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This paper explores the historical and geological background of the refectory of the Manzana Jesuítica in the city of Córdoba (Argentina), as a basis for characterising some of the building materials used in it. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the raw materials, labour, and production methods employed by the Jesuits in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. To this end, six fragments containing brick, render, and paint layers were studied by X-ray diffraction and using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Our results show that the ceramics differed solely in terms of their firing temperature, while the mortars were either air lime- or gypsum-based. The paints, mainly lime-based with clays, have similar mineralogical compositions, with some differences in colour due to the presence of goethite. This study demonstrates that the Jesuits, through their strategically situated settlements in the province of Córdoba, developed an economic system for the extraction and transport of raw materials, centred around the use of local resources. This, combined with construction techniques imported from Spain and adapted to local circumstances, was a sign of the adaptability of the Jesuit Order and their lasting influence on the region. Understanding the materials and techniques used by the Jesuits provides valuable insight into the methods of construction employed in historical buildings, offering key perspectives for their conservation. Moreover, it highlights the significance of local resource management in the longevity and preservation of these architectural works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates rural mobility in the Global South using a participatory GIS approach to address the lack of mobility data that hampers sustainable planning to support rural development and resilience. Limited rural mobility due to poor infrastructure and financial constraints hinders social and economic activities, impeding development. The study aims to explore the socio-economic impacts of limited mobility, identify software needs for data-scarce environments, and map daily mobility patterns. Fieldwork was conducted in Kenya (2022) and Nepal (2023), collecting geographic data related to mobility. The methodology included community engagement and digital mapping using the QField app for precise data collection. The study highlights the use of participatory GIS to fill data gaps, enabling more accurate mobility assessments. Community engagement revealed gender-specific mobility patterns, with women facing particular challenges in daily activities. The study emphasizes the need for adaptable data models to reflect community-specific mobility needs and the integration of qualitative insights to propose effective and sustainable mobility solutions. This research contributes to understanding rural mobility in the Global South and demonstrates the effectiveness of participatory GIS in overcoming data scarcity and enhancing mobility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is vital to Bangladesh's economy, employing over three million women and being the top foreign exchange earner. However, it severely impacts the environment because of untreated wastewater discharge. High treatment costs, reliant on expensive imported chemicals, worsen the issue. The Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) 2023 of Bangladesh requires textile wastewater discharge to have a colour of less than 150 Pt‐Co, which current systems struggle to meet affordably. A pilot project tested a sustainable solution using chemical oxidation with calcium hypochlorite and sand filtration with blast furnace iron slag. This method effectively removed colour, and the treated water showed total dissolved solids (TDS) levels of 157 ± 4 mg/L, total suspended solids (TSS) levels of 8 ± 2 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of 9 ± 3 mg/L, with reductions of 92%, 87% and 94%, respectively, making it a viable solution for resource‐limited economies. Highlights: The research utilized calcium hypochlorite and iron slag to treat textile wastewater, which reduces reliance on costly imported chemicals and energy‐intensive systems.The treatment process effectively addresses the ECR 2023, which requires textile wastewater discharge to have a colour of less than 150 Pt‐Co.The pilot‐scale plant demonstrated average removal efficiencies of 92% for TDS, 87% for TSS and 94% for COD and achieved complete colour removal.The tertiary treated water meets the standards of ECR 2023 producing water, which can be reused in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed an explanatory sequential design to investigate the implementation of the parent teaching program and its impact at an elementary school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was conducted in two stages: distributing and analyzing questionnaires to 76 students in the first stage and interviewing teachers and parents in the second stage. Data analysis employed basic statistics for quantitative analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative aspects. The results indicate that the parent teaching program at this school commences with the program's planning stage, during which teachers directly involve parents in meetings. The program is implemented after final exams or a week before the school holidays. It has a positive impact on the development of students' soft skills. Following the program's implementation, students demonstrated increased teamwork, communication, and creativity activities. Additionally, the program boosted students' self-confidence and critical thinking skills, which could benefit them in the future. It can be concluded that this program represents an innovative approach to enhancing students' soft skills by making use of local resources.

