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IntroductionThe present study conducts a retrospective bibliometric analysis to examine the quantifiable and qualitative evolution of the concept of tolerance to ambiguity (TA) over time. Additionally, a scientometric analysis using quantitative methods on scientific measurements and trends aims to profile and identify the concept, as well as its development in research themes. The relevance of this study is underscored by the growing interest and development of research on TA, particularly in fields like entrepreneurship where psychological factors are significant.MethodsThe research includes highly relevant literature, such as Budner and Frenkel-Brunswick, which define TA as a predisposition to perceive ambiguous situations as desirable and as a personality variable centered on the emotional and perceptual domain, respectively. Data was obtained from the eight indices comprising the main Web of Science collection, covering research from 1975 to December 2022. A total of 378 articles were identified.ResultsThe analysis reveals that scientific production peaked in 2022 with 45 articles. In terms of citations, 7,773 were found, with the highest concentration in 2022, totaling 1,203 citations. This indicates a significant increase in research interest and output related to TA.DiscussionThe study highlights the growing exploration of the concept of TA, emphasizing its importance across multiple disciplines in dealing with uncertainty. The research demonstrates that TA significantly influences decision-making and adaptability, highlighting its value in business and educational settings. By analyzing leading publications, authors, and research centers, the study shows the diversity of approaches to understanding TA, indicating a promising direction for future research.

An analytical study based on Chilean birth records obtained from the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS) was conducted. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends in preterm births by maternal age in Chile from 1990 to 2018. Results show that the preterm birth rate in 1992 was 5.0% and increased to 7.2% in 2018. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was 1.44. Age groups at the extremes (19 and under and 35 and over) presented the highest rates of preterm birth, both at the beginning and at the end of the study period. The latter group showed a smaller decrease at the beginning (1992 to 1995), with an annual percentage change (APC) of -3.00. The probability of preterm birth in both groups was higher compared to the 20-34 year old group. Although Chile boasts some of the best maternal and child health indicators in the region, repercussions associated with the current postponement of maternity – including preterm birth – must be monitored.

There is vast evidence that accounts for the association between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the probability of starting a business (PSB). However, there are not many studies that test how psychological factors moderate this relationship. A variable that has been little studied in this relationship is Grit. Grit is considered a personality trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Grit considers two sub-dimensions, one linked to the consistency of interests (Grit-Passion) and the other linked to perseverance in the effort (Grit-Perseverance). The objective of this article is to analyze the moderating role that both sub-dimensions of grit plays in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering its interaction with sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and culture. This cross-sectional study has a sample of 1,761 participants, active workers (49.8% men; mean age 41.15 years, SD = 12.72 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a Grit Scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of grit in the relationship between EO and PSB. Subsequently, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of grit on the relationship in question. The results show that only the Grit-Passion component of grit moderates the relationship between EO and PSB. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, neither age, culture, nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exercised by Grit-Passion in the relationship between OE and PSB. The results are discussed in terms of psychological capital, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only the Grit-Passion shows a moderating effect on the relationship between EO and PSB, in detriment of Grit-Perseverance. In addition, the power of grit in the field of entrepreneurship is discussed, considering that its moderating effect is transversal to variations in age, gender and culture, as well as its relevance when considering interventions and pedagogical models in the field of entrepreneurship.

Goal: The relationship between air pollution and human health has been widely studied in medicine and economics. However, only a few recent articles have estimated the direct impact of air pollution on academic achievement. Methodology: We collect daily air pollution data from all monitoring stations in the city of Santiago, Chile, and combine it with academic results recorded by the National Learning Outcome Assessment System of (SIMCE in Spanish) for fourth grade students over the past decade, to create a unique pooled cross-sectional dataset. Results: Applying different econometric strategies, we find that certain air pollutants have a negative impact on the test scores of the cohort. Our estimated effects are negative and statistically significant, ranging between 0.02 and 0.06 standard deviations. Conclusions: These results seem to be small, but are equivalent to around 30% of a successful educational policy that specifically targets performance. Recommendations: Public policy must consider the positive externalities of reducing air pollution.

