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1. Health Equity Implications of Missing Data Among Youths With Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry

Author

Woo, Jennifer M. P., Simmonds, Faith, Dennos, Anne, Son, Mary Beth F., Lewandowski, Laura B., Rubinstein, Tamar B., Abel, N., Abulaban, K., Adams, A., Adams, M., Agbayani, R., Aiello, J., Akoghlanian, S., Alejandro, C., Allenspach, E., Alperin, R., Alpizar, M., Amarilyo, G., Ambler, W., Anderson, E., Ardoin, S., Armendariz, S., Baker, E., Balboni, I., Balevic, S., Ballenger, L., Ballinger, S., Balmuri, N., Barbar‐Smiley, F., Barillas‐Arias, L., Basiaga, M., Baszis, K., Becker, M., Bell‐Brunson, H., Beltz, E., Benham, H., Benseler, S., Bernal, W., Beukelman, T., Bigley, T., Binstadt, B., Black, C., Blakley, M., Bohnsack, J., Boland, J., Boneparth, A., Bowman, S., Bracaglia, C., Brooks, E., Brothers, M., Brown, A., Brunner, H., Buckley, M., Buckley, M., Bukulmez, H., Bullock, D., Cameron, B., Canna, S., Cannon, L., Carper, P., Cartwright, V., Cassidy, E., Cerracchio, L., Chalom, E., Chang, J., Chang‐Hoftman, A., Chauhan, V., Chira, P., Chinn, T., Chundru, K., Clairman, H., Co, D., Confair, A., Conlon, H., Connor, R., Cooper, A., Cooper, J., Cooper, S., Correll, C., Corvalan, R., Costanzo, D., Cron, R., Curiel‐Duran, L., Curington, T., Curry, M., Dalrymple, A., Davis, A., Davis, C., Davis, C., Davis, T., De Benedetti, F., De Ranieri, D., Dean, J., Dedeoglu, F., DeGuzman, M., Delnay, N., Dempsey, V., DeSantis, E., Dickson, T., Dingle, J., Donaldson, B., Dorsey, E., Dover, S., Dowling, J., Drew, J., Driest, K., Du, Q., Duarte, K., Durkee, D., Duverger, E., Dvergsten, J., Eberhard, A., Eckert, M., Ede, K., Edelheit, B., Edens, C., Edens, C., Edgerly, Y., Elder, M., Ervin, B., Fadrhonc, S., Failing, C., Fair, D., Falcon, M., Favier, L., Federici, S., Feldman, B., Fennell, J., Ferguson, I., Ferguson, P., Ferreira, B., Ferrucho, R., Fields, K., Finkel, T., Fitzgerald, M., Fleming, C., Flynn, O., Fogel, L., Fox, E., Fox, M., Franco, L., Freeman, M., Fritz, K., Froese, S., Fuhlbrigge, R., Fuller, J., George, N., Gerhold, K., Gerstbacher, D., Gilbert, M., Gillispie‐Taylor, M., Giverc, E., Godiwala, C., Goh, I., Goheer, H., Goldsmith, D., Gotschlich, E., Gotte, A., Gottlieb, B., Gracia, C., Graham, T., Grevich, S., Griffin, T., Griswold, J., Grom, A., Guevara, M., Guittar, P., Guzman, M., Hager, M., Hahn, T., Halyabar, O., Hammelev, E., Hance, M., Hanson, A., Harel, L., Haro, S., Harris, J., Harry, O., Hartigan, E., Hausmann, J., Hay, A., Hayward, K., Heiart, J., Hekl, K., Henderson, L., Henrickson, M., Hersh, A., Hickey, K., Hill, P., Hillyer, S., Hiraki, L., Hiskey, M., Hobday, P., Hoffart, C., Holland, M., Hollander, M., Hong, S., Horwitz, M., Hsu, J., Huber, A., Huggins, J., Hui‐Yuen, J., Hung, C., Huntington, J., Huttenlocher, A., Ibarra, M., Imundo, L., Inman, C., Insalaco, A., Jackson, A., Jackson, S., James, K., Janow, G., Jaquith, J., Jared, S., Johnson, N., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, K., Jones, S., Joshi, S., Jung, L., Justice, C., Justiniano, A., Karan, N., Kaufman, K., Kemp, A., Kessler, E., Khalsa, U., Kienzle, B., Kim, S., Kimura, Y., Kingsbury, D., Kitcharoensakkul, M., Klausmeier, T., Klein, K., Klein‐Gitelman, M., Kompelien, B., Kosikowski, A., Kovalick, L., Kracker, J., Kramer, S., Kremer, C., Lai, J., Lam, J., Lang, B., Lapidus, S., Lapin, B., Lasky, A., Latham, D., Lawson, E., Laxer, R., Lee, P., Lee, P., Lee, T., Lentini, L., Lerman, M., Levy, D., Li, S., Lieberman, S., Lim, L., Lin, C., Ling, N., Lingis, M., Lo, M., Lovell, D., Lowman, D., Luca, N., Lvovich, S., Madison, C., Madison, J., Manzoni, S. Magni, Malla, B., Maller, J., Malloy, M., Mannion, M., Manos, C., Marques, L., Martyniuk, A., Mason, T., Mathus, S., McAllister, L., McCarthy, K., McConnell, K., McCormick, E., McCurdy, D., Stokes, P. McCurdy, McGuire, S., McHale, I., McMonagle, A., McMullen‐Jackson, C., Meidan, E., Mellins, E., Mendoza, E., Mercado, R., Merritt, A., Michalowski, L., Miettunen, P., Miller, M., Milojevic, D., Mirizio, E., Misajon, E., Mitchell, M., Modica, R., Mohan, S., Moore, K., Moorthy, L., Morgan, S., Dewitt, E. Morgan, Moss, C., Moussa, T., Mruk, V., Murphy, A., Muscal, E., Nadler, R., Nahal, B., Nanda, K., Nasah, N., Nassi, L., Nativ, S., Natter, M., Neely, J., Nelson, B., Newhall, L., Ng, L., Nicholas, J., Nicolai, R., Nigrovic, P., Nocton, J., Nolan, B., Oberle, E., Obispo, B., OʼBrien, B., OʼBrien, T., Okeke, O., Oliver, M., Olson, J., OʼNeil, K., Onel, K., Orandi, A., Orlando, M., Osei‐Onomah, S., Oz, R., Pagano, E., Paller, A., Pan, N., Panupattanapong, S., Pardeo, M., Paredes, J., Parsons, A., Patel, J., Pentakota, K., Pepmueller, P., Pfeiffer, T., Phillippi, K., Phillippi, K., Marafon, D. Pires, Ponder, L., Pooni, R., Prahalad, S., Pratt, S., Protopapas, S., Puplava, B., Quach, J., Quinlan‐Waters, M., Rabinovich, C., Radhakrishna, S., Rafko, J., Raisian, J., Rakestraw, A., Ramirez, C., Ramsay, E., Ramsey, S., Randell, R., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reid, H., Remmel, K., Repp, A., Reyes, A., Richmond, A., Riebschleger, M., Ringold, S., Riordan, M., Riskalla, M., Ritter, M., Rivas‐Chacon, R., Robinson, A., Rodela, E., Rodriquez, M., Rojas, K., Ronis, T., Rosenkranz, M., Rosolowski, B., Rothermel, H., Rothman, D., Roth‐Wojcicki, E., Rouster‐Stevens, K., Rubinstein, T., Ruth, N., Saad, N., Sabbagh, S., Sacco, E., Sadun, R., Sandborg, C., Sanni, A., Santiago, L., Sarkissian, A., Savani, S., Scalzi, L., Schanberg, L., Scharnhorst, S., Schikler, K., Schlefman, A., Schmeling, H., Schmidt, K., Schmitt, E., Schneider, R., Schollaert‐Fitch, K., Schulert, G., Seay, T., Seper, C., Shalen, J., Sheets, R., Shelly, A., Shenoi, S., Shergill, K., Shirley, J., Shishov, M., Shivers, C., Silverman, E., Singer, N., Sivaraman, V., Sletten, J., Smith, A., Smith, C., Smith, J., Smith, J., Smitherman, E., Soep, J., Son, M., Spence, S., Spiegel, L., Spitznagle, J., Sran, R., Srinivasalu, H., Stapp, H., Steigerwald, K., Rakovchik, Y. Sterba, Stern, S., Stevens, A., Stevens, B., Stevenson, R., Stewart, K., Stingl, C., Stokes, J., Stoll, M., Stringer, E., Sule, S., Sumner, J., Sundel, R., Sutter, M., Syed, R., Syverson, G., Szymanski, A., Taber, S., Tal, R., Tambralli, A., Taneja, A., Tanner, T., Tapani, S., Tarshish, G., Tarvin, S., Tate, L., Taxter, A., Taylor, J., Terry, M., Tesher, M., Thatayatikom, A., Thomas, B., Tiffany, K., Ting, T., Tipp, A., Toib, D., Torok, K., Toruner, C., Tory, H., Toth, M., Tse, S., Tubwell, V., Twilt, M., Uriguen, S., Valcarcel, T., Van Mater, H., Vannoy, L., Varghese, C., Vasquez, N., Vazzana, K., Vehe, R., Veiga, K., Velez, J., Verbsky, J., Vilar, G., Volpe, N., von Scheven, E., Vora, S., Wagner, J., Wagner‐Weiner, L., Wahezi, D., Waite, H., Walker, J., Walters, H., Muskardin, T. Wampler, Waqar, L., Waterfield, M., Watson, M., Watts, A., Weiser, P., Weiss, J., Weiss, P., Wershba, E., White, A., Williams, C., Wise, A., Woo, J., Woolnough, L., Wright, T., Wu, E., Yalcindag, A., Yee, M., Yen, E., Yeung, R., Yomogida, K., Yu, Q., Zapata, R., Zartoshti, A., Zeft, A., Zeft, R., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, A., and Zic, C.