By the end of the 19th century, shifts in forest property rights and associated forest uses by rural communities in Europe had affected both rural livelihood conditions and ecological functioning of forests. This was the case in the Landes of Gascony in France and Western Galicia in Poland—two European regions that became major international suppliers of forest products in the second half of the 19th century. In this context, we developed an original approach inspired by socio-ecological metabolism studies. We investigated how ecological resources could meet the social needs of rural livelihoods by constructing a new dataset. This dataset includes livestock requirements for feed and bedding, as well as the local resources available to meet these requirements over the 1875–1910 period. This approach allowed us to highlight that in the Landes of Gascony, forest litter played only a minor role in rural livelihood conditions. Quite the contrary, the expansion of forest area occurred to the detriment of moorland, which was actually the main resource for livestock breeding. By contrast, in Western Galicia, forest litter played a slightly secondary yet meaningful role, as the absence of forest litter would have further intensified the already severe pressure on local rural livelihood resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madagascar's seagrass meadows are among the least-studied ecosystems in the western Indian Ocean region. To facilitate sustainable management, understanding the traditional uses of seagrass areas in relation to current management policies is necessary. This study assessed the uses of, and policies relevant to, seagrass ecosystems off southwestern Madagascar. We interviewed 131 community members in five coastal villages around the Bay of Ranobe in Toliara Province. Answers to the survey revealed a good level of awareness of seagrass, though 55% of respondents perceived the status of the seagrass areas as deteriorating. Opinions varied on the source or degree of threats to seagrass, but 74.8% of respondents suggested destructive fishing methods or other factors, including natural phenomena and animal grazing. The responses highlight that seagrass meadows serve as areas important for fishing, seaweed cultivation or sea cucumber farming, and the passage of boat/pirogue transportation. There are currently no tangible policies that directly protect or manage the seagrass areas regarding these activities, although some national regulations and local management initiatives are indirectly relevant, notably no-take zones and the local-level codes known as Dina. Development and implementation of a national management plan for seagrass ecosystems is a key gap. This demands the collection of scientific data to support decision-making to ensure long-term provision of the services provided by seagrass meadows. The involvement of coastal communities in the management of seagrass ecosystems will be necessary for the success of any new policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sociohistorical construction of the maize-tlacoyo agri-food chain (MTAC) is based on the preparation of a food of pre-Hispanic origin and is representative of a process of social innovation led by the community itself. During the production and marketing phase, the MTAC is operated by farmers, becoming an important strategy for generating employment and income based on their own resources, including land, maize crops, work and knowledge concerning the preparation of tlacoyos, where the participation and work of women is critical. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize and classify the Domestic Units (DU) that participate in the MTAC based on the availability of local resources. The study was carried out in a town in the central highlands of Mexico, and was construed as an exploratory and analytical case study; for this, field trips, bibliographic and documentary review were carried out and 56 DUs were interviewed. Results indicate that the factors that influence whether DUs become inserted into the maize-tlacoyo agri-food chain are: land ownership, family labor, production of inputs, knowledge and salaried work. Likewise, it is evident that DUs make exclusive use of local resources when participating in the MTAC, granting them their autonomy, consolidation and permanence. Pluriactivity was also identified as a component among the system of strategies that they employ for their social and economic reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing Village Development Model Through Local Resources to Alleviate Poverty in Benjeng Village, Gresik Regency. This research aims to test and analyze the Marketing Village Development Model through Local Resources to Alleviate Poverty in Benjeng Gresik Village. The sample in the research was 15 correspondents who were related to local resources. The sampling method used in this research was to take respondents who were interested in developing existing resources in Benjeng Gresik Village. The data collection method was carried out by distributing interviews to correspondents related to the research, namely respondents in Benjeng Village, Gresik Regency. The data analysis technique is PLC. strategy analysis. The research results from this research activity provide positive results in increasing contributions to improving the economy through developing marketing villages and local resources that can improve the welfare of the people of Benjeng Village, Gresik Regency.

The artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sector largely relies on mercury in gold processing, posing potential environmental contamination, health issues, and land degradation. In the villages of Tatelu and Talawaan, ASGM operations, guided by local knowledge and resources, have transitioned to using cyanide leaching for gold processing sustainably. These operations utilize andesitic stones from river deposits as grinding media in the grinding process. However, the cyanide leaching results were not optimal, with a gold recovery below 60%. This leaves significant amounts of gold in the waste, necessitating further processing and the incomplete treatment of free cyanide waste. The suboptimal gold recovery in cyanide leaching is attributed to the inadequate grain size liberation during grinding. This study optimized grinding by comparing andesitic stone grinding media with steel balls and rods. The findings indicate that to achieve a grain size of 75% passing 74 um, grinding with andesitic stones takes 4 hours, while steel rods and balls take 3 hours. For a grain size of 75% passing 44 um, grinding with andesitic stones, steel balls, and rods requires 6 hours. With more precise process parameters, locally available andesitic stones can be an effective grinding medium to optimize gold recovery. In line with optimizing gold recovery, this will enhance ASGM's revenue, encouraging the adoption of waste management practices to alleviate environmental impact, health risks, and land degradation. This aligns with the promotion of sustainable practices within the ASGM sector.

This study aimed to analyze the farmers' willingness in adopting local feed innovation and to analyze its background factors. This study involved 106 cattle farmers who lived in Arjowilangun and Kucur villages of Malang Regency, East Java. Data were collected from respondents through personal interviews with structured questionnaires. This study also used descriptive statistical analysis and Probit regression as the methods. The research results showed that most of the farmers were willing to partially adopt local feed innovation. Social and economic factors that statistically gave significant influence on the farmers' willingness in adopting the local feed innovation are age, the number of cattle, cattle agribusiness type, membership in a farmer's group, and the perception towards the cattle farming conditions. Age and the number of cattle negatively affect the farmers' willingness while membership in a farmer's group and perception towards the cattle farming conditions has a positive effect on the farmers' willingness in adopting local feed innovation. Farmers who are running the cattle fattening business have larger probabilities to reject the local feed innovation. Furthermore, optimizing coaching and assisting activities through the farmer's group can be an effective way to increase the farmers' willingness to entirely adopt the local feed innovations.

The artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sector largely relies on mercury in gold processing, posing potential environmental contamination, health issues, and land degradation. In the villages of Tatelu and Talawaan, ASGM operations, guided by local knowledge and resources, have transitioned to using cyanide leaching for gold processing sustainably. These operations utilize andesitic stones from river deposits as grinding media in the grinding process. However, the cyanide leaching results were not optimal, with a gold recovery below 60%. This leaves significant amounts of gold in the waste, necessitating further processing and the incomplete treatment of free cyanide waste. The suboptimal gold recovery in cyanide leaching is attributed to the inadequate grain size liberation during grinding. This study optimized grinding by comparing andesitic stone grinding media with steel balls and rods. The findings indicate that to achieve a grain size of 75% passing 74 µm, grinding with andesitic stones takes 4 hours, while steel rods and balls take 3 hours. For a grain size of 75% passing 44 µm, grinding with andesitic stones, steel balls, and rods requires 6 hours. With more precise process parameters, locally available andesitic stones can be an effective grinding medium to optimize gold recovery. In line with optimizing gold recovery, this will enhance ASGM's revenue, encouraging the adoption of waste management practices to alleviate environmental impact, health risks, and land degradation. This aligns with the promotion of sustainable practices within the ASGM sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), developing countries with limited resources face significant hurdles. Traditional top-down approaches, spearheaded by governments, often entail lengthy planning periods and substantial costs to reach underserved communities. This paper proposes a bottom-up, cost-effective, and preventive approach aimed at empowering local human resources and using advanced technology. We call it the Micro Healthcare Entrepreneurship (MHE) model. The MHE model comprises four primary components: (1) utilization of local human resources, (2) disruptive healthcare technology, (3) continuous training, and (4) available funds. Extensive testing of the digital health and social business elements across diverse contexts underscores their efficacy. Furthermore, the viability of social business funds has been established. To solicit feedback and refine the MHE concept, three workshops, conducted in phases, engaged 60 community healthcare service providers. This paper elucidates both the potential advantages and the challenges inherent in implementing the MHE model. By shifting the paradigm toward grassroots empowerment and leveraging existing community assets, this approach offers promise in advancing healthcare accessibility and sustainability in resource-constrained settings to achieve UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify factors that promote the functioning of general disability service centres in utilizing local resources and community participation. Method: This study selected representatives from 13 general disability service centres in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. These representatives were sourced from local governmental organizations, disability organizations, and hospitals, totalling 63 participants. They included local government, community representatives, persons with disabilities, and caregivers. Data was collected through document analysis, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Results: The study found 7 factors related to the operation of general disability service centres that incorporate the concepts and practices of CBR. These factors are 1) Project manager or person in charge of the general disability service centres. 