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Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multiwell plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.

IntroductionMexico ranks second in the global prevalence of obesity in the adult population, which increases the probability of developing dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in the country. Therefore, developing tools that facilitate the prediction of dyslipidemias is essential for prevention and early treatment.MethodsIn this study, we utilized a dataset from a Mexico City cohort consisting of 2,621 participants, men and women aged between 20 and 50 years, with and without some type of dyslipidemia. Our primary objective was to identify potential factors associated with different types of dyslipidemia in both men and women. Machine learning algorithms were employed to achieve this goal. To facilitate feature selection, we applied the Variable Importance Measures (VIM) of Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). Additionally, to address class imbalance, we employed Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) for dataset resampling. The dataset encompassed anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, dietary intake, family health history, and other health parameters, including smoking habits, alcohol consumption, quality of sleep, and physical activity.ResultsOur results revealed that the VIM algorithm of RF yielded the most optimal subset of attributes, closely followed by GBM, achieving a balanced accuracy of up to 80%. The selection of the best subset of attributes was based on the comparative performance of classifiers, evaluated through balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity metrics.DiscussionThe top five features contributing to an increased risk of various types of dyslipidemia were identified through the machine learning technique. These features include body mass index, elevated uric acid levels, age, sleep disorders, and anxiety. The findings of this study shed light on significant factors that play a role in dyslipidemia development, aiding in the early identification, prevention, and treatment of this condition.

Introducción: La pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) trajo aparejadas una gran cantidad de consecuencias adversas para la salud pública con serias repercusiones socioeconómicas. En este estudio caracterizamos las condiciones sociales, demográficas y de morbimortalidad de los casos atendidos por COVID-19 en uno de los hospitales de referencia de coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) en la Ciudad de México. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo en 259 pacientes egresados del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, entre el 11 de abril de 2020 y el 14 de marzo de 2021. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariante para identificar la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se realizó una optimización mediante cálculos de máxima verosimilitud para elegir el mejor modelo compatible con los datos. El modelo de máxima verosimilitud fue evaluado mediante curvas ROC, estimadores de bondad de ajuste y análisis de multicolinealidad. Se infirieron patrones de comorbilidades estadísticamente significativos mediante la evaluación de una prueba hipergeométrica en las frecuencias de coocurrencia de pares de condiciones. Se implementó un análisis de redes para determinar los patrones de conectividad basado en la centralidad de grado, entre algunas comorbilidades y las variables de desenlace. Resultados: Las principales desventajas sociales de la población estudiada se relacionan con la falta de seguridad social (96.5%) y el rezago en las condiciones de vivienda (81%). Las variables asociadas a la probabilidad de sobrevivir fueron tener una menor edad (p < 0.0001), contar con más bienes materiales durables (p = 0.0034) y evitar: la neumonía (p = 0.0072), el choque séptico (p < 0.0001) y la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (p < 0.0001); (AUROC: 91.5%). Las red de comorbilidades para los casos de supervivencia tienen un alto grado de conectividad entre padecimientos como las arritmias cardiacas e hipertensión arterial esencial (centralidad de grado: 90 y 78 respectivamente). Conclusiones: En vista de que entre los factores asociados a supervivencia existen variables clínicas, sociodemográficas y determinantes sociales de la salud, además de la edad, resulta imperativo considerar los diversos factores que puedan incidir o modificar el estado de salud de una población, sobre todo al abordar los fenómenos epidémicos emergentes como es el caso de la actual pandemia de COVID-19.

