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Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. The Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, and European Regional Development Fund, No. CS02017-86975-R, which finances the project "Adaptation to sustainable energy transition in Europe: Environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects (ADAPTAS)" that financed the obtaining of the data for elaboration of this paper., Climate change is a major global concern closely related to the strategies aimed at reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency. Over the last decades, the interest in the development of renewable energy (RE) has grown exponentially. In the case of the European Union (EU), the Renewable Energy Directive sets rules to achieve a 32% of total energy consumption to be covered through RE by 2030. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to know what are the main driving factors of RE consumption (REC). This study aims to analyze the impact of economic and social factors on the share of REC in total energy consumption in the EU over the period 2001–2015. For doing so, we estimate a Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) model. The results obtained show that economic factors have a negative effect on REC. In contrast, social factors like education exert a positive effect. This suggests that it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach that includes not only economic but also social aspects in order to foster REC., Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, European Commission CS02017-86975-R, Universidad de Granada/CBUA

Among the many social structures that cause inequality, one of the most jarring is on the use of loopholes to both launder money and evade taxation. Such resources fuel the \"offshore finance\" industry, a multi-billion dollar sector catering to many of those needs. These run under the logic of \"Dark Networks\" avoiding detection and oversight as much as possible. While there are legitimate uses for offshore services, such as protecting assets from unlawful seizures, they are also a well documented pipeline for money stemming from ilegal activities. These constructs display a high amount of adaptiveness and resilience and the few studies done had to use incomplete information, mostly from local sources of criminal proceedings. This work is to analyzes the network of offshore accounts leaked under the Panama Papers report by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. This registers the activities of the Mossack Fonseca law firm in Panama, one of the largest in the world on the Offshore field. It spans over 50 years and provide us with one of the most complete overview thus far of how these activities are connected, the topology of such network and what it displays in resilience against attempts to target this scheme Dentre as muitas estruturas sociais que causam desigualdades, uma das mais estarrecedoras é o uso de brechas para lavagem de dinheiro e evasão fiscal. Estes recursos sustentam a rede de finanças Offshore, uma industria multi-bilionária que oferece serviços para muitas dessas metas. Estas funcionam na lógicas das Redes Sombrias, evitando detecção e supervisão sempre que possível. Ainda que existam razões legitimas para o uso de serviços offshore, como a proteção de bens contra apropriação indébita, eles são um canal bem documentado para as receitas advindas de atividades ilegais . Este trabalho analisa a rede de contas offshore vazada sob a égide dos Panama Papers pelo Consorcio Internacional de Jornalistas Investigativos, que registrou a atividade da firma de advocacia Mossack Fonseca, sediada no Panama e uma das maiores do setor de Offshore. Com mais de 50 anos de registros, é ate o momento nosso panorama mais completo do padrão de conexão destas atividades, da topologia desta rede e do que ela demonstra de resiliência contra tentativas de desmontar esse esquema