Although the correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and concrete actions to set up a business or the Probability of Starting a Business (PSB) has been widely studied, the psychological factors that can affect this relationship have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. One of them is curiosity. Both at theoretical and empirical level, a distinction are usually made between two types of curiosity. I-type curiosity is associated with the anticipated pleasure of discovering something new, and D-type curiosity is associated with reducing uncertainty and eliminating unwanted states of ignorance. Consequently, this paper aims to analyze the moderating role that the types of curiosity play in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering their interaction with sociodemographic variables. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,761 participants (convenience sampling of active workers; 49.8% men; mean age 38.88 years, SD = 12.53 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a curiosity scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of both types of curiosity in the relationship between EO and PSB. Next, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify, which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of curiosity. The results show that only the D-type component moderates the relationship between EO and PSB: The higher the D-type curiosity, the stronger the association between EO and PSB. In terms of sociodemographic variables, neither culture nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exerted by D-type curiosity. While, age did moderate the moderating effect of D-type curiosity on the relationship between EO and PSB. Results are discussed in terms of spirituality (attitudes, practices, and behaviors) and the resolution of problems associated with the entrepreneurial process, considering cognitive and psychological factors, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only D-type curiosity shows a moderating effect. Finally, the limitations of the study and potential future lines of research are pointed out.

Due to globalization, a dynamic business environment, and stiff rivalry, the importance of employee creativity (EC) has increased in the current era more than ever before. The hotel sector has no exception, rather the need for creativity is high in this sector because most hotels operate in ways that are easy to imitate. Recently, researchers have paid attention to micro-level corporate social responsibility (ML-CSR) and have linked it to achieve different employee-related outcomes such as EC. However, the above relationship was less explored in a hospitality context. To bridge this gap, the current analysis aims to investigate the relationship of ML-CSR and EC with the mediating effect of work engagement (WE) in the hotel sector of a developing country. The study also attempts to extend the boundary of social identity theory in a collectivistic culture to explain the link between ML-CSR and EC. The data were collected from hotel employees (n = 461) and were analyzed with the help of structural equation modeling. The findings validated that ML-CSR positively influenced EC, and WE mediated this relationship. The current work offers different contributions to the theory and the field which are discussed in detail.

Procrastination is a phenomenon that affects university students and consists of not finishing a task or finishing it late, which has a direct impact on their academic performance. This is relevant because, in a context of high competition, higher education institutions and their decision-makers need to be aware of the factors that influence university students’ procrastination in order to implement actions that favor student attraction and retention. Based on the above, this research aims to propose a theoretical model of procrastination in university students, based on the literature review and content validation assessment through a semi-structured questionnaire. The proposed model is made up of nine dimensions: Psychological, Physiological, Social, Academic, Leisure, Time Management, Resources, Labor, and Environmental. Dimensions were obtained based on adequate levels of content validity provided by the literature and the questionnaire. In the future, the research proposes to study the way in which these dimensions are present in procrastination and design a scale that allows for their measurement.

Este artículo presenta un estudio cienciométrico de la producción científica sobre los conceptos de búsqueda “social crises” e “international security” entre 1978 y 2019. Se analizaron 222 artículos publicados en la base de datos Web of Science para establecer cuáles son los artículos más citados, los autores más influyentes, las revistas con mayor reconocimiento en el tema, las instituciones y los países que más productividad e impacto han tenido. Por otra parte, el mapa bibliométrico representa 9 clústeres que hacen referencia a la seguridad, la política y las crisis. Con base en los resultados se concluye que ambos temas son un área incipiente con poca colaboración entre autores e instituciones en la producción científica, lo que demuestra que existen potenciales líneas de desarrollo para este tema cada vez más estratégico.