2) The proportion of community representatives in the management committee. 3) Networking within and outside the community. 4) Effective utilization of local resources. 5) Development of vocational knowledge and skills. 6) Efficient database management. 7) Public relations and communication with society. Conclusions: General disability service centres can emerge and operate based on the community's efforts to rehabilitate the abilities of persons with disabilities. Community engagement is crucial in utilizing local resources to enhance the effectiveness of these centres. Therefore, policies and guidelines supporting factors related to this should be established to improve the operational efficiency of general disability service centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving food security and sustainable livelihood of smallholder farmers is a critical concern in many of the developing countries including in India. While organic farming is often projected as a one of the potential ways to promote socio-economic well-being of the smallholders in global south, there is a lack of clarity on how it has benefited the smallholders in India (a country with highest number of organic farmers), especially in securing their livelihoods and meeting their food and nutrition requirements. Given that India is one of the leading countries in the global organic movement, we seek to take stock of the developments so far in the Indian organic farming sector with an emphasis on the smallholders. We perform a systematic review of the studies of the past two decades in India using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. We found 26 empirical studies suitable to critically appraise organic farming with smallholder farmers' food security and livelihoods as our focus. The findings of the review suggest that organic farming has helped several smallholders to earn a better income due to reduced input costs and better market price, although such outcomes are conditioned to availability of markets for organic products. Organic farming has also helped the smallholding households attain their food and nutrition requirements provided the farmers use efficient farm management practices and achieve yields comparable to that of conventional farming. However, the extent to which the smallholders are benefitted from the adoption of organic farming and the growing organic market is still arguable owed to numerous constraints (e.g., high labor cost, labor scarcities, lower yield from organic farming, inadequate marketing infrastructure, and financial barriers specific to the smallholders). Nevertheless, the systematic review offers a critical appraisal of the organic farming movement in India so far, especially by addressing food security and livelihood concerns of the smallholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnauba bagana (CB) and carbonized rice husk (CRH) have interesting chemical and physical properties for the production of seedlings and cultivation of Chile pepper. The objective was to evaluate the production of seedlings and the production of Chile pepper fruits in substrates based on CB and CRH. The experiment was carried out in a nursery with 50% shade, in a completely randomized design with five treatments, with five replications. biometric parameters were measured before and after transplanting the seedlings. Production parameters were measured at harvest. Analysis of variance was performed and data were explored using regression analysis. The substrates significantly influenced all variables studied. It was observed that CB and CRH positively influenced biometric and productivity parameters. 61.5% CB + 38.5% CRH is recommended to obtain a greater number of fruits and greater weight of Chile pepper fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of the asset-based community development (ABCD) approach, thus, local resources, asset mobilization, and citizens' participation on rural poverty alleviation in the northern part of Ghana by employing the moderating role of government policies. A total of five hundred fifty (550) questionnaires were administered in three (3) regions of the northern part of Ghana (Upper West, Upper East, and Northern); however, five hundred twenty-two (522) accurately filled responses were retrieved and used for the analysis. More robust structural equation modeling techniques are used to uncover accurate and reliable results. The results prove that local resources, asset mobilization, and citizen participation boost rural poverty alleviation. Also, the moderation role of government policies between asset mobilization and rural poverty alleviation is positive and significant. However, the moderation role of government policies on local resources and rural poverty alleviation nexus, and citizens' participation and rural poverty alleviation nexus are statistically insignificant. Based on the study's findings, policy recommendations applicable in Ghana and other developing regions have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978, as a young architect with a keen interest in photography, I embarked on a journey of more than three months by car that took me from the Ivory Coast to Morocco. With the aim of rediscovering cultures and traditional architecture in the Sahel and North Africa, this experience raised important questions: how did entire peoples manage to live in harmony with nature before culture was technologized? What lessons can we learn from the way traditional settlements were formed over generations with minimal impact on ecosystems? What design concepts should architects employ to make buildings consume less energy and resources? In short, how can architecture become sustainable?

