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Objectives Escherichia coli producing metallo-β-lactamases with penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) insertions have reduced susceptibility to aztreonam–avibactam and cefiderocol. Here, we analysed high-quality E. coli genomes for PBP3 insertions. Methods E. coli genomes (n  = 167 518) were retrieved from EnteroBase with CheckM2 for quality control, fastANI for species confirmation, multi-locus sequencing typing for sequence type (ST) determination and AMRFinderPlus for resistance gene identification. For PBP3 insertion analysis, we used Prokka for predicting coding sequences, BLAST+ for comparing resulted protein sequences and SnpEff for annotating variants. Results Among the included 159 341 genomes, PBP3 insertions with 11 variants were found in 2.01% (n  = 3198). The predominant variant is a duplication of 334–337 amino acids (aa) (94.75%, n  = 3030), comprising YRIN (65.92%, n  = 2108) and its single-aa-variant YRIK (28.83%, n  = 922), followed by a similar PYRI duplication of 333–336 (4.16%, n  = 133). The less common ones are a TIPY duplication of 331–334 (n  = 24) and its single-aa-variant TVPY's duplication: TVVPY (n  = 1), TVPYTVPY (n  = 1) and TVPYPVPY (n  = 1). Rare duplications include VGDR of 106–109 (n  = 3), ANALNIPL of 114–121 (n  = 3), AL of 567–568 (n  = 1) and TG of 584–585 (n  = 1). Insertion variants were detected across 62 countries on six continents, primarily in human samples, and associated with 85 STs, concentrated in high-risk clones ST410 (29.18%, n  = 1923), ST167 (23.40%, n  = 1740) and ST405 (10.56%, n  = 1334), with 83.32% (n  = 2218) encoding metallo-β-lactamase NDM. Conclusions Global spread of E. coli harbouring PBP3 insertion, often with NDM β-lactamase, high-risk ST410, ST167 and ST405 clones and various hosts, underscores the escalating antimicrobial resistance crisis and the urgency for a 'One Health' strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes the most common type of severe lower respiratory tract infection worldwide, and the fusion (F) protein is a target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development. This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity and efficacy of an mRNA-based RSV vaccine with an F protein sequence. Methods: We designed an mRNA construct encoding a modified RSV F protein, which was further developed into an LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine (LVRNA007). LVRNA007 was administered to mice and cotton rats, followed by immunogenicity analysis and viral challenge studies. Protection of rodents from the viral infection was evaluated based on the presence of the virus in the lung and pathological examination of respiratory tissues. Results: LVRNA007 induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses in both mice and cotton rats, with neutralization antibody levels in the immunized animals maintained at high levels for over one year. Vaccination of LVRNA007 also protected the rodents from RSV challenge, judged by the much decreased virus titer and the pathological score in the lung tissue. In addition, no vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) phenomenon was observed with LVRNA007 vaccination. Conclusions: Based on the preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy data, LVRNA007 could be a potential promising vaccine for prophylaxis of RSV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imipenemase (IMP) is a metallo-β-lactamase that confers resistance to almost all β-lactams. Identification of IMP genes is essential for understanding and combatting antibiotic resistance. In this study, we report a pandrug-resistant Providencia strain from a human rectal swab. This strain carried 2 blaIMP carbapenemase genes, blaIMP-69 and blaIMP-4. IMP-69 is a novel IMP variant with an amino acid substitution at A21T compared with IMP-8. blaIMP-69 was found in a blaIMP-69-aacA4 array of an integron on a 165-kilobase (kb) IncC self-transmissible plasmid, whereas blaIMP-4 was located in a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array of an integron on a 19-kb nonself-transmissible plasmid. Such coexistence has the potential to allow the generation of new, hybrid blaIMP variants by homologous recombination. The blaIMP-69-carrying IncC plasmid belonged to the core-genome plasmid multilocus sequence typing (cgPMLST) 3.5 type. We found that cgPMLST 3.5 IncC plasmids have been circulating worldwide for decades and may represent a common vehicle mediating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device is the key component in the voltage source converter high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) due the advantage of the short-circuit failure. However, it is difficult to analyse the IGBT short-circuit failure mode due to the complex packaging and the short failure time. This study presents a method on simulation for the short-circuit failure mode of the press-pack IGBT device. First, based on the structure of a single-chip 3.3 kV/50 A press-pack IGBT, a multi-physical field model was presented by considering the electro–mechanical–thermal coupling effects, so that the internal weak layer was found by comparing with the different sustained pressures. Then, an equivalent method is proposed by using the different aluminium–silicon reaction osmotic hole in the chip, and the models were presented to simulate the short-circuit failure. Furthermore, after short-circuit failure of the device, the thermal resistance variation of each later in press-pack IGBT device was obtained. Finally, the experiment on the steady state and the short-circuit tests were performed, by analysing the weak layer and the short-circuit failure position of the IGBT device, the proposed models and analysis were testified. The