Published
2023
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2. Childhood‐Onset Lupus Nephritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry: Short‐Term Kidney Status and Variation in Care

Author

Smitherman, Emily A., Chahine, Rouba A., Beukelman, Timothy, Lewandowski, Laura B., Rahman, A. K. M. Fazlur, Wenderfer, Scott E., Curtis, Jeffrey R., Hersh, Aimee O., Abel, N., Abulaban, K., Adams, A., Adams, M., Agbayani, R., Aiello, J., Akoghlanian, S., Alejandro, C., Allenspach, E., Alperin, R., Alpizar, M., Amarilyo, G., Ambler, W., Anderson, E., Ardoin, S., Armendariz, S., Baker, E., Balboni, I., Balevic, S., Ballenger, L., Ballinger, S., Balmuri, N., Barbar‐Smiley, F., Barillas‐Arias, L., Basiaga, M., Baszis, K., Becker, M., Bell‐Brunson, H., Beltz, E., Benham, H., Benseler, S., Bernal, W., Beukelman, T., Bigley, T., Binstadt, B., Black, C., Blakley, M., Bohnsack, J., Boland, J., Boneparth, A., Bowman, S., Bracaglia, C., Brooks, E., Brothers, M., Brown, A., Brunner, H., Buckley, M., Buckley, M., Bukulmez, H., Bullock, D., Cameron, B., Canna, S., Cannon, L., Carper, P., Cartwright, V., Cassidy, E., Cerracchio, L., Chalom, E., Chang, J., Chang‐Hoftman, A., Chauhan, V., Chira, P., Chinn, T., Chundru, K., Clairman, H., Co, D., Confair, A., Conlon, H., Connor, R., Cooper, A., Cooper, J., Cooper, S., Correll, C., Corvalan, R., Costanzo, D., Cron, R., Curiel‐Duran, L., Curington, T., Curry, M., Dalrymple, A., Davis, A., Davis, C., Davis, C., Davis, T., De Benedetti, F., De Ranieri, D., Dean, J., Dedeoglu, F., DeGuzman, M., Delnay, N., Dempsey, V., DeSantis, E., Dickson, T., Dingle, J., Donaldson, B., Dorsey, E., Dover, S., Dowling, J., Drew, J., Driest, K., Du, Q., Duarte, K., Durkee, D., Duverger, E., Dvergsten, J., Eberhard, A., Eckert, M., Ede, K., Edelheit, B., Edens, C., Edens, C., Edgerly, Y., Elder, M., Ervin, B., Fadrhonc, S., Failing, C., Fair, D., Falcon, M., Favier, L., Federici, S., Feldman, B., Fennell, J., Ferguson, I., Ferguson, P., Ferreira, B., Ferrucho, R., Fields, K., Finkel, T., Fitzgerald, M., Fleming, C., Flynn, O., Fogel, L., Fox, E., Fox, M., Franco, L., Freeman, M., Fritz, K., Froese, S., Fuhlbrigge, R., Fuller, J., George, N., Gerhold, K., Gerstbacher, D., Gilbert, M., Gillispie‐Taylor, M., Giverc, E., Godiwala, C., Goh, I., Goheer, H., Goldsmith, D., Gotschlich, E., Gotte, A., Gottlieb, B., Gracia, C., Graham, T., Grevich, S., Griffin, T., Griswold, J., Grom, A., Guevara, M., Guittar, P., Guzman, M., Hager, M., Hahn, T., Halyabar, O., Hammelev, E., Hance, M., Hanson, A., Harel, L., Haro, S., Harris, J., Harry, O., Hartigan, E., Hausmann, J., Hay, A., Hayward, K., Heiart, J., Hekl, K., Henderson, L., Henrickson, M., Hersh, A., Hickey, K., Hill, P., Hillyer, S., Hiraki, L., Hiskey, M., Hobday, P., Hoffart, C., Holland, M., Hollander, M., Hong, S., Horwitz, M., Hsu, J., Huber, A., Huggins, J., Hui‐Yuen, J., Hung, C., Huntington, J., Huttenlocher, A., Ibarra, M., Imundo, L., Inman, C., Insalaco, A., Jackson, A., Jackson, S., James, K., Janow, G., Jaquith, J., Jared, S., Johnson, N., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, K., Jones, S., Joshi, S., Jung, L., Justice, C., Justiniano, A., Karan, N., Kaufman, K., Kemp, A., Kessler, E., Khalsa, U., Kienzle, B., Kim, S., Kimura, Y., Kingsbury, D., Kitcharoensakkul, M., Klausmeier, T., Klein, K., Klein‐Gitelman, M., Kompelien, B., Kosikowski, A., Kovalick, L., Kracker, J., Kramer, S., Kremer, C., Lai, J., Lam, J., Lang, B., Lapidus, S., Lapin, B., Lasky, A., Latham, D., Lawson, E., Laxer, R., Lee, P., Lee, P., Lee, T., Lentini, L., Lerman, M., Levy, D., Li, S., Lieberman, S., Lim, L., Lin, C., Ling, N., Lingis, M., Lo, M., Lovell, D., Lowman, D., Luca, N., Lvovich, S., Madison, C., Madison, J., Manzoni, S. Magni, Malla, B., Maller, J., Malloy, M., Mannion, M., Manos, C., Marques, L., Martyniuk, A., Mason, T., Mathus, S., McAllister, L., McCarthy, K., McConnell, K., McCormick, E., McCurdy, D., Stokes, P. McCurdy, McGuire, S., McHale, I., McMonagle, A., McMullen‐Jackson, C., Meidan, E., Mellins, E., Mendoza, E., Mercado, R., Merritt, A., Michalowski, L., Miettunen, P., Miller, M., Milojevic, D., Mirizio, E., Misajon, E., Mitchell, M., Modica, R., Mohan, S., Moore, K., Moorthy, L., Morgan, S., Dewitt, E. Morgan, Moss, C., Moussa, T., Mruk, V., Murphy, A., Muscal, E., Nadler, R., Nahal, B., Nanda, K., Nasah, N., Nassi, L., Nativ, S., Natter, M., Neely, J., Nelson, B., Newhall, L., Ng, L., Nicholas, J., Nicolai, R., Nigrovic, P., Nocton, J., Nolan, B., Oberle, E., Obispo, B., OʼBrien, B., OʼBrien, T., Okeke, O., Oliver, M., Olson, J., OʼNeil, K., Onel, K., Orandi, A., Orlando, M., Osei‐Onomah, S., Oz, R., Pagano, E., Paller, A., Pan, N., Panupattanapong, S., Pardeo, M., Paredes, J., Parsons, A., Patel, J., Pentakota, K., Pepmueller, P., Pfeiffer, T., Phillippi, K., Marafon, D. Pires, Phillippi, K., Ponder, L., Pooni, R., Prahalad, S., Pratt, S., Protopapas, S., Puplava, B., Quach, J., Quinlan‐Waters, M., Rabinovich, C., Radhakrishna, S., Rafko, J., Raisian, J., Rakestraw, A., Ramirez, C., Ramsay, E., Ramsey, S., Randell, R., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reid, H., Remmel, K., Repp, A., Reyes, A., Richmond, A., Riebschleger, M., Ringold, S., Riordan, M., Riskalla, M., Ritter, M., Rivas‐Chacon, R., Robinson, A., Rodela, E., Rodriquez, M., Rojas, K., Ronis, T., Rosenkranz, M., Rosolowski, B., Rothermel, H., Rothman, D., Roth‐Wojcicki, E., Rouster – Stevens, K., Rubinstein, T., Ruth, N., Saad, N., Sabbagh, S., Sacco, E., Sadun, R., Sandborg, C., Sanni, A., Santiago, L., Sarkissian, A., Savani, S., Scalzi, L., Schanberg, L., Scharnhorst, S., Schikler, K., Schlefman, A., Schmeling, H., Schmidt, K., Schmitt, E., Schneider, R., Schollaert‐Fitch, K., Schulert, G., Seay, T., Seper, C., Shalen, J., Sheets, R., Shelly, A., Shenoi, S., Shergill, K., Shirley, J., Shishov, M., Shivers, C., Silverman, E., Singer, N., Sivaraman, V., Sletten, J., Smith, A., Smith, C., Smith, J., Smith, J., Smitherman, E., Soep, J., Son, M., Spence, S., Spiegel, L., Spitznagle, J., Sran, R., Srinivasalu, H., Stapp, H., Steigerwald, K., Rakovchik, Y. Sterba, Stern, S., Stevens, A., Stevens, B., Stevenson, R., Stewart, K., Stingl, C., Stokes, J., Stoll, M., Stringer, E., Sule, S., Sumner, J., Sundel, R., Sutter, M., Syed, R., Syverson, G., Szymanski, A., Taber, S., Tal, R., Tambralli, A., Taneja, A., Tanner, T., Tapani, S., Tarshish, G., Tarvin, S., Tate, L., Taxter, A., Taylor, J., Terry, M., Tesher, M., Thatayatikom, A., Thomas, B., Tiffany, K., Ting, T., Tipp, A., Toib, D., Torok, K., Toruner, C., Tory, H., Toth, M., Tse, S., Tubwell, V., Twilt, M., Uriguen, S., Valcarcel, T., Van Mater, H., Vannoy, L., Varghese, C., Vasquez, N., Vazzana, K., Vehe, R., Veiga, K., Velez, J., Verbsky, J., Vilar, G., Volpe, N., von Scheven, E., Vora, S., Wagner, J., Wagner‐Weiner, L., Wahezi, D., Waite, H., Walker, J., Walters, H., Muskardin, T. Wampler, Waqar, L., Waterfield, M., Watson, M., Watts, A., Weiser, P., Weiss, J., Weiss, P., Wershba, E., White, A., Williams, C., Wise, A., Woo, J., Woolnough, L., Wright, T., Wu, E., Yalcindag, A., Yee, M., Yen, E., Yeung, R., Yomogida, K., Yu, Q., Zapata, R., Zartoshti, A., Zeft, A., Zeft, R., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, A., and Zic, C.

Published
2023
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3. Juvenile Spondyloarthritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry: High Biologic Use, Low Prevalence of HLA–B27, and Equal Sex Representation in Sacroiliitis