Agroforestry plays a vital role in enhancing environmental sustainability, improving local economies, and reducing poverty through livelihood resilience. Several researchers have studied the importance of agroforestry, but little attention has been paid to livelihood resilience and local economic development in developing countries. This study aims to find the role of small-scale agroforestry in local economic development in the Shangla and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan. In this study, a total of 350 quantitative household surveys, 12 qualitative household case studies, and interviews of experts are used. The ordinary least squares (OLS), linear regression model, household income, wealth index, and five capitals of sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) were used to measure livelihood resilience. Results show several significant findings which may apply on a larger scale and in other cities of Pakistan or other countries. First, it directly shows the association between agroforestry, resilience-building, and local economic development. Second, financial capital can be improved through agroforestry, which can improve other capital assets. Third, small-scale agroforestry brings non-financial benefits such as environmental sustainability, improved living standards, reduced soil erosion, and provided shade. Fourth, irrigation plays a vital role in building livelihood resilience and promoting agroforestry. Lastly, on-farm diversity can be improved through agroforestry. This research discusses several practical implications along with recommendations for future research.

Vegetable consumption is associated with increased health benefits, and vegetables are consumed both in cooked form and raw form in salads. All cooking techniques cause changes in a vegetable’s the nutrient content. Consumers are increasingly health-conscious and have less time to prepare meals, and they do not know which cooking times and cooking methods are best suited to preserve the nutrients. This study aimed to determine the best method of cooking vegetables to maintain minerals (potassium and sodium) and carotenoids. The studied vegetables were broccoli (Brassica oleracea, var. Italica), carrots (Daucus carota), and zucchini (Cucurbita moschata). The cooking methods were: boiling, steaming, combined oven, microwave steaming, and microwave cooking. Samples of organic and conventionally grown vegetables were prepared in triplicate. Samples were analyzed to determine the availability of target minerals and carotenoids in the raw food and in each recommended cooking situation according to technical standards. Only the carrot showed a higher concentration in organic cultivation for carotenoids in raw vegetables, with both zucchini and broccoli having higher concentrations when grown by conventional cultivation. The zucchini from organic cultivation presented a reduction of potassium and sodium, almost consistently, in all cooking techniques. Regarding the conventionally cultivated zucchini, potassium remained stable in boiling. Broccoli from organic and conventional cultivation showed similar potassium levels for boiling and traditional steam cooking. Organic carrots showed easier sodium extraction compared with conventional cultivation. Heat treatment, in general, improves the accessibility of carotenoids.

The presence of milk in meals and products consumed daily is common and at the same time the adoption of a milk-free diet increases due to milk allergy, lactose intolerance, vegan diets, and others. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for plant-based beverages, which present variable and, sometimes, unknown nutritional characteristics. This study sought to compare the nutritional aspects of plant-based beverages used as substitutes for cow’s milk described in scientific studies. Therefore, we used a review of the scientific literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Patents, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases. The inclusion criteria were scientific studies referring to plant-based beverage used as an alternative to cow’s milk; published in the English language; present data on the serving size, ingredients, and nutritional composition, containing at least data on energy and macronutrients of plant-based beverages. Ingredients and data on energy, macronutrients, and, if available, dietary fiber and some micronutrients of plant-based beverages were collected. Data were obtained from 122 beverages of 22 different matrices, with soy being the most used (27.87%, n = 34). The variation in the amount of nutrients found was 6–183 Kcal/100 mL for energy value; 0.00–22.29 g/100 mL for carbohydrate; 0.06–12.43 g/100 mL for protein; 0.00–19.00 g/100 mL for lipid; 0.00–4.40 g/100 mL for dietary fiber; 0.00–1252.94 mg/100 mL for calcium; 0.04–1.40 mg/100 mL for iron; 0.84–10,178.60 mg/100 mL for magnesium; 0.00–343.43 mg/100 mL for sodium. Salt was the most commonly found added ingredient in plant-based beverages. Some beverages have reached certain amounts of cow’s milk nutrients. However, studies have pointed out differences in their qualities/types. Thus, attention is needed when replacing milk with these alternatives.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community restaurants (CRs), managed by the Government of the State of Bahia/Brazil, for the dimension of access to food. The study used secondary data obtained from the public opinion survey Profile of users of community restaurants in Salvador. The nutritional information was accessed through the analysis of CRs’ menus. Adequate effectiveness of access to food was considered when the CR served meals to 50% to 70% of the users considered the target audience (individuals served by the two CRs located in the city of Salvador/Bahia/Brazil). The participants (n = 1464; 778 as low-income individuals) were adult CR users from Salvador/Brazil. Most of the respondents were male, 40 to 54 years old, not white, had up to 9 years of formal education, without a partner, and living in the municipality of Salvador. The evaluated CRs are effective in serving 53.1% of the target population in their total service capacity. Meal provision only reached an estimated 0.7% of the socially vulnerable community in the district. The average energy value of the meal served by the CR units was 853.05 kcal/meal, with a mean energy density composition classified as average (1.15 kcal/g). The effectiveness of the evaluated community restaurants showed that these instruments were minimally effective in promoting access to food for the low-income population within their total daily service capacity, and the current quantity of these facilities was insufficient. However, these instruments stand out in the fundamental role of promoting the daily distribution of meals to the Brazilian population with the highest social vulnerability levels.