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Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multiwell plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system. Established C. elegans chemotaxis assays depend on manual assays and worm counts that limit their scalability and reproducibility. This study develops a high-throughput platform for screening the valence of C. elegans chemotaxis to large libraries of small molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge in adiabatic quantum computing is to construct a device that is capable of encoding problem Hamiltonians that are classically intractable, that is, non-stoquastic (13). Such Hamiltonians would [...], Quantum mechanics can help to solve complex problems in physics (1) and chemistry (2), provided they can be programmed in a physical device. In adiabatic quantum computing (3-5), a system is slowly evolved from the ground state of a simple initial Hamiltonian to a final Hamiltonian that encodes a computational problem. The appeal of this approach lies in the combination of simplicity and generality; in principle, any problem can be encoded. In practice, applications are restricted by limited connectivity, available interactions and noise. A complementary approach is digital quantum computing (6), which enables the construction of arbitrary interactions and is compatible with error correction (7,8), but uses quantum circuit algorithms that are problem-specific. Here we combine the advantages of both approaches by implementing digitized adiabatic quantum computing in a superconducting system. We tomographically probe the system during the digitized evolution and explore the scaling of errors with system size. We then let the full system find the solution to random instances of the one-dimensional Ising problem as well as problem Hamiltonians that involve more complex interactions. This digital quantum simulation (9-12) of the adiabatic algorithm consists of up to nine qubits and up to 1,000 quantum logic gates. The demonstration of digitized adiabatic quantum computing in the solid state opens a path to synthesizing long-range correlations and solving complex computational problems. When combined with fault-tolerance, our approach becomes a general-purpose algorithm that is scalable.

To create arbitrary entangled states or perform arbitrary computations, a quantum computer must implement a set of universal gates (1), typically taken to be a two-qubit gate such as controlled-NOT [...], Entanglement is one of the key resources required for quantum computation (1), so the experimental creation and measurement of entangled states is of crucial importance for various physical implementations of quantum computers (2). In superconducting devices (3), two-qubit entangled states have been demonstrated and used to show violations of Bell's inequality (4) and to implement simple quantum algorithms (5). Unlike the two-qubit case, where all maximally entangled two-qubit states are equivalent up to local changes of basis, three qubits can be entangled in two fundamentally different ways (6). These are typified by the states |GHZ> = (|000> + |111>)/[square root of 2] and |W> = (|001> + |010> + |100>)/ [square root of 3]. Here we demonstrate the operation of three coupled super-conducting phase qubits (7) and use them to create and measure |GHZ> and |W> states. The states are fully characterized using quantum state tomography (8) and are shown to satisfy entanglement witnesses (9), confirming that they are indeed examples of three-qubit entanglement and are not separable into mixtures of two-qubit entanglement.

Background. Agriculture needs strategies to control pests and diseases that affect it biological control agents are a sustainable alternative for their adoption and diffusion in this important sector. Objectives. This research was carried out with the objective of determining the activity of the microbial consortium formed by yeasts and lactic acid bacteria as biological control agents to minimize the damage caused by the phytopathogens Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola in grapevines grown under field conditions in the Ica Valley. Methodology. The microbial consortium consisted of two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora opuntiae yeasts and two strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactococcus lactis, whose consortium growth capacity was measured in the laboratory. The incidence and severity of the microbial consortium for the control of the two phytopathogens was evaluated in two vine varieties cultivated under field conditions, in the phenological stage of cluster closure and in formation plants. Results. Biological control agents as a preventive treatment in Torontel grapes, in the phenological state of fruit set, controlled the appearance of E. necator. In bunches of Autumn Crips grapes, the 10 L dose of the microbial consortium was equal to the L. lecanii treatment for the curative control of E. necator and in forming plants of the Autumn Crips variety, the 1 L dose of the microbial consortium was better than the treatment chemical for the control of P. viticola. Implications. Agriculture is an important sector in the Peruvian economy; however, it is dependent on chemical phytosanitary inputs that have economic, environmental and social effects for its sustainability.