Author

Rumsey, Dax G., Lougee, Aimee, Matsouaka, Roland, Collier, David H., Schanberg, Laura E., Schenfeld, Jennifer, Shiff, Natalie J., Stoll, Matthew L., Stryker, Scott, Weiss, Pamela F., Beukelman, Timothy, Abel, N., Abulaban, K., Adams, A., Adams, M., Agbayani, R., Aiello, J., Akoghlanian, S., Alejandro, C., Allenspach, E., Alperin, R., Alpizar, M., Amarilyo, G., Ambler, W., Anderson, E., Ardoin, S., Armendariz, S., Baker, E., Balboni, I., Balevic, S., Ballenger, L., Ballinger, S., Balmuri, N., Barbar‐Smiley, F., Barillas‐Arias, L., Basiaga, M., Baszis, K., Becker, M., Bell‐Brunson, H., Beltz, E., Benham, H., Benseler, S., Bernal, W., Bigley, T., Binstadt, B., Black, C., Blakley, M., Bohnsack, J., Boland, J., Boneparth, A., Bowman, S., Bracaglia, C., Brooks, E., Brothers, M., Brown, A., Brunner, H., Buckley, M., Buckley, M., Bukulmez, H., Bullock, D., Cameron, B., Canna, S., Cannon, L., Carper, P., Cartwright, V., Cassidy, E., Cerracchio, L., Chalom, E., Chang, J., Chang‐Hoftman, A., Chauhan, V., Chira, P., Chinn, T., Chundru, K., Clairman, H., Co, D., Confair, A., Conlon, H., Connor, R., Cooper, A., Cooper, J., Cooper, S., Correll, C., Corvalan, R., Costanzo, D., Cron, R., Curiel‐Duran, L., Curington, T., Curry, M., Dalrymple, A., Davis, A., Davis, C., Davis, C., Davis, T., De Benedetti, F., De Ranieri, D., Dean, J., Dedeoglu, F., DeGuzman, M., Delnay, N., Dempsey, V., DeSantis, E., Dickson, T., Dingle, J., Donaldson, B., Dorsey, E., Dover, S., Dowling, J., Drew, J., Driest, K., Du, Q., Duarte, K., Durkee, D., Duverger, E., Dvergsten, J., Eberhard, A., Eckert, M., Ede, K., Edelheit, B., Edens, C., Edens, C., Edgerly, Y., Elder, M., Ervin, B., Fadrhonc, S., Failing, C., Fair, D., Falcon, M., Favier, L., Federici, S., Feldman, B., Fennell, J., Ferguson, I., Ferguson, P., Ferreira, B., Ferrucho, R., Fields, K., Finkel, T., Fitzgerald, M., Fleming, C., Flynn, O., Fogel, L., Fox, E., Fox, M., Franco, L., Freeman, M., Fritz, K., Froese, S., Fuhlbrigge, R., Fuller, J., George, N., Gerhold, K., Gerstbacher, D., Gilbert, M., Gillispie‐Taylor, M., Giverc, E., Godiwala, C., Goh, I., Goheer, H., Goldsmith, D., Gotschlich, E., Gotte, A., Gottlieb, B., Gracia, C., Graham, T., Grevich, S., Griffin, T., Griswold, J., Grom, A., Guevara, M., Guittar, P., Guzman, M., Hager, M., Hahn, T., Halyabar, O., Hammelev, E., Hance, M., Hanson, A., Harel, L., Haro, S., Harris, J., Harry, O., Hartigan, E., Hausmann, J., Hay, A., Hayward, K., Heiart, J., Hekl, K., Henderson, L., Henrickson, M., Hersh, A., Hickey, K., Hill, P., Hillyer, S., Hiraki, L., Hiskey, M., Hobday, P., Hoffart, C., Holland, M., Hollander, M., Hong, S., Horwitz, M., Hsu, J., Huber, A., Huggins, J., Hui‐Yuen, J., Hung, C., Huntington, J., Huttenlocher, A., Ibarra, M., Imundo, L., Inman, C., Insalaco, A., Jackson, A., Jackson, S., James, K., Janow, G., Jaquith, J., Jared, S., Johnson, N., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, J., Jones, K., Jones, S., Joshi, S., Jung, L., Justice, C., Justiniano, A., Karan, N., Kaufman, K., Kemp, A., Kessler, E., Khalsa, U., Kienzle, B., Kim, S., Kimura, Y., Kingsbury, D., Kitcharoensakkul, M., Klausmeier, T., Klein, K., Klein‐Gitelman, M., Kompelien, B., Kosikowski, A., Kovalick, L., Kracker, J., Kramer, S., Kremer, C., Lai, J., Lam, J., Lang, B., Lapidus, S., Lapin, B., Lasky, A., Latham, D., Lawson, E., Laxer, R., Lee, P., Lee, P., Lee, T., Lentini, L., Lerman, M., Levy, D., Li, S., Lieberman, S., Lim, L., Lin, C., Ling, N., Lingis, M., Lo, M., Lovell, D., Lowman, D., Luca, N., Lvovich, S., Madison, C., Madison, J., Magni Manzoni, S., Malla, B., Maller, J., Malloy, M., Mannion, M., Manos, C., Marques, L., Martyniuk, A., Mason, T., Mathus, S., McAllister, L., McCarthy, K., McConnell, K., McCormick, E., McCurdy, D., McCurdy Stokes, P., McGuire, S., McHale, I., McMonagle, A., McMullen‐Jackson, C., Meidan, E., Mellins, E., Mendoza, E., Mercado, R., Merritt, A., Michalowski, L., Miettunen, P., Miller, M., Milojevic, D., Mirizio, E., Misajon, E., Mitchell, M., Modica, R., Mohan, S., Moore, K., Moorthy, L., Morgan, S., Morgan Dewitt, E., Moss, C., Moussa, T., Mruk, V., Murphy, A., Muscal, E., Nadler, R., Nahal, B., Nanda, K., Nasah, N., Nassi, L., Nativ, S., Natter, M., Neely, J., Nelson, B., Newhall, L., Ng, L., Nicholas, J., Nicolai, R., Nigrovic, P., Nocton, J., Nolan, B., Oberle, E., Obispo, B., O’Brien, B., O’Brien, T., Okeke, O., Oliver, M., Olson, J., O’Neil, K., Onel, K., Orandi, A., Orlando, M., Osei‐Onomah, S., Oz, R., Pagano, E., Paller, A., Pan, N., Panupattanapong, S., Pardeo, M., Paredes, J., Parsons, A., Patel, J., Pentakota, K., Pepmueller, P., Pfeiffer, T., Phillippi, K., Pires Marafon, D., Phillippi, K., Ponder, L., Pooni, R., Prahalad, S., Pratt, S., Protopapas, S., Puplava, B., Quach, J., Quinlan‐Waters, M., Rabinovich, C., Radhakrishna, S., Rafko, J., Raisian, J., Rakestraw, A., Ramirez, C., Ramsay, E., Ramsey, S., Randell, R., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reed, A., Reid, H., Remmel, K., Repp, A., Reyes, A., Richmond, A., Riebschleger, M., Ringold, S., Riordan, M., Riskalla, M., Ritter, M., Rivas‐Chacon, R., Robinson, A., Rodela, E., Rodriquez, M., Rojas, K., Ronis, T., Rosenkranz, M., Rosolowski, B., Rothermel, H., Rothman, D., Roth‐Wojcicki, E., Rouster – Stevens, K., Rubinstein, T., Ruth, N., Saad, N., Sabbagh, S., Sacco, E., Sadun, R., Sandborg, C., Sanni, A., Santiago, L., Sarkissian, A., Savani, S., Scalzi, L., Scharnhorst, S., Schikler, K., Schlefman, A., Schmeling, H., Schmidt, K., Schmitt, E., Schneider, R., Schollaert‐Fitch, K., Schulert, G., Seay, T., Seper, C., Shalen, J., Sheets, R., Shelly, A., Shenoi, S., Shergill, K., Shirley, J., Shishov, M., Shivers, C., Silverman, E., Singer, N., Sivaraman, V., Sletten, J., Smith, A., Smith, C., Smith, J., Smith, J., Smitherman, E., Soep, J., Son, M., Spence, S., Spiegel, L., Spitznagle, J., Sran, R., Srinivasalu, H., Stapp, H., Steigerwald, K., Sterba Rakovchik, Y., Stern, S., Stevens, A., Stevens, B., Stevenson, R., Stewart, K., Stingl, C., Stokes, J., Stringer, E., Sule, S., Sumner, J., Sundel, R., Sutter, M., Syed, R., Syverson, G., Szymanski, A., Taber, S., Tal, R., Tambralli, A., Taneja, A., Tanner, T., Tapani, S., Tarshish, G., Tarvin, S., Tate, L., Taxter, A., Taylor, J., Terry, M., Tesher, M., Thatayatikom, A., Thomas, B., Tiffany, K., Ting, T., Tipp, A., Toib, D., Torok, K., Toruner, C., Tory, H., Toth, M., Tse, S., Tubwell, V., Twilt, M., Uriguen, S., Valcarcel, T., Van Mater, H., Vannoy, L., Varghese, C., Vasquez, N., Vazzana, K., Vehe, R., Veiga, K., Velez, J., Verbsky, J., Vilar, G., Volpe, N., von Scheven, E., Vora, S., Wagner, J., Wagner‐Weiner, L., Wahezi, D., Waite, H., Walker, J., Walters, H., Wampler Muskardin, T., Waqar, L., Waterfield, M., Watson, M., Watts, A., Weiser, P., Weiss, J., Wershba, E., White, A., Williams, C., Wise, A., Woo, J., Woolnough, L., Wright, T., Wu, E., Yalcindag, A., Yee, M., Yen, E., Yeung, R., Yomogida, K., Yu, Q., Zapata, R., Zartoshti, A., Zeft, A., Zeft, R., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, A., and Zic, C.