El aprendizaje organizativo es un concepto relativamente reciente y cuyo significado es motivo de intensa discusión teórica. Basado en esto, el objetivo de este trabajo es establecer los elementos fundamentales del concepto de aprendizaje colectivo desde la perspectiva del conocimiento, de tal manera de dimensionar las condiciones que lo favorezcan y, por tanto, faciliten el logro de los resultados organizativos. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión teórica de la literatura existente acerca del aprendizaje organizativo configurando los aportes de diversos autores desde la perspectiva del conocimiento. Los resultados obtenidos fueron la definición de un constructo del aprendizaje colectivo desde la perspectiva del conocimiento que puede ser testeado para efectos de dimensionar la capacidad de aprendizaje colectivo de una firma. Si bien el aprendizaje organizativo puede estudiarse desde tres perspectivas: desde la perspectiva del cambio, desde la perspectiva del conocimiento y considerando ambas perspectivas. La perspectiva del conocimiento adquiere especial relevancia puesto que el conocimiento se ha constituido como un factor de producción y de diferenciación estratégica cuyo valor está precisamente en la capacidad de contribuir a la ventaja competitiva.

Entre el 2007 y 2017, el volumen de exportación de vinos chilenos aumentó en más de 40% y sus precios lo hicie- ron en 10%, planteando la oportunidad de más y mejores empleos a la población económicamente más vulnerable, precisamente la que habita las regiones con mayor concentración de viñas en Chile. La Región del Maule concen- tra la más alta extensión de viñas en Chile, y donde persisten los peores indicadores de educación, ingresos y cali- dad de empleo en el país. En este contexto, la relevancia de esta investigación sobre la cadena de valor global (CVG) de la industria vitivinícola en la Región del Maule, consiste en que describe escalamientos o upgrading económico y social, detectados a partir de información de campo y bases de datos institucionales en Chile. La CVG de esta indus- tria está dada por establecer vínculos entre escalamiento económico y social, en lo que respecta al número y calidad de nuevos empleos. En conclusión, el principal upgrading económico es la incorporación de la industria vitiviní- cola de la Región del Maule al mercado internacional desde principios del 2000 y la consolidación de sus mercados extranjeros, condicionada a certificaciones de distinto tipo, mecanización de procesos productivos asociados a mejo- res condiciones de empleo con más capacitación, y profesionalización de las viñas, principalmente en el segmento de comercialización y exportaciones, lo que representa un upgrading social, comprobándose la generación de más empleos para mujeres y jóvenes, con mayor especialización.