Agricultural production activities generate a large amount of waste, most of which is of organic origin from plant remains. These residues could easily be transformed into a resource, specifically, into a substrate for use in soilless cultivation; however, in most cases, they are not used. Therefore, a characterization of local agricultural residues was carried out to determine their use as a substrate for crop cultivation without soil in a protected environment. The selected substrates were Sphagnum peat, coir fiber, and compost, which were managed alone or in mixtures of 50/50, 75/25, or 25/75% v/v ratios. We also included a mixture of virgin mountain soil and earthworm humus (known as INIA mixture) because it is used by local growers. The results showed that the substrates based on coir fiber, peat, and mixtures of both presented suitable characteristics for horticultural crops. On the contrary, compost-based substrates had high pH values and low organic matter contents that could be improved before use. The relationship found between the evaluated parameters of each substrate allowed us to establish that variables, such as the content of organic matter and water at different tensions and particle sizes, can be utilized to make a quick selection of the substrates produced locally, which would lead to the use of waste in a way that is more consistent with sustainable agricultural production and minimal environmental impact, by being used in the production of crops in containers without soil. In addition, these results can be used as an alternative reference in localities where these residues are easily available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) publishes several academic and professional publications, including Heritage at Risk World Reports. These reports examine heritage properties at risk globally, showing the trends and sharing recommendations. The role of local communities (LCs) and local resources (LRs) in safeguarding built heritage in periods following conflict has been highlighted by academics and international organisations. However, there are few research studies examining the indicators of the roles of LCs and LRs, which can depict the priorities in such circumstances. A systematic review (analysis) of this ICOMOS publication in a post-conflict context has yet to be undertaken. This method is utilised to identify key indicators of both elements in the context of post-conflict safeguarding of built heritage. The systematic review using content analysis and keyword frequency classified 69 post-conflict cases (countries) and identified significant LC and LR indicators. The findings reveal that the community's awareness of built heritage and the availability of local experts are the most significant indicators for the LC and LRs, respectively. Both the LC and LR roles have a strong correlation in periods following conflicts. In addition, within the ICOMOS reports, results show a growing emphasis on post-conflict situations since the first volume. This study contributes to providing a shared vision regarding the roles that LCs and LRs can play in safeguarding built heritage following conflicts. Through analysing related policy documents, future research could investigate a policy-led perspective for safeguarding built heritage following conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to demonstrate the significance of religious tourism and its impact on both the economy and socio-culture. Religious tourism provides a sacred and spiritual environment that has the potential to shape the motivational state of individuals searching for cultural and religious landmarks and destinations to support their spiritual well-being. Hence, it is imperative to maintain close relationships between religion, culture, and tourism as they play a crucial role in promoting spirituality and human development, particularly in the context of globalization and sustainable economic development. In the latter part of the paper, research was conducted to formulate strategies aimed at the development of religious tourism in the northeast region of Romania, which is an economically underprivileged area with significant untapped tourist potential. The findings suggest that via improvements in infrastructure, the creation of a favorable business environment, enhanced promotion, development of accommodation facilities, and improvement in services, the area can achieve a higher quality of life and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars now see border areas to have a srategic value. They are