Pre-mRNA splicing must occur with extremely high fidelity. Spliceosomes assemble onto pre-mRNA guided by specific sequences (5' splice site, 3' splice site, and branchpoint). When splice sites are mutated, as in many hereditary diseases, the spliceosome can aberrantly select nearby pseudo- or "cryptic" splice sites, often resulting in nonfunctional protein. How the spliceosome distinguishes authentic splice sites from cryptic splice sites is poorly understood. We performed a Caenorhabditis elegans genetic screen to find cellular factors that affect the frequency with which the spliceosome uses cryptic splice sites and identified two alleles in core spliceosome component Prp8 that alter cryptic splicing frequency. Subsequent complementary genetic and structural analyses in yeast implicate these alleles in the stability of the spliceosome's catalytic core. However, despite a clear effect on cryptic splicing, high-throughput mRNA sequencing of these prp-8 mutant C. elegans reveals that overall alternative splicing patterns are relatively unchanged. Our data suggest the spliceosome evolved intrinsic mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of cryptic splicing and that these mechanisms are distinct from those that impact alternative splicing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Josephson junctions form the essential non-linearity for almost all superconducting qubits. The junction is formed when two superconducting electrodes come within ∼1 nm of each other. Although the capacitance of these electrodes is a small fraction of the total qubit capacitance, the nearby electric fields are more concentrated in dielectric surfaces and can contribute substantially to the total dissipation. We have developed a technique to experimentally investigate the effect of these electrodes on the quality of superconducting devices. We use λ/4 coplanar waveguide resonators to emulate lumped qubit capacitors. We add a variable number of these electrodes to the capacitive end of these resonators and measure how the additional loss scales with the number of electrodes. We then reduce this loss with fabrication techniques that limit the amount of lossy dielectrics. We then use these techniques for the fabrication of Xmon qubits on a silicon substrate to improve their energy relaxation times by a factor of 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine reproducibility and validity of an Argentine version of the Lupus Quality of Life questionnaire (LupusQoL) and to determine cut-off values in the questionnaire. Materials and methods One hundred and forty-seven systemic lupus erythematosus patients (American College of Rheumatology 1982/1997) were assessed from April 2014 to July 2014. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were collected, as well as SELENA/SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index Score, comorbidities and treatment data. Patients completed LupusQoL-Argentine version and European Quality of Life Questionnaire (EuroQoL-5D). Internal consistency and reliability were examined. Convergent validity with EuroQoL-5D was assessed through analysis of latent classes, which established homogeneous categories from the responses of each domain of LupusQoL and for the total. Results Out of 147 patients, 93.2% were female, mean age 36.4 ± 11.1 years, mean disease duration 2.7 ± 9 years, mean SELENA/SLEDAI 2.7 ± 3 points. The cut-off point that defined good or bad quality of life was 0.739 for EuroQoL 5D and 63 for LupusQoL. Cut-off values for each LupusQoL domain were also defined, creating two classes in each of them. There was moderate to high concordance to classify quality of life (Kappa = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.54, 0.95). Conclusion The Argentine version of LupusQoL is a valid, reliable and reproducible instrument to assess quality of life. In this study, cut-off points that allow the classification of patients regarding whether they have good or bad quality of life are established for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Indolent or chronic mucormycosis is a rare entity that affects both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Additionally, its clinical evolution is nonspecific and there is no standardized treatment for this condition. Objective To describe the clinical characteristics and management of patients with indolent mucormycosis. Methods In the project of study with chart review in the Interinstitutional secondary care centers, patients with evidence of indolent mucormycosis, defined as pathological confirmation of nasal/paranasal sinus mucormycosis for more than 1 month, were included. All patients underwent complete laboratory workup, imaging studies, surgical treatment and adequate follow-up. No evidence of disease status was defined when patient had subsequent biopsies with no evidence of mucormycosis. Results We included seven patients, three female and four male subjects. The mean age was 53.14 years. Four patients were immunosuppressed and three immunocompetent. Among the immunosuppressed patients three had diabetes and one had dermatomyositis. The symptoms were nonspecific: facial pain/headache, mucoid discharge and cacosmia were the ones most frequently reported. Maxillary sinus involvement was present in all patients. Two immunosuppressed subjects received amphotericin. Posaconazole was the only treatment in one immunosuppressed patient. All immunocompetent patients had single paranasal sinus disease and received only surgical treatment. All patients are alive and free of disease. Conclusion Indolent mucormycosis is a new and emerging clinical entity in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. Single paranasal sinus disease is a frequent presentation and should not be overlooked as a differential diagnosis in these patients. Immunocompetent patients should only be treated surgically.