Rural tourism is emerging in the tourism industry; however, little is known about traveler behaviors at rural destinations. This study explored the role of cultural contact, natural atmospherics, and risk perception in generating destination involvement and approach behaviors for rural tourism in Inner Mongolia. A quantitative data analysis was used to obtain the research objective. Our findings showed that cultural contact and natural atmospherics significantly increased traveler destination involvement and their approach behaviors. Cultural contact included a stronger impact on destination involvement than natural atmospherics. In contrast, natural atmospherics contained a stronger influence on approach behaviors than cultural contact. In addition, rural traveler risk perception moderated the magnitude of the effect of cultural contact on approach behaviors. Overall, the proposed theoretical framework encompassed a sufficient level of anticipation power for involvement and approach behaviors. Our findings can be helpful for inventing rural tourism development strategies in Inner Mongolia.

This research proposes the model ''Business School Brand Personality'' (BSBP), which fulfils all the requirements of content validity. The model BSBP considers as a base the brand personality model of Aaker (1997), but adapts it to the unique characteristics of business schools. In order to detect the dimensions of the BSBP model an exhaustive literature revision was done, semi-structured questionnaires, as well as interviews and focus groups for students were applied, and export opinion was solicited. The participation of undergraduate and graduate students were considered, because the proposed model for business schools as a group, thus was not a particular type of student. As a result, the BSBP was determined to be multidimensional, and is composed of the following dimensions: a) competition, b) innovation, c) sincerity, d) enthusiasm, e) rudeness, f) elitist, g) ambition, and h) social. The results contribute to the literature, because it is the first model proposed for business schools. Given this, the proposed model can be used as a first approximation in research taking place in higher education sectors in other countries.

Este artículo estudia la dinámica competitiva del sector de educación superior de Chile con la teoría de grupos estratégicos. Aplica análisis factorial exploratorio a fin de determinar las dimensiones estratégicas. Posteriormente, aplica análisis de clúster de k medias para agrupar a las universidades y, finalmente, análisis de correlación de Este artículo estudia la dinámica competitiva del sector de educación superior de Chile con la teoría de grupos estratégicos. Aplica análisis factorial exploratorio a fin de determinar las dimensiones estratégicas. Posteriormente, aplica análisis de clúster de k medias para agrupar a las universidades y, finalmente, análisis de correlación de Pearson con el fin de estudiar el desempeño de los grupos estratégicos. La dinámica competitiva de las universidades se determina por las variables de reputación, infraestructura, responsabilidad social, educación a distancia, ámbito, y publicidad; por su parte, las universidades se clasifican en nueve grupos estratégicos en función del posicionamiento estratégico que tienen en cada una de estas dimensiones. Además, las decisiones estratégicas que adoptan las universidades son congruentes con sus indicadores de desempeño. Se podría acceder a mayores niveles de validez estadística en la medida en que se disponga de mayores niveles de información, siempre que se considere el conjunto de universidades y se analice la consistencia temporal de los grupos estratégicos. Con la teoría de los grupos estratégicos los gestores públicos pueden implementar políticas públicas que estén en línea con la estructura del mercado y las dinámicas competitivas de las universidades. Por su parte, los directivos de las universidades pueden conocer su posicionamiento estratégico, quiénes son sus competidores directos y el impacto de las dimensiones estratégicas en los indicadores de desempeño. Los resultados del estudio dan soporte a la teoría de grupos estratégicos y a la necesidad de estudiar la estructura y dinámica competitiva de los sectores de educación superior.