Published
2021
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5. Lunar Observatories: Why, Where, and When?

Author

Lowman, D. Paul, Jr, Durst, Steve, and Chen, Peter C

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

The value of Moon-based astronomical instruments has been repeatedly supported by several major studies and conferences, such as the "Astrophysics from the Moon" meeting held in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1990 (Mumma and Smith, 1990). A comprehensive review of the advantages of lunar observatories was published in the same year by Burns et al. (1990). However, the decade since then has seen a number of major developments bearing on the topic of lunar observatories, including the following. Two space astronomy programs have been outstandingly successful since 1990: the Cosmic Background Explorer ((COBE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These instruments have shown for the first time the structure of the universe in the first stages of its creation, i.e., the "Big Bang." One result of these discoveries has been to focus new space astronomy programs on fundamental problems such as shape of the universe, evolution of galaxies, and the nature of "dark" matter. Since these questions involve the very earliest stages of the history of the universe, to study them requires observation of extremely distant objects. Because of the expansion of the universe, all radiation from such objects is greatly redshifted, into the infrared region of the spectrum. For this reason, the Next Generation Space Telescope, the successor to HST, will be an infrared telescope.

Published
1999

11. Biocompatible melanin from the marine black yeast Hortaea werneckii R23 with antioxidant and photoprotection property.

Author

Wilson W, Lowman D, Puthumana J, Kuriakose R, Singh ISB, and Philip R

Abstract

Pigments from diverse sources have a great deal of interest due to its multifaceted applications. Hence, this study reports the physicochemical and functional characterization of the black pigment melanin from the marine black yeast Hortaea werneckii R23. In the present study, Hortaea werneckii R23, produced a black pigment in the yeast biomass. The pigment was extracted from the harvested yeast biomass and followed by pigment purification, characterization and identification was done. Physicochemical characterization of the pigment showed acid precipitation, alkali solubilization, insolubility in most organic solvents and water. The black pigment was confirmed as melanin based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses. Furthermore, the analyses of the elemental composition indicated that the pigment possessed a moderately high percentage of nitrogen and also detectable proportion of sulfur. All these Physicochemical properties indicated that H. werneckii melanin (HwM) mostly consisted of eumelanin. HwM exhibited strong antioxidant potential as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger by in vitro DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay, and lipid peroxidation assay. The photoprotectant role of HwM on UV-irradiated human epithelial cells (HEp-2) revealed its potential effect in photoprotection. In addition, cytotoxicity study by XTT and SRB assay confirmed its biocompatibility with HEp-2 cells. From these findings, it is evident that the HwM from the marine black yeast possesses strong antioxidant and photoprotectant activity, moreover, it is biocompatible to human epithelial cells. So HwM could be used as a protective agent against oxidative stress associated disorders in an environment-friendly perspective., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)

Published
2024
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13. Candida auris Cell Wall Mannosylation Contributes to Neutrophil Evasion through Pathways Divergent from Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.

Author

Horton MV, Johnson CJ, Zarnowski R, Andes BD, Schoen TJ, Kernien JF, Lowman D, Kruppa MD, Ma Z, Williams DL, Huttenlocher A, and Nett JE

Subjects
Animals, Candida auris genetics, Candida auris pathogenicity, Neutrophils microbiology, Phagocytosis, Virulence, Zebrafish microbiology, Candida albicans immunology, Candida auris immunology, Candida auris metabolism, Candida glabrata immunology, Cell Wall metabolism, Immune Evasion, Mannans metabolism, Neutrophils immunology
Abstract

Candida auris, a recently emergent fungal pathogen, has caused invasive infections in health care settings worldwide. Mortality rates approach 60% and hospital spread poses a public health threat. Compared to other Candida spp., C. auris avoids triggering the antifungal activity of neutrophils, innate immune cells that are critical for responding to many invasive fungal infections, including candidiasis. However, the mechanism underpinning this immune evasion has been largely unknown. Here, we show that C. auris cell wall mannosylation contributes to the evasion of neutrophils ex vivo and in a zebrafish infection model. Genetic disruption of mannosylation pathways ( PMR1 and VAN1 ) diminishes the outer cell wall mannan, unmasks immunostimulatory components, and promotes neutrophil engagement, phagocytosis, and killing. Upon examination of these pathways in other Candida spp. (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata), we did not find an impact on neutrophil interactions. These studies show how C. auris mannosylation contributes to neutrophil evasion though pathways distinct from other common Candida spp. The findings shed light on innate immune evasion for this emerging pathogen. IMPORTANCE The emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris presents a global public health threat. Therapeutic options are often limited for this frequently drug-resistant pathogen, and mortality rates for invasive disease are high. Previous study has demonstrated that neutrophils, leukocytes critical for the antifungal host defense, do not efficiently recognize and kill C. auris. Here, we show how the outer cell wall of C. auris promotes immune evasion. Disruption of this mannan polysaccharide layer renders C. auris susceptible to neutrophil killing ex vivo and in a zebrafish model of invasive candidiasis. The role of these mannosylation pathways for neutrophil evasion appears divergent from other common Candida species.

Published
2021
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14. Porcine small intestine submucosal grafts improve remucosalization and progenitor cell recruitment to sites of upper airway tissue remodeling.

Author

Nayak JV, Rathor A, Grayson JW, Bravo DT, Velasquez N, Noel J, Beswick DM, Riley KO, Patel ZM, Cho DY, Dodd RL, Thamboo A, Choby GW, Walgama E, Harsh GR, Hwang PH, Clemons L, Lowman D, Richman JS, and Woodworth BA

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nasal Septum pathology, Prospective Studies, Skull Base pathology, Stem Cells metabolism, Surgical Flaps pathology, Swine, Treatment Outcome, Wound Healing, Intestinal Mucosa transplantation, Nasal Septum surgery, Rhinoplasty methods, Skull Base surgery, Stem Cells cytology
Abstract

Background: To better understand upper airway tissue regeneration, the exposed cartilage and bone at donor sites of tissue flaps may serve as in vivo "Petri dishes" for active wound healing. The pedicled nasoseptal flap (NSF) for skull-base reconstruction creates an exposed donor site within the nasal airway. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether grafting the donor site with a sinonasal repair cover graft is effective in promoting wound healing., Methods: In this multicenter, prospective trial, subjects were randomized to intervention (graft) or control (no graft) intraoperatively after NSF elevation. Individuals were evaluated at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postintervention with endoscopic recordings. Videos were graded (Likert scale) by 3 otolaryngologists blinded to intervention on remucosalization, crusting, and edema. Scores were analyzed for interrater reliability and cohorts compared. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry at the leading edge of wound healing was performed in select cases., Results: Twenty-one patients were randomized to intervention and 26 to control. Subjects receiving the graft had significantly greater overall remucosalization (p = 0.01) than controls over 12 weeks. Although crusting was less in the small intestine submucosa (SIS) group, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). There was no overall effect on nasal edema (p = 0.2). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant upper airway basal cell progenitors in 2 intervention samples, suggesting that covering grafts may facilitate tissue proliferation via progenitor cell expansion., Conclusion: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial indicates that a porcine SIS graft placed on exposed cartilage and bone within the upper airway confers improved remucosalization compared to current practice standards., (© 2018 ARS-AAOA, LLC.)