achievement is helpful to optimal design of the press-pack IGBT device to improve the VSC-HVDC converter reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SDF-1 and CXCR4 are a chemokine and chemokine receptor pair playing critical roles in tumorigenesis. Overexpression of CXCR4 is a hallmark of many hematological malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and generally correlates with a poor prognosis. In this study, we developed a humanized anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody, LY2624587 as a potent CXCR4 antagonist that was advanced into clinical study for cancer. LY2624587 blocked SDF-1 binding to CXCR4 with an IC50 of 0.26 nM, and inhibited SDF-1-induced GTP binding with a Kb of 0.66 nM. In human lymphoma U937 and leukemia CCRF-CEM cells expressing endogenous CXCR4, LY2624587 inhibited SDF-1-induced cell migration with IC50 values of 3.7 and 0.26 nM, respectively. This antibody also inhibited CXCR4 and SDF-1 mediated cell signaling including activation of MAPK and AKT in tumor cells expressing CXCR4. Bifocal microscopic and flow cytometry analyses revealed that LY2624587 mediated receptor internalization and caused CXCR4 down-regulation on the cell surface. In human hematologic cancer cells, LY2624587 caused dose dependent apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In mouse xenograft models developed with human leukemia and lymphoma cells expressing high levels of CXCR4, LY2624587 exhibited dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition and provided significant survival benefit in a disseminated lymphoma model. Collectively, we have demonstrated that CXCR4 inhibition by LY2624587 has the potential for the treatment of human hematological malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We used accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C-dated sediments of the Holocene basal supratidal flat to upper tidal flat facies in 11 cores on the southern Yangtze delta plain to reconstruct relative sea levels of 8.5-8.0 cal ka BP. Three cores were further AMS 14C dated and used to examine the evolution of sedimentary geomorphological environments in response to the rapid sea-level rise during the early to mid-Holocene. Results demonstrate relative sea-level rise of around 30 mm a−1 from 8.5 to 8.3 cal ka BP and around 10 mm a−1 from 8.3 to 8.0 cal ka BP. Retrogradation from supratidal to lower tidal flat environments occurred in response to the rapid sea-level rise at 8.5-8.3 cal ka BP, and aggradation from middle to upper tidal flat occurred at 8.3-7.9 cal ka BP. Further retreat of the tidal flat at 7.9-7.2 cal ka BP implies a mean sea-level rise rate exceeding 5 mm a−1 at this time. We suggest that the rapid relative sea-level rise during 8.3-8.5 cal ka BP and subsequent slower rise caused drastic changes in the coastal zone and that these changes are key phenomena for understanding the coastal response to future sea-level rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatigue assessment of support structures is one of the most significant challenges in the design of offshore wind turbines (OWT). Fatigue analysis can be conducted in either the time-domain or the frequency-domain. The advantage of frequency-domain analysis is its time efficiency. This paper shows how the frequency domain method can be used to dimension lattice-type OWT towers such that they meet the fatigue criteria in the preliminary design stage. Two types of lattice towers, a three-legged and four-legged version, were redesigned in the fatigue limit state for the NREL 5 MW baseline wind turbine sited at a water depth of 35 m. The wall thickness of the members was chosen as the only variable and varied during the design process until the towers could survive for at least 20 years. In comparison with designs based upon ultimate strength, the mass of both types of towers increased no more than 30% when the fatigue limit state was considered. It is concluded that the lattice type structure requires only half as much material as its tubular counterpart. The three-legged tower is promising because of its simple geometry, even though it displayed a lower torsional stiffness than the four-legged tower. All the analyses in this paper were performed by an in-house FE code, intended for the early design stage of lattice towers. Once the optimum configuration is found in the early design stage, integrated time-domain analyses for the entire OWT system might be required to refine the design, taking all the nonlinear parameters into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We found an unusual Escherichia coli strain with resistance to colistin, carbapenem and amikacin from sewage. We therefore characterized the strain and determined the co-transfer of the resistance determinants. Whole genome sequencing was performed using both Illumina HiSeq X10 and MinION sequencers. Short and long reads were subjected to de novo hybrid assembly. Sequence type, antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons were identified from the genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of all IncHI2 plasmids carrying mcr-1 available in GenBank was performed based on core genes. Conjugation experiments were performed. mcr-3.5 was cloned into E. coli DH5α. The strain belonged to ST410, a type with a global distribution. Two colistin-resistant genes, mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.5, a carbapenemase gene blaNDM-5, and a 16S methylase gene rmtB were identified on different plasmids of IncHI2(ST3)/IncN, IncP, IncX3 and IncFII, respectively. All of the four plasmids were self-transmissible and mcr-1.1, mcr-3.5, blaNDM-5 and rmtB were transferred together. mcr-1-carrying IncHI2 plasmids belonged to several sequence types with ST3 and ST4 being predominant. MIC of