divers processus dont la diffusion passive et le transport membranaire. Des protéines de transport participent à l'influx ou à l'efflux cellulaire des molécules. La glycoprotéine P fait partie des pompes d'efflux ayant été les plus étudiées. Drug transport through biological barriers involves various processes including passive diffusion and membrane transport. Transport proteins can be divided into influx or efflux transporters. The P-glycoprotein is one of the most studied efflux pump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'incidence cumulée de l'urticaire chez l'enfant est proche de 10 %. On décrit la forme superficielle et la forme profonde, ou angioedème. Chez le jeune enfant de moins de 3 ans, l'urticaire est volontiers annulaire et ecchymotique et prise à tort pour un érythème polymorphe ou un œdème aigu hémorragique. La pseudo-maladie sérique est une forme particulière d'urticaire caractérisée par un angioedème des extrémités, une fièvre et des arthralgies, la principale cause est médicamenteuse (céphalosporines). Chez l'enfant, l'interrogatoire et l'examen clinique sont essentiels et permettent dans la plupart des cas de mettre en évidence une étiologie. Les principales causes d'urticaire aiguë ou récidivante sont les infections virales et/ou les médicaments (histaminolibération non spécifique), alors que les urticaires chroniques sont majoritairement de cause physique. Dans les pays développés, les infections parasitaires sont rarement en cause. Les arguments en faveur d'une allergie alimentaire sont : un contexte d'atopie, la survenue dans l'heure suivant la prise de l'aliment suspect, l'absence de fièvre ou de contexte infectieux, la durée inférieure à 24 heures, l'association éventuelle à d'autres manifestations d'anaphylaxie et la récidive à chaque nouvelle prise de l'aliment suspect. Le traitement de première intention d'une urticaire sans signe de gravité se limite à la prescription d'un antihistaminique non sédatif (associé à l'éviction de la cause lorsque celle-ci est déterminée). Près d'un tiers des cas d'urticaire de l'enfant évolue sur une durée prolongée de plus de 6 semaines, définissant l'urticaire chronique (le plus souvent à type d'urticaire récidivante bénigne lors des épisodes infectieux et/ou la prise de médicaments). Il est très rare qu'une urticaire, même chronique, révèle une maladie inflammatoire ou une maladie génétique comme une cryopyrinopathie, le bilan étiologique de première intention se limite habituellement aux examens suivants : NFS, VS et/ou CRP, transaminases. The cumulative incidence of urticaria in children is close to 10%. Two forms are described: the superficial form and the deep form, or angioedema. In young children aged under 3 years, urticaria is commonly annular and ecchymotic, and is mistaken for erythema multiforme or acute hemorrhagic edema. Serum sickness-like reaction is a particular form of urticaria characterized by angioedema of the extremities, fever and arthralgia, and it is chiefly drug-induced (cephalosporins). With children, questioning and clinical examination are essential and, in most cases, reveal an etiology. The main causes of acute or recurrent urticaria are viral infections and/or drugs (non-specific histamine release), whereas chronic urticaria is mostly due to physical causes. In developed countries, parasitic infections are rarely the cause. Arguments in favor of a food allergy are as follows: a setting of atopy, onset within one hour of taking the suspect food, absence of fever or infection, a duration of less than 24 hours, possible association with other signs of anaphylaxis, and further recurrence with each new intake of the suspect food. First-line treatment of urticaria without signs of severity consists solely of non-sedating antihistamine (associated with removal of the cause where the latter has been determined). Nearly one-third of cases of urticaria in children progress over a prolonged period of more than 6 weeks, thus constituting chronic urticaria (most often a form of mild recurrent urticaria during episodes of infection and/or medication). Chronic urticaria is very rarely due to an underlying inflammatory disease or a genetic disease such as cryopyrinopathy, and first-line etiological assessment is usually limited to the following tests: CBC, sedimentation speed and/or CRP, and transaminases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of microbiota in myriads of physiological, metabolic, genetic and immunological processes shows that they are a fundamental part of human existence and health maintenance. The efficiency of drugs' absorption depends on solubility, stability, permeability and metabolic enzymes produced by the body and gut microbiota. Two major types of microbiota-drug interaction have been identified; direct and indirect. The use of antibiotics is a direct means of targeting intestinal microbes and short-term use of antibiotic can significantly alter the microbiome composition. It is noteworthy that not every microbial drug metabolism is of benefit to the host as some drugs can shut down microbial processes as observed in the co-administration of antiviral sorivudine with fluoropyridimide resulting in a toxic buildup of fluoropyridimide metabolites from blockade of host fluoropyridimide by the microbialsorivudine metabolite. It has been reported that many classes of drugs and xenobiotics modify the gut