Published
2018
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15. Cell Wall N-Linked Mannoprotein Biosynthesis Requires Goa1p, a Putative Regulator of Mitochondrial Complex I in Candida albicans.

Author

She X, Calderone R, Kruppa M, Lowman D, Williams D, Zhang L, Gao Y, Khamooshi K, Liu W, and Li D

Subjects
Candida albicans genetics, Cell Wall metabolism, Candida albicans metabolism, Electron Transport Complex I metabolism, Fungal Proteins biosynthesis, Membrane Glycoproteins biosynthesis
Abstract

The Goa1p of Candida albicans regulates mitochondrial Complex I (CI) activities in its role as a putative CI accessory protein. Transcriptional profiling of goa1∆ revealed a down regulation of genes encoding β-oligomannosyl transferases. Herein, we present data on cell wall phenotypes of goa1∆ (strain GOA31). We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), GPC/MALLS, and NMR to compare GOA31 to a gene-reconstituted strain (GOA32) and parental cells. We note by TEM a reduction in outer wall fibrils, increased inner wall transparency, and the loss of a defined wall layer close to the plasma membrane. GPC-MALLS revealed a reduction in high and intermediate Mw mannan by 85% in GOA31. A reduction of β-mannosyl but not α-mannosyl linkages was noted in GOA31 cells. β-(1,6)-linked glucan side chains were branched about twice as often but were shorter in length for GOA31. We conclude that mitochondrial CI energy production is highly integrated with cell wall formation. Our data also suggest that not all cell wall biosynthetic processes are dependent upon Goa1p even though it provides high levels of ATP to cells. The availability of both broadly conserved and fungal-specific mutants lacking CI subunit proteins should be useful in assessing functions of fungal-specific functions subunit proteins.

Published
2016
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16. Immune gene expression profile of Penaeus monodon in response to marine yeast glucan application and white spot syndrome virus challenge.

Author

Wilson W, Lowman D, Antony SP, Puthumana J, Bright Singh IS, and Philip R

Subjects
Adjuvants, Immunologic pharmacology, Animals, Larva drug effects, Larva genetics, Larva immunology, Larva virology, Probiotics, Transcriptome, Yeasts chemistry, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucans pharmacology, Penaeidae drug effects, Penaeidae genetics, Penaeidae immunology, Penaeidae virology, White spot syndrome virus 1 physiology
Abstract

Immunostimulant potential of eight marine yeast glucans (YG) from Candida parapsilosis R20, Hortaea werneckii R23, Candida spencermartinsiae R28, Candida haemulonii R63, Candida oceani R89, Debaryomyces fabryi R100, Debaryomyces nepalensis R305 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii R340 were tested against WSSV challenge in Penaeus monodon post larvae (PL). Structural characterization of these marine yeast glucans by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated structures containing (1-6)-branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan. PL were fed 0.2% glucan incorporated diet once in seven days for a period of 45 days and the animals were challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The immunostimulatory activity of yeast glucans were assessed pre- and post-challenge WSSV by analysing the expression profile of six antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes viz., anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), crustin-1, crustin-2, crustin-3, penaeidin-3 and penaeidin-5 and 13 immune genes viz., alpha-2-macroglobulin (α-2-M), astakine, caspase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, haemocyanin, peroxinectin, pmCathepsinC, prophenol oxidase (proPO), Rab-7, superoxide dismutase and transglutaminase. Expression of seven WSSV genes viz., DNA polymerase, endonuclease, protein kinase, immediate early gene, latency related gene, thymidine kinase and VP28 were also analysed to detect the presence and intensity of viral infection in the experimental animals post-challenge. The study revealed that yeast glucans (YG) do possess immunostimulatory activity against WSSV and also supported higher survival (40-70 %) post-challenge WSSV. Among the various glucans tested, YG23 showed maximum survival (70.27%), followed by YG20 (66.66%), YG28 (60.97%), YG89 (58.53%), YG100 (54.05%), YG63 (48.64%), YG305 (45.7%) and YG340 (43.24%)., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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17. Neurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Kraguljac NV, Reid M, White D, Jones R, den Hollander J, Lowman D, and Lahti AC

Subjects
Aspartic Acid metabolism, Basal Ganglia metabolism, Bipolar Disorder psychology, Gyrus Cinguli metabolism, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex, Reference Values, Thalamus metabolism, Aspartic Acid analogs & derivatives, Bipolar Disorder metabolism, Choline metabolism, Creatine metabolism, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Schizophrenia metabolism, Schizophrenic Psychology
Abstract

This meta-analysis evaluates alterations of neurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PubMed was searched to find controlled studies evaluating N-acetylaspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho) and Creatine (Cr) assessed with ((1))H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder up to September 2010. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled standardized mean differences. The statistic was used to quantify inconsistencies. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential explanations for inconsistencies. The systematic review included 146 studies with 5643 participants. NAA levels were affected in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Decreased levels in the basal ganglia and frontal lobe were the most consistent findings in schizophrenia; decreased levels in the basal ganglia were the most consistent findings in bipolar disorder. Cho and Cr levels were not altered in either disorder. Findings for Cr were most consistent in the thalamus, frontal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and the basal ganglia and frontal lobe in bipolar disorder. Findings for Cho were most consistent in the thalamus, frontal lobe and anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and basal ganglia in bipolar disorder. Large, carefully designed studies are needed to better estimate the extent of alterations in neurometabolites., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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18. The Candida albicans histidine kinase Chk1p: signaling and cell wall mannan.

Author

Li D, Williams D, Lowman D, Monteiro MA, Tan X, Kruppa M, Fonzi W, Roman E, Pla J, and Calderone R

Subjects
Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Benzenesulfonates pharmacology, Candida albicans drug effects, Candida albicans genetics, Checkpoint Kinase 1, Congo Red pharmacology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gene Deletion, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Genes, Fungal, Histidine Kinase, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Protein Kinases genetics, Candida albicans physiology, Cell Wall chemistry, Mannans metabolism, Protein Kinases physiology, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Several published functions associated with the CHK1 histidine kinase of Candida albicans resemble those of the MAPK Cek1p and its cognate receptor Sho1p (SSU81). To explore this further, we have compared mutants lacking the proteins mentioned above and have constructed a double sho1/chk1Delta null mutant to determine relationships among these proteins. We observed that the sensitivity to Congo red (CR), calcofluor white (CW), as well as clumping of cells, was slightly increased in the double mutant compared to the single chk1Delta or sho1Delta mutants. However, Cek1p phosphorylation via Sho1p, which occurs during log phase growth in the presence or absence of CR in Wt cells, does not require Chk1p. These data suggest that Chk1p and Sho1p are components of parallel but independent signal pathways. In addition, bulk mannan of strains was analyzed by GLC/MS and GPC MALLS and NMR. Compared to Wt and a CHK1 gene-reconstituted strain (CHK23) that contained high, intermediate and low Mw mannan species, we found that the mannan of strains CHK21 (chk1Delta null), the cek1Delta null, and the double mutant consisted only of low Mw mannan. The sho1Delta null mutant only demonstrated a reduced intermediate type of mannan. Alcian blue binding was lower in cek1Delta, chk1Delta, and the double sho1/chk1Delta null mutant lacking high and intermediate Mw mannan than in the sho1Delta null which had a partial loss of intermediate Mw mannan only. We conclude that the Chk1p HK is part of a functionally similar but parallel pathway to the Sho1p-Cek1p pathway that confers resistance to the cell wall inhibitors CR and CW. However, a functional relationship in mannan biosynthesis of Chk1p and Cek1p exists that only partially requires Sho1p.