We introduce a frequency-multiplexed readout scheme for superconducting phase qubits. Using a quantum circuit with four phase qubits, we couple each qubit to a separate lumped-element superconducting readout resonator, with the readout resonators connected in parallel to a single measurement line. The readout resonators and control electronics are designed so that all four qubits can be read out simultaneously using frequency multiplexing on the one measurement line. This technology provides a highly efficient and compact means for reading out multiple qubits, a significant advantage for scaling up to larger numbers of qubits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum gates must perform reliably when operating on standard input basis states and on complex superpositions thereof. Experiments using superconducting qubits have validated truth tables for particular implementations of, for example, the controlled-NOT gate, but have not fully characterized gate operation for arbitrary superpositions of input states. Here we demonstrate the use of quantum process tomography (QPT) to fully characterize the performance of a universal entangling gate between two superconducting qubits. Process tomography permits complete gate analysis, but requires precise preparation of arbitrary input states, control over the subsequent qubit interaction and ideally simultaneous single-shot measurement of output states. In recent work, it has been proposed to use QPT to probe noise properties and time dynamics of qubit systems and to apply techniques from control theory to create scalable qubit benchmarking protocols. We use QPT to measure the fidelity and noise properties of an entangling gate. In addition to demonstrating a promising fidelity, our entangling gate has an on-to-off ratio of 300, a level of adjustable coupling that will become a requirement for future high-fidelity devices. This is the first solid-state demonstration of QPT in a two-qubit system, as QPT has previously been demonstrated only with single solid-state qubits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Argentina, to assess the factors associated to it, and to compare the results with a control group with non-inflammatory disorders. The study included 147 patients with SLE and 119 controls. MS was defined according to criteria by the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) Scientific Statement. Demographic characteristics, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index (SDI) were assessed as well as administration, maximum dose and cumulative dose of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). MS prevalence was 28.6% (CI 95%: 21.4-36.6) in patients with SLE and 16% in controls (P = 0.0019). Patients with SLE presented higher arterial hypertension frequency compared with controls (43 vs 25%, P = 0.007). When comparing lupus patients with MS (n = 41) and without MS (n = 106), no significant differences were observed regarding duration of the disease, SLEDAI or cumulative prednisone dose. Cumulative damage was associated independently with MS (OR 1.98; P = 0.021), whereas HCQ use was found to be protective (OR 0.13; P = 0.015). Patients with lupus presented higher MS prevalence than controls with non-inflammatory disorders, and occurrence of arterial hypertension was also higher. MS was associated with cumulative damage; the use of HCQ showed to be protective against presence of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo se elaboró como respuesta a la falta de convivencia democrática social que se ha trasladado al sistema educativo peruano. Los hallazgos, desde el año 2015 hasta la actualidad, indican que este problema prevalece en los grupos escolares organizados por políticas con falta de justicia social. Adicionalmente, el uso de una pedagogía vertical produce un estado anárquico en el aula. Este estado anárquico primigenio se transfiere entre docentes y estudiantes mediante la ejecución de la programación curricular, razón por la cual el problema parte del mismo proceso de escolarización pública. Como objetivo central se planteó comprobar el cambio democrático escolar de la convivencia luego de aplicar un programa de Educación Sensible o Educación desde la sensibilidad, el cual es una teoría pedagógica apoyada en la formación moral para fortalecer acciones basadas en la cooperación social. La metodología de la investigación tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, con tipología de diseño preexperimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 estudiantes de cuarto grado de primaria (M = 10.1 años; D.E. = 1.84), originarios de un contexto vulnerable de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Escala de Medición de la Convivencia Democrática (ESMCD). Los resultados corroboran que el método de Educación Sensible basado en concientización, autonomía y autoevaluación emocional incrementaron los índices de convivencia democrática. Se concluye que los factores de autoconciencia, reflexividad, y sensibilidad actitudinal y afectiva orientan y determinan la constitución de los valores democráticos materializados en indicadores como (a) capacidad de tolerancia, (b) ajuste a las normas democráticas y (c) resolución de conflictos. Por último, la reflexión sobre los resultados permite indicar que la colaboración es la competencia que se desarrolló con mayor lentitud en el grupo estudiantil.