Los sistemas democráticos actuales se caracterizan por una baja participación política, en especial dentro del grupo de los jóvenes. Esta situación no es ajena a Chile, por cuanto los jóvenes se han automarginado del sistema político. Esto se debe a la percepción que tienen los jóvenes sobre el sistema político. Los jóvenes señalan que los partidos políticos no los representan, que no tienen confianza en los actores políticos y que su participación en los procesos eleccionarios no permite generar cambios. En este contexto, es imprescindible estudiar la decisión de los jóvenes de automarginarse de la política desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas. Con este objetivo se hace uso de la teoría de personalidad de marca, por cuanto se ha demostrado que las personas asignan cualidades humanas o rasgos de personalidad a las marcas. Dado esto, con la teoría de personalidad de marca se puede estudiar los rasgos de personalidad que los jóvenes atribuyen a los partidos políticos, y con esto, las razones que los han alejado de los procesos eleccionarios. En este contexto, se propone un modelo de personalidad de marca para los partidos políticos. Este modelo se construye en función de la percepción de los jóvenes universitarios, quienes deberían tener una opinión más favorable sobre el sistema político. El modelo propuesto cumple con los requisitos de la validez de contenido, validez convergente y validez divergente.

Political participation among young people has decreased in the last few years, especially in those countries with consolidated democracies. Considering this, the present research tackles as its main objective the study of the political behavior of young people by means of the theory of brand personality. We intend to analyze discontent towards politics among young people through the human personality traits attributed to political parties. The brand personality of the 8 main political parties in Chile was evaluated by means of a model made up of the following dimensions: sincere, ambitious, competent, stimulating, traditional, sophisticated, tough and elitist. The results enable us to conclude that even when political parties differ in their personality attributes, they share a common ground: they are all considered not competent.

En este trabajo analizamos los significados que los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chile de bajos recursos atribuyen a la compra, uso y tenencia de un celular. La investigación cualitativa utilizada no sólo nos permitió descubrir las necesidades que los sujetos jóvenes buscan satisfacer con la compra y/o uso de un celular, sino también los factores socioculturales que determinan este comportamiento de compra. La importancia del presente no es sólo por la pretensión de ser un estudio sociológico sobre la conducta de compra, uso y tenencia de celular por parte de los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chile de menores recursos, sino también porque constituye una poderosa herramienta para comprender los problemas sociales relacionados con este hecho.

En este trabajo analizamos los significados que los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chilede bajos recursos atribuyen a la compra, uso y tenencia de un celular. La investigación cualitativa utilizada no sólo nos permitió descubrir las necesidades que los sujetos jóvenes buscan satisfacer con la compra y/o uso de un celular, sino también los factores socioculturales que determinan este comportamiento de compra. La importancia del presente no es sólo por la pretensión de ser un estudio sociológico sobre la conducta de compra, uso y tenencia de celular por parte de los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Chile de menores recursos, sino también porque constituye una poderosa herramienta para comprender los problemas sociales relacionados con este hecho.

El sistema de salud de Chile se encuentra dentro de los sectores que el actual gobierno pretende intervenir a través de reformas. En este escenario, los tomadores de decisiones y los gestores públicos necesitan conocer la dinámica com- petitiva del mercado de las instituciones de salud previsional (Isapres) abiertas. Considerando esta situación, se ana- lizó el mercado de Isapres abiertas con la teoría de los grupos estratégicos. A través del análisis factorial exploratorio se concluye que las dimensiones estratégicas que determinan el comportamiento competitivo de las Isapres abiertas son las de capital humano, publicidad y ámbito. Una vez determinadas las variables (o dimensiones) estratégicas, se hace uso del análisis de clúster de k medias para agrupar a las siete Isapres abiertas que participan en el mercado. Las Isapres abiertas se agrupan en cinco conglomerados (o grupos estratégicos) en función del posicionamiento que tie- nen en cada una de las dimensiones estratégicas. Finalmente, con el análisis de correlación de Pearson se concluye que la inversión de recursos en publicidad no tiene impacto en el desempeño de las Isapres abiertas, que la inversión de recursos en las fuentes de capital humano impacta en la participación de mercado y en los indicadores financieros, y que las decisiones que se adoptan en las fuentes de ámbito tienen impacto en la participación de mercado, margen del cotizante e indicadores financieros.

Los Grupos Estratégicos como Herramienta de Posicionamiento Estratégico