no longer seen as the backyard of a country but the front yard that must be seen well developed. Therefore border communities must be empowered to be independent from neighboring countries. These include efforts to increase these independence through community empowerment. Community empowerment can increase the independence and welfare of the community through increasing knowledge, attitudes/behaviors, skills, abilities, awareness, and utilization of resources. Through the process, it is expected that human resources capacity will increase in food security. How the efforts to empower border communities adopt local resources, instead of a top down approach, however needs forther exploration. This research aims to asses the effects of human and natural capitals in formulating local resources-based Community empowerment model in the sector of food security. This research was conducted in the North Sebatik district, Nunukan regency with 65 sample of farmers selected through simple random sampling techniques. Primary and secondary data were collected through field observations, direct interviews, questionnaire distribution, and information obtained from official government agencies. This research uses human capital, nature capital, and social capital as dependent variables, and community empowerment and food security as independent variables. The analysis method applied Partial Least Square (PLS) by using software WarpPLS 5.0. The results of the research showed that human capital must go through an empowerment process to increase human quality. Natural capital must also go through an empowerment process, as human quality without supported nature resources cannot improve capacity to achieve food security. Social capital must also go through an empowerment process. Community empowerment has an impact on food security, as it can manage existing resources to create and improve household income through locally-based agricultural activities to achieve food security

Regional development is very much conditioned by the quality and quantity of internal resources, as well as the level of use that is or can be made of these. Local resources are often features, factors and phenomena in a defined territory that are unique in some way, of social or economic utility, and in a position to help steer development opportunities. They (can) play a particular role in regions whose development has remained weak, and in peripheral areas, given the possibility of them becoming major factors behind growth, if only they can be activated in an appropriate way. Against that background, the main aim of the work detailed here has been to conduct a structural reconnaissance of a given set of local resources and then to have these evaluated in the context of the potential development of new local products. As they capitalise on features of a multiplicity of local resources, the products referred to here may manifest a higher level of development potential. Consecutive parts of this study thus offer a conceptualisation of how such a new local product may be constructed, along with a specific diagnosis of the resources that can be involved, as these are manifested in the Lubelskie Voivodeship, located in SE Poland. Concrete proposals for local products are then made, in order to further illustrate the concept.

Despite having one of the fastest rates of wind power growth in Europe, offshore wind power development in Spain has been relatively slow. One of the factors affecting its deployment is strong local opposition. In this paper, we explore the main factors affecting local perceptions of offshore wind farms in the coastal regions of Southern Spain. We also compare local opinions of on-land and offshore farms, their impacts on local landscapes/seascapes, and their compatibility with local practices and values. To this end, a multi-phase research approach was applied, based on several stages of data collection and analysis and on surveys conducted between 2012 and 2022. Our study shows that the conflicts surrounding offshore wind farms are linked to the perception of the sea and the wind as important local resources and the perceived right of the coastal region to use these resources to generate wealth for their communities. The coastal communities’ values, perceptions, and practices regarding the sea have a fundamental influence on their opinions. Our research indicates that local people are more likely to accept offshore wind farms if they provide socioeconomic benefits for their communities and if joint use of marine resources can be guaranteed.