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between muscular strength and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis. METHODS: The BMD was measured in the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and in the proximal femur (femoral neck and trochanter) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DEXA (Lunar DPX). Muscular strength of the extensors, flexors and abductors muscles of the femur (proximal muscles) and the extensors muscles of the back was measured with an isometric dynamometer. Thirty patients, 15 women with a mean age of 33.7 years (18-43) and 15 men with a mean age of 45.5 years (18-65) were included in the study. RESULTS: There was a positive and significant correlation between the BMD of the femoral neck and muscular strength of the flexors (r = 0.490, P < 0.005), the extensors (r = 0.658, P < 0.01) and the abductors muscles of the femur (r = 0.671, P < 0.0008), as well as between the muscular strength of the flexors (r = 0.413, P < 0.02) and extensors muscles of the femur (r = 0.433, P < 0.01) with BMD of the trochanter. There was no correlation between the muscular strength of the back extensor muscles and the BMD of the lumbar spine (r = -0.119, P NS). There was no correlation between the BMD and the number of years of haemodialysis therapy (r = -0.032, P NS), the patient's age (r = -159, P NS), or the value of serum PTH (r = 0.369, P NS) respectively. However, there was a significant correlation between the BMD of the femoral neck with muscular strength (r = 0.602, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study reveals the close relationship that exists between muscular strength of the proximal muscles and the BMD of proximal femur in patients undergoing haemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We find that quasiparticle generation from stray infrared light creates a significant loss mechanism in superconducting resonators and qubits. We show that resonator quality factors and qubit energy relaxation times are limited by a quasiparticle density of approximately 200 μm-3, induced by 4 K blackbody radiation from the environment. We demonstrate how this influence can be fully removed by isolating the devices from the radiative environment using multistage shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 46-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and concomitant severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) is described. Other secondary causes of PH including thromboembolism, phospholipid syndrome, valvular disease and interstitial pulmonary involvement were ruled out. Owing to her lack of clinical response to conventional therapy, sildenafil was begun at increasing doses up to 400mg daily. Both clinical and hemodynamic improvement ensued. This appears to be the first clinical report of the use of sildenafil in SLE followed by resolution of severe PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex integrated circuits require multiple wiring layers. In complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processing, these layers are robustly separated by amorphous dielectrics. These dielectrics would dominate energy loss in superconducting integrated circuits. Here, we describe a procedure that capitalizes on the structural benefits of inter-layer dielectrics during fabrication and mitigates the added loss. We use a deposited inter-layer dielectric throughout fabrication and then etch it away post-fabrication. This technique is compatible with foundry level processing and can be generalized to make many different forms of low-loss wiring. We use this technique to create freestanding aluminum vacuum gap crossovers (airbridges). We characterize the added capacitive loss of these airbridges by connecting ground planes over microwave frequency λ/4 coplanar waveguide resonators and measuring resonator loss. We measure a low power resonator loss of ∼3.9 × 10−8 per bridge, which is 100 times lower than that of dielectric supported bridges. We further characterize these airbridges as crossovers, control line jumpers, and as part of a coupling network in gmon and fluxmon qubits. We measure qubit characteristic lifetimes (T1s) in excess of 30 μs in gmon devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure the dependence of qubit phase coherence and flux noise on inductor loop geometry. While wider inductor traces change neither the flux noise power spectrum nor the qubit dephasing time, increased inductance leads to a simultaneous increase in both. Using our new tomographic protocol for measuring low frequency flux noise, we make a direct comparison between the flux noise spectrum and qubit phase decay, finding agreement within 10% of theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many superconducting qubit systems use the dispersive interaction between the qubit and a coupled harmonic resonator to perform quantum state measurement. Previous works have found that such measurements can induce state transitions in the qubit if the number of photons in the resonator is too high. We investigate these transitions and find that they can push the qubit out of the two-level subspace, and that they show resonant behavior as a function of photon number. We develop a theory for these observations based on level crossings within the Jaynes-Cummings ladder, with transitions mediated by terms in the Hamiltonian that are typically ignored by the rotating wave approximation. We find that the most important of these terms comes from an unexpected broken symmetry in the qubit potential. We confirm the theory by measuring the photon occupation of the resonator when transitions occur while varying the detuning between the qubit and resonator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leakage errors occur when a quantum system leaves the two-level qubit subspace. Reducing these errors is critically important for quantum error correction to be viable. To quantify leakage errors, we use randomized benchmarking in conjunction with measurement of the leakage population. We characterize single qubit gates in a superconducting qubit, and by refining our use of derivative reduction by adiabatic gate pulse shaping along with detuning of the pulses, we obtain gate errors consistently below 10-3 and leakage rates at the 10-5 level. With the control optimized, we find that a significant portion of the remaining leakage is due to incoherent heating of the qubit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]