microbiome composition which may be detrimental to human health. Microbiome-drug interaction may be beneficial or detrimental resulting in either treatment success or failure which is largely dependent on factors such as microbial enzymes, chemical composition of candidate drug, host immunity and the complex relationship that exists with the microbiome. The effects of microbiota on pharmacology of drugs and vice versa are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les réactions d'hypersensibilité retardée (HSR) sont définies comme celles qui surviennent plus de six heures après une exposition aux allergènes et font intervenir l'immunité à médiation cellulaire. La peau est l'organe le plus souvent atteint dans les HSR aux produits naturels ou de synthèse ainsi qu'aux médicaments. La plupart des éruptions cutanées sont bénignes et spontanément résolutives, mais certaines sont graves, entraînant un risque élevé de morbidité et de mortalité. Elles doivent être reconnues tôt et gérées rapidement. La démarche diagnostique repose sur une anamnèse exhaustive, des tests in vivo tels que l'intradermoréaction retardée, le patch-test ou le test de provocation orale et des tests biologiques in vitro explorant l'activité de lymphocytes T spécifiques. Les performances de ces tests varient selon les manifestations cliniques. Les avancées concernant l'immunopathogenèse ont permis d'identifier des allèles HLA associés aux manifestations cliniques et ainsi de déterminer des facteurs de prédisposition. Cet article décrit les caractéristiques et la place actuelle de ces tests selon les phénotypes d'HSR. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are defined as reactions that occur more than 6 hours after exposure to small reactive molecules or drugs. The skin is the most often affected organ. Potentially life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) are associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. They should be recognized and managed early by clinicians. The diagnostic workup is based on a precise anamnesis, a history of past events, in vivo tests such as delayed intradermal testing, patch-test or oral challenge and in vitro biological tests exploring the specific lymphocyte activity. Advances in understanding the delayed T cell–mediated reactions lead to identification of predisposing of HLA alleles. We describe the performance of these tests regarding the HSR phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les fortes chaleurs sont difficilement supportées par les personnes les plus fragiles, notamment les sujets âgés qui sont souvent polymédicamentés. Certains traitements sont susceptibles d'aggraver un syndrome de déshydratation ou un coup de chaleur. L'exposition à des températures élevées peut aussi avoir une incidence sur la conservation des médicaments. High temperatures are poorly tolerated by frail people, especially elderly subjects who often take multiple medications. Certain treatments may aggravate dehydration or heatstroke. Exposure to high temperatures can also affect a medicine's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le terme d'antipsychotiques ou de neuroleptiques désigne les médicaments actifs dans le traitement des troubles psychotiques, en particulier de la schizophrénie. Ils ne guérissent pas le malade, mais atténuent considérablement les symptômes. L'équipe officinale doit bien connaître ces médicaments pour accompagner au mieux les patients et leurs proches. The term antipsychotics or neuroleptics refers to medications that are active in the treatment of psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia. They do not cure the patient, but significantly reduce symptoms. The pharmacy team needs to be familiar with these medications to best support patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La production et l'usage des médicaments ont généré une pollution par certains de leurs principes actifs, des métabolites et autres produits de dégradation. Certaines eaux de consommation sont contaminées par des résidus médicamenteux. Les risques environnementaux sont avérés alors que les risques sanitaires pour l'humain sont a priori moins significatifs. La gestion de ce problème s'inscrit dans une stratégie globale de développement durable qui ne doit en aucun cas nuire à la santé publique. The production and use of pharmaceuticals have generated pollution by active ingredients, metabolites and other degradation products. Some drinking water is contaminated with pharmaceuticals residues. The environmental risks are proven while the health risks for humans are seemingly less significant. The management of this problem is part of a global strategy of sustainable development which must in no way harm public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La vente en ligne de médicaments, sans prescription obligatoire, est exclusivement réservée aux seuls pharmaciens titulaires d'une officine ou gérants d'une pharmacie mutualiste ou de secours minière à partir d'un site internet dûment autorisé et licite. D'un point de vue juridique, l'e-dispensation ne remet pas en cause le principe selon lequel l'exercice de la pharmacie est personnel. L'e-pharmacien reste personnellement responsable des erreurs qu'il peut commettre. Online sale of medicines, without mandatory prescription, is exclusively reserved to pharmacists who hold a pharmacy office or who manage a mutual pharmacy or a mining emergency from a duly authorized and lawful website. From a legal point of view, e-dispensation does not call into question the principle that the practice of pharmacy is personal. The e-pharmacist remains personally responsible for any mistakes he may make. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Impression techniques in restorative dentistry require displacement of gingival tissues to expose subgingival finish lines on tooth preparations. Retraction cords are commonly used for this purpose. Some cord systems include various medicaments, which may remain in the sulcus after retraction procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any of the commonly used gingival retraction medicaments could influence the surface characteristics of the impression material and to evaluate the clinical performance of retraction cords. Method and Materials: Sixteen cord systems in various shapes, sizes, and medications were used in this study. The clinical performances of cords were evaluated with a blind experimental study design, according to predetermined criteria. Results were analyzed by using chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression analysis (P < .05). Results: Statistically significant differences were found in all criteria among groups (P < .05). None of the materials investigated appeared to have any influence on the surface characterization of the polyvinyl siloxane impression material used. Better impression qualities were observed in groups with easy insertion, proper dilatation, less recurrent bleeding, and no remnants or fraying. Logistic regression analysis revealed that both retraction cord medicaments (odds ratio = 0.63, P = .00 < .05) and cord thicknesses (odds ratio = 2.09, P = .00 < .05) were important risk factors on the gingival margin quality. Conclusions: The applied gingival retraction cord systems had no influence on the surface characterization of the polyvinyl siloxane material tested. Gingival margin quality of the impression and clinical application procedures were affected by the retraction systems. Untreated, medium-braided, and epinephrine-impregnated cord systems were clinically successful. However, the potential systemic effects of epinephrine must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le personnel officinal est régulièrement confronté à des patients qui s'insurgent contre le déremboursement de leurs médicaments. Ces réactions, parfois virulentes, relèvent de différents mécanismes psychiques qui doivent être connus afin de savoir réagir au cas par cas. Pharmacy staff are regularly confronted with patients who protest against the delisting of their drugs. These reactions, sometimes conflicting, arise from different psychic mechanisms which must be known in order to know how to react. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La prise médicamenteuse au cours de la grossesse peut avoir des conséquences sur le développement de l'embryon et du fœtus, mais aussi sur la santé du nouveau-né. La femme enceinte doit faire le point sur son traitement chronique avec le prescripteur et solliciter le conseil officinal en cas de doute, notamment dans le cadre de l'automédication. Taking medication during pregnancy can have consequences on the development of the embryo and the fetus, but also on the health of the newborn. Pregnant women should review their chronic treatment with their prescriber and seek the advice of their pharmacist if they have any doubt, particularly in the case of self- medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Success of the regenerative endodontic treatment depends upon the disinfection of the root canal system. Because almost no instrumentation is carried out, the disinfection protocol relies only on the medicaments used. The most commonly used medicament is triple antibiotic paste (TAP) composed of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline. The major drawback associated with the minocycline is tooth discoloration. Several antibiotics have been suggested as an alternative to minocycline. However, the tooth discoloration potential of these alternative formulations has not been documented.Aim: The present study is designed to evaluate the crown discoloration produced by different modifications of TAP.Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted human anterior teeth (n = 40) were sectioned 3 mm above and 5 mm below the cementoenamel junction. After access cavity preparation and canal enlargement, specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 for each group), and each group received the following antibiotic paste fillings: TAP with minocycline, TAP with amoxyclav, and TAP with clindamycin. Samples in control group were left empty. Images were taken with DSLR on day 0, 1, and at weeks 1, 2, and 3 at a fixed resolution. The analysis of slices was performed using the ImageJ software and mean values of pixel intensity were calculated.Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests.Results: TAP with minocycline and amoxyclav induced more coronal discoloration compared with the clindamycin group (P <.001).Conclusion: Modified TAP with clindamycin did not induce clinically visible discoloration up to 3 weeks after placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les ordonnances présentées à l'officine peuvent comporter un ou plusieurs médicaments destinés à la nébulisation. Le pharmacien se doit de les connaître parfaitement en vue d'optimiser son conseil à la dispensation. Medications used for nebulisation. Prescriptions presented at the pharmacy can include one or several medications to be administered through a nebuliser. Pharmacists must have in-depth knowledge of them in order to be able to provide optimal advice when dispensing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prescrire, conseiller et délivrer un traitement à une femme enceinte n'est pas un acte anodin. Dans ce contexte, l'équipe officinale doit impérativement évaluer au mieux la balance bénéfice-risque d'un médicament afin de sécuriser sa prise. Prescribing, advising and dispensing a treatment to a pregnant woman is not a banal act. In this context, pharmacy team must imperatively assess as best as possible the risks and benefits of a medication to securise its taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé But de l'étude Les accidents d'hypersensibilité allergique per-anesthésiques bien que rares constituent une complication anesthésique potentiellement lourde de conséquences. En Belgique, il n'y a actuellement aucune étude épidémiologique publiée. Ce travail vise à relater l'expérience d'un hôpital universitaire belge où sont investigués les patients après un accident suspect et analyser les particularités locales. Méthodes Les dossiers de 31 patients ayant consulté le même allergologue au sein des cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc pour bilan de suspicion d'hypersensibilité per-anesthésique entre 2012 et 2015 ont été analysés de manière rétrospective. Les données ont été récoltées à partir des documents de consultations (anesthésie pré-interventionnelle, allergologie) et de rapports d'anesthésie ainsi que des protocoles d'intervention médico-chirurgicale. Résultats Vingt et un patients (67,7 %) ont présenté une hypersensibilité allergique per-anesthésique à une substance utilisée dans le cadre de l'anesthésie. Quatre-vingt-quinze pour cent de ces réactions sont de type IgE-médié et sont généralement sévères. Les substances causales le plus souvent identifiées sont le rocuronium, la céfazoline, le latex et la chlorhexidine. Des sensibilisations croisées ont été documentées entre curares et entre céphalosporines. Ce travail met également en évidence des dysfonctionnements qui compliquent la démarche diagnostique. Conclusion Les résultats de ce travail sont comparables aux données de la littérature. Le diagnostic d'hypersensibilité allergique per-anesthésique reste difficile à poser pour de multiples raisons d'où la nécessité de documenter au mieux les différents éléments indicateurs et d'assurer une bonne communication avec l'allergologue qui devra réaliser le bilan étiologique dans un délai optimal. Abstract Background Allergic peri-anaesthetic hypersensitivity reactions are rare but can have serious consequences. In Belgium, there are currently no published epidemiological papers on this subject. The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of a Belgian university hospital where patients were examined after suspected allergic peri-anaesthetic reaction. Methods We retrospectively analysed the medical files of 31 patients consulting the same allergist at the cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc in Brussels between 2012 and 2015 in a context of suspected peri-anaesthetic allergic reaction. Data were collected from the pre-anaesthesia and allergology consultation files as well as the anaesthesia reports and medico-surgical reports. Results Twenty-one patients (67.7%) developed an allergic peri-anesthetic hypersensitivity reaction to a substance used during anaesthesia. Most reactions (95%) were IgE-mediated and the majority were severe. The substances most frequently incriminated were rocuronium, cefazolin, latex and chlorhexidine. Cross-sensitivities were documented for neuromuscular blocking agents and cephalosporins. This work highlights certain dysfunctions that constitute a source of error in diagnosis. Conclusion The results are similar to those of other studies. The diagnosis of peri-anaesthetic allergic hypersensitivity is difficult to establish for several reasons, and it is thus important to make as accurate a record as possible of the various indicators and ensure good communication with the allergy specialist, who must prepare an etymological report as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les pénicillines restent encore largement utilisées aujourd'hui. En effet, si certains germes peuvent fabriquer des pénicillinases, d'autres demeurent rapidement détruits par les pénicillines administrées par voie injectable ou orale. Leur association aux inhibiteurs de bêtalactamases a donné un second souffle à ces médicaments. Penicillins are still widely used today. While some germs can produce penicillinases, others are rapidly destroyed by penicillins administered orally or by injection. Their combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors has given these drugs a new lease of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La loi de financement de la Sécurité sociale pour 2020 a été promulguée par le président de la République le 24 décembre 2019, à l'issue des travaux parlementaires. Un certain nombre de mesures concernent la pharmacie d'officine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]