To respond to the ongoing cultural, environmental and economic changes, the contribution investigates how sustainable development always refers to the context. It demonstrates how the multidimensional interpretation of resources might lead to sustainable design actions. The article presents a research project aimed at an original mapping of the presence and use of material resources in local supply chains, in order to rethink their sustainable use through design interventions. According to the definition of "contextual attributes" as a filter of knowledge related to the technical, expressive and cultural aspects that a material brings with it as a resource of a specific context, the research objective is to develop a tool for designers that can help to outline criteria for the knowledge, valorisation and sustainable use of materials by recognising their attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though it is a global phenomenon, migration results in a variety of local outcomes. Depending on migrants' specific arrival contexts, countries of origin and migration motives, they are channelled into different categories. As a result, they encounter unequal access to different domains at the local level. This paper analyses how young migrants in vulnerable conditions are able to access and use local or localised resources and to what extend these resources enable them to overcome structural barriers over time. Our analysis builds on empirical findings from a case study in Dortmund, Germany, conducted through the EU-funded MIMY project. Drawing on narrative interviews with young refugees (aged 18–29), it highlights three specific cases where temporal and spatial factors shape individual integration pathways. The narratives highlight the barriers encountered by young refugees, most of which are related to migrant policy categories implemented at national or supra-national levels. In the arrival context, the young migrants are able—to varying degrees—to mobilise localised resources helping them overcome (at least partially) such mainly structural barriers. Focusing on the emergence and evolution of local integration landscapes thus reveals the importance of time and the difference time makes in terms of the availability of resources and legal frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of traditional habitats aims to recognise their values and preserve them within the necessary transformations of societies. In the context of Burkina Faso, the great variety of issues related to habitat together with the cultural richness of the country, resulted in a complex nucleus of knowledge, the unity of which had not been fully considered. With the objective of providing an integrated overview and identifying thematic trends of current relevance, the literature review involved the collection, comparison, and synthesis of works of different origin, scale, discipline, theme, and intention. As well as offering an orderly compilation, the analysis traces the history of the existing literature, revealing how its evolution mirrored the progress in vernacular architecture studies in international terms and adopted an increasingly practical approach. Furthermore, the review demonstrates the widespread academic and institutional interest in linking the development of the country to its cultural heritage, and the valuable documentation work resulting from this interest. Finally, a reflection is raised on the evolution of knowledge, its aspirations, potential impact, and usefulness, which could be of use also in other contexts.

Many scholars now see border areas to have a srategic value. They are no longer seen as the backyard of a country but the front yard that must be seen well developed. Therefore border communities must be empowered to be independent from neighboring countries. These include efforts to increase these independence through community empowerment. Community empowerment can increase the independence and welfare of the community through increasing knowledge, attitudes/behaviors, skills, abilities, awareness, and utilization of resources. Through the process, it is expected that human resources capacity will increase in food security. How the efforts to empower border communities adopt local resources, instead of a top down approach, however needs forther exploration. This research aims to asses the effects of human and natural capitals in formulating local resources-based Community empowerment model in the sector of food security. This research was conducted in the North Sebatik district, Nunukan regency with 65 sample of farmers selected through simple random sampling techniques. Primary and secondary data were collected through field observations, direct interviews, questionnaire distribution, and information obtained from official government agencies. This research uses human capital, nature capital, and social capital as dependent variables, and community empowerment and food security as independent variables. The analysis method applied Partial Least Square (PLS) by using software WarpPLS 5.0. The results of the research showed that human capital must go through an empowerment process to increase human quality. Natural capital must also go through an empowerment process, as human quality without supported nature resources cannot improve capacity to achieve food security. Social capital must also go through an empowerment process. Community empowerment has an impact on food security, as it can manage existing resources to create and improve household income through locally-based agricultural activities to achieve food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextual diversity in early childhood development present challenges and opportunities for holistic child development. This study explored home and parental factors associated with early childhood developmental outcomes in rural communities. Using purposive sampling, 175 families with children aged 0–8 (87 girls and 88 boys) were recruited to participate in the study. Parents responded to home and parenting measures assessing early developmental supports at home. Child developmental outcomes (cognition, alphabet knowledge, receptive language, pattern