colistin (4 μg/ml) for DH5α containing mcr-3.5 was identical to that containing the original mcr-3 variant. In conclusion, carbapenem resistance, colistin resistance and high-level aminoglycoside resistance can be transferred together even when their encoding genes are not located on the same plasmid. The co-transfer of multiple clinically-important antimicrobial resistance represents a particular challenge for clinical treatment and infection control in healthcare settings. Isolates with resistance to both carbapenem and colistin are not restricted to a given sequence type but rather are diverse in clonal background, which warrants further surveillance. The amino acid substitutions of MCR-3.5 have not altered its activity against colistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure often develops after acute myocardial infarction because the injured myocardial tissue fails to recover or regenerate. Stem cell transplantation using adult cell sources, such as adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF), draws extensive attention. In this study, SVF cells were isolated from rat adipose tissue and cultivated on enzyme-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels. Morphological features of cell development and spontaneous beating behavior from these cells were observed and recorded. Cardiac phenotypes were characterized via immunofluorescence staining, and the expression of cardiac-specific genes was measured via RT-PCR. The functional assessment of SVF-derived cardiomyocyte-like cells (SVF-CMs) was performed by detecting cellular calcium transient activities and pharmacological responses. Results showed that most SVF-CMs exhibited elongated myotubule shapes and expressed cardiac troponin I strongly. SVF-CMs expressed cardiac-specific RNA (including transcription factors GATA binding protein 4) and myocyte enhancer factor 2c, as well as the structural proteins, namely, sarcomere actinin alpha 2, cardiac troponin I type 3, cardiac troponin T type 2, and cardiac gap junction protein alpha 1. Their beating mode, calcium activities, and pharmacological responses were similar to those of native CMs. Spontaneously beating SVF-CMs can be derived from adipose tissue-derived SVFs, and enzyme-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel promoted the cardiac differentiation of SVF cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South China Sea (SCS) is sensitive to the East Asian monsoon (EAM) and changes in the Western Pacific. However, because of the difficulty of sampling and lack of data in the central SCS, many uncertainties remain the primary driving force of paleoclimatic variations. Here, a sediment core JL136, from the central SCS, was used to evaluate variations of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) during the Holocene, and then the corresponding influencing factors were analyzed, based on measured Mg/Ca ratio and stable isotopic compositions (δ18O and δ13C) of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber sensu stricto (s.s.). The results show that the Mg/Ca-SST change is consistent with the speleothem δ18O records across most Asian monsoon regions on the Holocene long-term trend, revealing that the central SCS record is a response to the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity changes induced by Northern Hemisphere summer insolation (NHSI) variation. During the early Holocene (11.6–8.8 ka), SSS was low with an average of 32.7 psu, which may be related to palaeogeographic variations with sea level changes and the increased coastal water due to the opening of the Taiwan Strait. During the mid-late Holocene, high salinity ocean water was fully exchanged with the SCS due to the influence of high sea level, with an overall higher salinity in the SCS compared with the early Holocene (average 33.8 psu). In addition, the SSS broadly showed an increasing trend, which may be mainly controlled by the weakening EASM intensity and the decreasing precipitation during the low NHSI. • SST and SSS changes in the abyssal area of SCS during the Holocene are reconstructed. • SST in the abyssal area responses to the changes of the East Asian Summer Monsoon intensity stems from the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. • SSS may be related to the palaeogeographic variations with sea level changes and the change of monsoon precipitation caused by the EASM intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy using inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-α, has been clinically validated in treating various cancers. However, systemic immunocytokine-based therapies are limited by the short half-life of recombinant proteins and severe dose-limiting toxicities. In this study, we exploited local immunotherapy by intratumoral administration of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding cytokines IL-12, IL-7, and IFN-α. The cytokine mRNA cocktail induced tumor regression in multiple syngeneic mouse models and anti-tumor immune memory in one syngeneic mouse model. Additionally, immune checkpoint blockade further enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of the cytokine mRNAs. Furthermore, human cytokine mRNAs exhibited robust anti-tumor efficacy in humanized mouse tumor models. Mechanistically, cytokine mRNAs induced tumor microenvironment inflammation, characterized by robust T cell infiltration and significant inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production., Competing Interests: All authors are employed by the company Liverna Therapeutics Inc. The authors declare that this study received funding from Liverna Therapeutics Inc. The funder had the following involvement in the study: decision to publish., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Hu, Wang, Liu, Liu, Long, Li, Luo and Peng.)

Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, prevalent across a variety of tissues and cells and can be foundin a solubilised in peripheral blood. This paper aims at determining the role of sCD26/sDPP4 in Th17 cell polarization and airway epithelial cell to epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in asthma., Methods: Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with ovalbumin to constructed asthma mice. The CD4+ T cell, and bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) were purified from the spleens and bronchus of mice. The KRT8 expression in BECs were identified by immunofluorescence (IF). Th17 cells were differentiated from a CD4+ T cell. Flow cytometry was usewd to identify and calculate the Th17 and Treg cells. Mice woth asthma were treated by DPP4 overexpressing lentivirus or DPP4 inhibitor. Histopathological modifications were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and Masson staining. The total number of leucocytes was detected using a hemocytometer. For detection, quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting (WB), and IF were used to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to analyze the DPP4, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17 levels., Results: The findings suggest that sCD26/sDPP4 promote CD4+ T cells differentiation into Th17 cells in a depending on the applied dose. sCD26/sDPP4 up-regulated the expression of α-SMA and down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin in TGF-β1-induced mouse BECs, which was reversed by DPP4 inhibitor. Co-culture induced a synergic effect between Th17 cells and sCD26/sDPP4 on the formation of airway EMT in BECs. Furthermore, DPP4 inhibitor prevented lung-bronchial inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion, goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition in asthma mice. Meanwhile, DPP4 inhibitor decreased the levels of DPP4, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17 and increased the total number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthma mice. In addition, DPP4 inhibitor also inhibited airway EMT and Th17 cell polarization in asthma mice., Conclusions: The results in this paper show that up-regulation of DPP4 enabled airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthmatic mice by modulating the Th17/IL-17 axis and accelerating the airway EMT, which isa therapeutic target in asthma., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Klebsiella oxytoca complex comprises nine closely related species causing human infections. We curated genomes labeled Klebsiella ( n  = 14,256) in GenBank and identified 588 belonging to the complex, which were examined for precise species, sequence types, K- and O-antigen types, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. The complex and Klebsiella pneumoniae share many K- and O-antigen types. Of the complex, K. oxytoca and Klebsiella michiganensis appear to carry more virulence genes and be more commonly associated with human infections.

Klebsiella oxytoca is actually a complex of nine species-Klebsiella grimontii, Klebsiella huaxiensis, Klebsiella michiganensis, K. oxytoca, Klebsiella pasteurii, Klebsiella spallanzanii, and three unnamed novel species. Phenotypic tests can assign isolates to the complex, but precise species identification requires genome-based analysis. The K. oxytoca complex is a human commensal but also an opportunistic pathogen causing various infections, such as antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC), urinary tract infection, and bacteremia, and has caused outbreaks. Production of the cytotoxins tilivalline and tilimycin lead to AAHC, while many virulence factors seen in Klebsiella pneumoniae, such as capsular polysaccharides and fimbriae, have been found in the complex; however, their association with pathogenicity remains unclear. Among the 5,724 K. oxytoca clinical isolates in the SENTRY surveillance system, the rates of nonsusceptibility to carbapenems, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, and tigecycline were 1.8%, 12.5%, 7.1%, 0.8%, and 0.1%, respectively. Resistance to carbapenems is increasing alarmingly. In addition to the intrinsic bla OXY , many genes encoding β-lactamases with varying spectra of hydrolysis, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases, such as a few CTX-M variants and several TEM and SHV variants, have been found. bla KPC-2 is the most common carbapenemase gene found in the complex and is mainly seen on IncN or IncF plasmids. Due to the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance and the carriage of multiple virulence genes, the K. oxytoca complex has the potential to become a major threat to human health.