Published
2009
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19. Preliminary evaluation of sodium hypochlorite for pulpotomies in primary molars.

Author

Vargas KG, Packham B, and Lowman D

Subjects
Child, Child, Preschool, Crowns, Dental Caries therapy, Dental Pulp Cavity diagnostic imaging, Dental Pulp Cavity drug effects, Female, Ferric Compounds therapeutic use, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Methylmethacrylates therapeutic use, Molar diagnostic imaging, Prospective Studies, Radiography, Root Canal Filling Materials therapeutic use, Stainless Steel, Tooth Resorption etiology, Tooth, Deciduous diagnostic imaging, Treatment Outcome, Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement therapeutic use, Molar surgery, Pulpotomy methods, Root Canal Irrigants therapeutic use, Sodium Hypochlorite therapeutic use, Tooth, Deciduous surgery
Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to that of ferric sulfate (FeSO4) as a pulpotomy medicament in decayed primary molars., Methods: Healthy subjects between 4 and 9 years with at least 2 primary molars needing pulpotomy consented to receive either NaOCl or FeSO4 and restoration with IRM base/stainless steel crown in a prospective, randomized design. Clinical and radiographic signs/symptoms were recorded at 0, 6, and 12 months., Results: Twenty-three subjects were recruited. Six-month results are based on the first 32 teeth in the NaOCl group and 28 teeth in the FeSO4 group. Twelve-month results are based on 13 teeth in the FeSO4 group and 14 in the NaOCl group. Results show 100% restoration retention in both groups and no signs/symptoms of pain at 6 and 12 months. At 6 months, 100% clinical success was found with both FeSO4 and NaOCl. Radiographic success for FeSO4 was 68%, with internal resorption being the most common finding. The NaOCl group showed 91% radiographic success, P = .050. At 12 months, FeSO4 had 85% clinical success and 62% radiographic success. NaOCl had 100% clinical success and 79% radiographic success., Conclusion: Preliminary evidence shows that NaOCl can be used successfully as a pulpotomy medicament.

Published
2006

20. The role of the Candida albicans histidine kinase [CHK1) gene in the regulation of cell wall mannan and glucan biosynthesis.

Author

Kruppa M, Goins T, Cutler JE, Lowman D, Williams D, Chauhan N, Menon V, Singh P, Li D, and Calderone R

Subjects
Candida albicans genetics, Candida albicans metabolism, Cell Wall chemistry, Checkpoint Kinase 1, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Hexoses analysis, Histidine Kinase, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Hyphae chemistry, Hyphae isolation & purification, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mannans analysis, Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods, Phenotype, Protein Kinases genetics, Protein Kinases physiology, Candida albicans enzymology, Glucans biosynthesis, Mannans biosynthesis, Protein Kinases metabolism
Abstract

The human pathogen Candida albicans encodes at least three putative two-component histidine kinase signal transduction proteins, including Chk1p and a response regulator protein (Cssk1p). Strains deleted in CHK1 are avirulent in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated disease. The specific function of Chk1p has not been established, but hyphae of the chk1 mutant exhibit extensive flocculation while yeast forms are less adherent to reconstituted human esophageal tissue, indicating that this protein may regulate cell surface properties. Herein, we analyze glucan, mannan and chitin profiles in strains deleted in chk1 (CHK21) compared to a gene-reconstituted strain (CHK23) and a parental strain CAF2. Total alkali-soluble hexose from the cell wall of the chk1 mutant (strain CHK21) was significantly reduced. Western blots of cell wall extracts from CHK21, CHK23 and CAF2 reacted with a Mab to the acid-stable mannan fraction revealed extensive staining of lower molecular mass species in strain CHK21 only. FACE (fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis) was used to characterize the oligosaccharide side chains of beta-eliminated (O-linked), acid-hydrolyzed (acid-labile phosphomannan) and acetolysis (acid-stable mannan) extracted fractions of total mannan. The profiles of O-linked as well as the acid-labile oligosaccharides were similar in both CAF2 and CHK21, but the acid-stable oligosaccharide side chains were significantly truncated. We also characterized the beta-glucan from each strain using NMR, and found that both the degree of polymerization and the ratio of (1-3)/(1-6) linkages was lower in CHK21 relative to wild-type cells. The sensitivity of CHK21 to antifungal drugs and inhibitors was unaffected. In summary, our data have identified a new function for a histidine kinase two-component signal protein in a human pathogenic fungus.

Published
2003
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21. A proton nuclear magnetic resonance method for the quantitative analysis on a dry weight basis of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans in a complex, solvent-wet matrix.

Author

Lowman DW and Williams DL

Subjects
Animals, Dietary Supplements, Glucans chemistry, Health, Humans, Solvents, Water, Glucans analysis, Glucans isolation & purification, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods
Abstract

Health benefits of the polysaccharide (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan, reported to induce immunobiological, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic effects in humans and animals, have made the isolation, characterization, and assay of a viable glucan product critical. A new analytical method, based on internal standard proton NMR analysis, for the assay of solvent-wet samples containing (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan is presented. The method enables glucan identification, provides a solvent-free assay, and improves upon the previous multistep extraction and lyophilization procedure by reducing the 1-2 day analysis time to 1-2 h. NMR offers a rapid method for quantifying the glucan in commercial samples, such as nutraceuticals, as well as industrial samples enabling better evaluation of the efficacy of these carbohydrates in health-related applications.

Published
2001
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22. A (1-->3)-beta-D-linked heptasaccharide is the unit ligand for glucan pattern recognition receptors on human monocytes.

Author

Lowe E, Rice P, Ha T, Li C, Kelley J, Ensley H, Lopez-Perez J, Kalbfleisch J, Lowman D, Margl P, Browder W, and Williams D

Subjects
Animals, Binding Sites, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Ligands, Male, Mice, Mice, Hairless, Mice, Inbred ICR, Monocytes drug effects, NF-kappa B metabolism, Polysaccharides immunology, Polysaccharides pharmacology, Protein Binding, Receptors, Immunologic drug effects, Sepsis immunology, U937 Cells, Glucans metabolism, Monocytes metabolism, Polysaccharides metabolism, Receptors, Immunologic metabolism
Abstract

Glucans are fungal cell wall polysaccharides which stimulate innate immune responses. We determined the minimum unit ligand that would bind to glucan receptors on human U937 cells using laminarin-derived pentaose, hexaose, and heptaose glucan polymers. When U937 membranes were pretreated with the oligosaccharides and passed over a glucan surface, only the heptasaccharide inhibited the interaction of glucan with membrane receptors at a K(d) of 31 microM (95% CI 20-48 microM) and 100% inhibition. However, the glucan heptasaccharide did not stimulate U937 monocyte NFkappaB signaling, nor did it increase survival in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. Laminarin, a larger and more complex glucan polymer (M(w) = 7700 g/mol), only partially inhibited binding (61 +/- 4%) at a K(d) of 2.6 microM (99% CI 1.7-4.2 microM) with characteristics of a single binding site. These results indicate that a heptasaccharide is the smallest unit ligand recognized by macrophage glucan receptors. The data also indicate the presence of at least two glucan-binding sites on U937 cells and that the binding sites on human monocyte/macrophages can discriminate between glucan polymers. The heptasaccharide and laminarin were receptor antagonists, but they were not receptor agonists with respect to activation of NFkappaB-dependent signaling pathways or protection against experimental sepsis.

Published
2001
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23. Current parent education on infant feeding in the neonatal intensive care unit: the role of the occupational therapist.

Author

Caretto V, Topolski KF, Linkous CM, Lowman DK, and Murphy SM

Subjects
Adult, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Care, Infant, Newborn, Interprofessional Relations, Male, Posture, Child Nutrition Sciences education, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Intensive Care Units, Neonatal, Occupational Therapy, Patient Education as Topic
Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe current trends in parent education on infant feeding in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to clarify the role of the occupational therapist in educating parents., Method: Questionnaires were mailed to 190 neonatologists across the United States who were asked to forward it to a NICU occupational therapist. The questionnaire gathered descriptive information about the structure of parent education in the NICU, the role of the occupational therapist in providing parent education, and demographics about respondents and their NICUs. The response rate was 53% (n = 100)., Results: All 100 hospitals responding provided parent education in some form, and most included a variety of topics and teaching methods. Occupational therapists were on the NICU team at 74 of the hospitals and were identified third most frequently as a provider of parent education. The occupational therapists were most frequently identified as responsible for teaching about positioning, infant development, and infant states and cues and were highly involved in educating parents about feeding., Conclusion: Current parent education programs in NICUs are comprehensive in scope. Occupational therapists' role in educating parents about infant care and feeding consists of a focus on certain topics where occupational therapists have specialized skills and education. Occupational therapists are recognized by their NICU colleagues as providers of parent education, but this study suggests that the occupational therapists' role may not be clearly understood by other NICU professionals.

Published
2000
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24. Oral motor feeding in the neonatal intensive care unit: exploring perceptions of parents and occupational therapists.

Author

Ward MJ, Cronin KB, Renfro PD, Lowman DK, and Cooper PD

Abstract

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of three occupational therapists and three parents regarding occupational therapy services provided in the neonatal intensive care unit. Data were obtained through participant interviews. Role of the occupational therapist, parent training, and time spent with parents were themes that emerged from the therapist interviews. Themes from the parent interviews included occupational therapy intervention and treatment, time spent with occupational therapist, and perceptions. A cross-case analysis addressed two common themes: amount of time spent in parent training and perceptions of training provided. Implications for occupational therapy practice in the neonatal intensive care unit are discussed.

Published
2000
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25. Occupational therapists in the school setting: working with students with complex health care needs.

Author

Lowman DK, Simons DF, Shepherd JT, Fiocca JT, Ernouf HS, and Hundley BS

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Case Management, Child, Chronic Disease, Female, Gastrostomy, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Medical Laboratory Science, Needs Assessment, Seizures, Delivery of Health Care, Disabled Children, Occupational Therapy, School Health Services
Abstract

Objective: This study investigated one aspect of the role of school-based occupational therapists working with students with complex health care needs during the school day., Method: One hundred seventy-two occupational therapists working in school systems were surveyed with regard to their involvement with children with complex health care needs, particularly specific complex health care procedures performed, knowledge of policies, training in the administration of health-related procedures, and perceived levels of competency., Results: Sixty-eight (61%) of the therapists reported having children with complex health care needs on their caseload; of these, 65% reported involvement in seizure monitoring and 24% reported performing gastrostomy feedings. Most respondents reported an awareness of policies regarding administration of medication, gastrostomy feeding, and seizure monitoring in their school system. Respondents' main role with this population included activities in positioning, environmental modification, and staff instruction., Conclusion: The major role of occupational therapists working in school systems involved providing direct intervention with the student and not conducting or instructing others in health-related procedures. Therapists also served as a resource on health-related issues for school personnel.

Published
1999
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26. The application of various protic acids in the extraction of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Author

Müller A, Ensley H, Pretus H, McNamee R, Jones E, McLaughlin E, Chandley W, Browder W, Lowman D, and Williams D

Subjects
Acetic Acid chemistry, Formates chemistry, Hydrochloric Acid chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Weight, Oligosaccharides chemistry, Phosphates analysis, Phosphoric Acids chemistry, Viscosity, Acids chemistry, Glucans isolation & purification, Saccharomyces cerevisiae chemistry, beta-Glucans
Abstract

Glucans are (1-->3)-beta-linked glucose polymers which have immune-stimulating capability. The extraction of water-insoluble (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan form Saccharomyces cerevisiae employs hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is difficult to employ in the large-scale pharmaceutical extraction of glucans due to its corrosive nature and toxicity. To address these concerns, we determined whether acetic, formic or phosphoric acid can be substituted for hydrochloric acid in the process for the isolation of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan. The resulting microparticulate glucans were employed as the starting material for the production of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan phosphate. 13C NMR analysis of the glucan phosphates derived from the acetic, formic or phosphoric acid-extracted microparticulate glucan show excellent correspondence to hydrochloric acid extracted glucan and laminarin, a (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan standard, indicating that the primary structure is not altered by the acid used for extraction. Glucan phosphate prepared from hydrochloric acid had a Mw of 7.2 x 10(4) g/mol, rmsz of 17.7 nm, of 1.50 and (eta) of 49.0 mL/g. Glucan phosphate prepared from acetic acid had a primary polymer peak with a Mw of 1.4 x 10(6) g/mol, rmsz of 23.6 nm, I of 1.93 and (eta) of 62.4 mL/g. Glucan phosphate prepared from formic acid had a main polymer peak with a Mw of 1.2 x 10(6) g/mol, rmsz 27.1 nm, I of 1.56 and (eta) of 89.0 mL/g. Glucan phosphate prepared from phosphoric acid had a primary polymer peak with a Mw of 6.6 x 10(5) g/mol, rmsz of 32.3 nm, I of 2.70 and (eta) of 91.3 mL/g. These data indicate that the molecular mass, size, polydispersity and intrinsic viscosity of the glucan phosphate obtained is influenced by the pKa of protic acid employed to extract the microparticulate glucan. However, the primary structure and side-chain branching are not substantially altered regardless of the acid employed.

Published
1997
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28. Chronic non-infective conjunctivitis in rabbits.

Author

Buckley P and Lowman DM

Subjects
Animal Feed adverse effects, Animals, Chronic Disease, Conjunctivitis etiology, Conjunctivitis pathology, Dust, Housing, Animal, Poaceae, Conjunctivitis veterinary, Rabbits
Abstract

A high proportion (36%) of rabbits in a long-term experiment developed a severe chronic purulent conjunctivitis. Bacteriological examination failed to reveal an organism common to all cases, and the condition was only partially controlled by a neomycin and hydrocortisone eye ointment. Cutting down the possibility of hay dust entering the rabbits' eyes led to marked improvement: the conjunctivitis was virtually eliminated when hay was given in a specially-designed solid-sided hopper which prevented the release of dust during feeding and which, being detachable, could be refilled away from the rabbit rooms to minimize general atmospheric dust.

Published
1979
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31. Organisation of ward meetings.

Author

Lowman DR

Subjects
Group Processes, Humans, Mental Disorders therapy, Nursing, Organization and Administration
Published
1966

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