Colonoscopy is an effective tool for early screening of colorectal diseases. However, the application of colonoscopy in distinguishing different intestinal diseases still faces great challenges of efficiency and accuracy. Here we constructed and evaluated a deep convolution neural network (CNN) model based on 117 055 images from 16 004 individuals, which achieved a high accuracy of 0.933 in the validation dataset in identifying patients with polyp, colitis, colorectal cancer (CRC) from normal. The proposed approach was further validated on multi-center real-time colonoscopy videos and images, which achieved accurate diagnostic performance on detecting colorectal diseases with high accuracy and precision to generalize across external validation datasets. The diagnostic performance of the model was further compared to the skilled endoscopists and the novices. In addition, our model has potential in diagnosis of adenomatous polyp and hyperplastic polyp with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.975. Our proposed CNN models have potential in assisting clinicians in making clinical decisions with efficiency during application., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the West China School of Medicine & West China Hospital of Sichuan University.)

A carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate was recovered from human blood. Its whole-genome sequence was obtained using Illumina and long-read MinION sequencing. The strain belongs to sequence type 273 (ST273), which was found recently and caused an outbreak in Southeast Asia. It has two carbapenemase genes, bla NDM-1 (carried by an ST7 IncN self-transmissible plasmid) and bla IMP-4 (located on a self-transmissible IncHI5 plasmid). Non-KPC-producing ST237 may represent a lineage of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae , which warrants further monitoring., (Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.)

This comparative study aims to identify a biocompatible and effective crosslinker for preparing gelatin sponges. Glutaraldehyde (GTA), genipin (GP), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), and microbial transglutaminase (mTG) were used as crosslinking agents. The physical properties of the prepared samples were characterized, and material degradation was studied in vitro with various proteases and in vivo through subcutaneous implantation of the sponges in rats. Adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were cultured and inoculated onto the scaffolds to compare the cellular biocompatibility of the sponges. Cellular seeding efficiency and digestion time of the sponges were also evaluated. Cellular viability and proliferation in scaffolds were analyzed by fluorescence staining and MTT assay. All the samples exhibited high porosity, good swelling ratio, and hydrolysis properties; however, material strength, hydrolysis, and enzymolytic properties varied among the samples. GTA-sponge and GP-sponge possessed high compressive moduli, and EDC-sponge exhibited fast degradation performance. GTA and GP sponge implants exerted strong in vivo rejections, and the former showed poor cell growth. mTG-sponge exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, with good porosity, compressive modulus, anti-degradation ability, and good biocompatibility. Hence, mTG-sponge can be used as a scaffold material for tissue engineering applications.

Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) was used as a crosslinking agent in the preparation of gelatin sponges. The physical properties of the materials were evaluated by measuring their material porosity, water absorption, and elastic modulus. The stability of the sponges were assessed via hydrolysis and enzymolysis. To study the material degradation in vivo , subcutaneous implantations of sponges were performed on rats for 1-3 months, and the implanted sponges were analyzed. To evaluate the cell compatibility of the mTG crosslinked gelatin sponges (mTG sponges), adipose-derived stromal stem cells were cultured and inoculated into the scaffold. Cell proliferation and viability were measured using alamarBlue assay and LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining, respectively. Cell adhesion on the sponges was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that mTG sponges have uniform pore size, high porosity and water absorption, and good mechanical properties. In subcutaneous implantation, the material was partially degraded in the first month and completely absorbed in the third month. Cell experiments showed evident cell proliferation and high viability. Results also showed that the cells grew vigorously and adhered tightly to the sponge. In conclusion, mTG sponge has good biocompatibility and can be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Gelatin hydrogel crosslinked by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) exhibits excellent performance in cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. We examined the gelation time and gel strength of gelatin/mTG hydrogels in various proportions to investigate their physical properties and tested their degradation performances in vitro . Cell morphology and viability of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) cultured on the 2D gel surface or in 3D hydrogel encapsulation were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation was tested via Alamar Blue assay. To investigate the hydrogel effect on cell differentiation, the cardiac-specific gene expression levelsof Nkx2.5, Myh6, Gja1, and Mef2c in encapsulated ADSCs with or without cardiac induction medium were detected by real-time RT-PCR. Cell release from the encapsulated status and cell migration in a 3D hydrogel model were assessed in vitro . Results show that the gelatin/mTG hydrogels are not cytotoxic and that their mechanical properties are adjustable. Hydrogel degradation is related to gel concentration and the resident cells. Cell growth morphology and proliferative capability in both 2D and 3D cultures were mainly affected by gel concentration. PCR result shows that hydrogel modulus together with induction medium affects the cardiac differentiation of ADSCs. The cell migration experiment and subcutaneous implantation show that the hydrogels are suitable for cell delivery., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.