reasoning, attention, and fine motor skills) for 58 children were assessed. Correlations showed positive associations of home and parent measures with child outcomes except socioeconomic status and receptive language. This study highlights presence of nurturance care and stimulatory behaviors in rural communities that reflect variations in child outcomes. Based on findings, it was recommended that parent empowering programs be embedded in practices of childcare that incorporate local knowledge and materials including ways they foster different aspects of early developmental skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, the Indonesian government will designate the East Kalimantan Sepaku region as the transfer area for the National Capital based on geographical, demographic and sociocultural considerations. In this area lives the Paser community as an original community that has inhabited the location for hundreds of years. The process of relocating the National Capital made the 1,500 inhabitants of the Paser population experience patterns of subalternity relations originating from the state, companies, transmigrants, and the dominant culture which has implications for violations of basic rights. Because of this, the Paser ethnic group tries to carry out emancipation actions within the framework of a pattern of socially just relations. This study aims to gather information about the local resources used by the Paser community in promoting emancipation. The research method uses a qualitative approach with participatory techniques that are practised through social dialogue and community assistance. The results of the study found that local resources that could be extracted as tools for the struggle for emancipation were history, local economic power, local knowledge, and the arts local potential that needed to be developed was political potential and social networks. It is suggested that the Paser community can package these local resources as a key advocacy strategy for empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied methods and materials to support regional planning vary; planners update their analytical frameworks based on the newly available data. Development goals, priorities and strategies need to be based on available (local) resources, which are identified as either comparative advantages or uniform development goals at a certain planning level. This paper presents a novel analytical framework for the Rural Development Programme of the South Transdanubian Region (Hungary) for the period of 2021-2027. Descriptive, cross tabulations and indicators of spatial autocorrelation were applied to the number of projects supported under the Rural Development sub-measures in 2014-2020. Large variation was observed in the LEADER development areas, and we confirmed that the pull effect of the regional centres is unclear. The results warn on the location-determined peripheries in the region. Agriculture oriented, even small settlements are better acceptors of rural development funds than other clusters of resource availability.

Pandeglang regency has a very potential mining material in the form of Ilmenite rock with high levels of Titanium content of up to 20 percent. The purpose of this study was to determine the microscopic appearance of rocks including the elements, structures, mineral compositions of the rock, and types of minerals as a first step to be able to explore titanium minerals to increase local income, especially in the Pandeglang district. In this study, the analysis of ilmenite rock minerals rich in titanium has been carried out by several testing methods. By elemental analysis using XRF and SEM-EDS, ilmenite rock contains dominant elements consisting of iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and silicon (Si), with minor elements which contains less than 1% by weight of approximately 14 elements. The results of the petrographic analysis and the phenocrysts hardness show that ilmenite rock consisted of ilmenite, calcite, quartz, and hematite. Analysis using the X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) shows that the ilmenite rock consists of the ilmenite (FeTiO3) mineral phase of 43.78%, the calcite mineral phase (CaCO3) of 39.53%, the quartz mineral phase (SiO2) of 13.83%, and the mineral hematite phase (Fe2O3) of 2.86%. The extraction results from ilmenite rock using the hydrometallurgical method produce TiO2 Anatase phase raw material with a purity level of 99.3%. It is concluded that this study has succeeded in understanding the identification and analysis of the composition of ilmenite stones from Pandeglang, Indonesia.

Simple Summary: Reutilization of olive oil by-products in animal feeding could be considered an alternative for attenuating the environmental problems derived from their cumulation. Olive pulp along with other olive oil by-products are characterized by high fiber and bioactive compounds content, which can be interesting in feeding pregnant sows. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of olive pulp inclusion in Iberian sow's diet on performance, immunoglobulin levels and serum parameters, antioxidant capacity, and fecal microbiota. The experience showed a positive effect of olive pulp inclusion on the sow's fecal bacterial counts and antioxidant status, but no effects were found on the rest of the parameters studied. These results are promising from a nutritional point of view, as olive pulp can be considered an ingredient to include in Iberian sow's formulation program. Nonetheless, more research is needed to be able to consider olive pulp in Iberian sow's diet, especially from the sustainability aspect, since both productions coexist. Olive pulp (Olea europaea) inclusion in the diet of Iberian sows (Sus scrofa) is interesting due to fiber and bioactive compounds content and because both productions are located in the same area. The aim of this trial was to study the effect of olive pulp inclusion at 100 g/kg in Iberian sow's diet on performance, immunoglobulin and serum parameters, antioxidant status, and fecal microbiota. Forty multiparous Iberian sows (body weight (BW) = 149.6 ± 20.2 kg) were assigned either a control diet (CON) or an experimental diet (PUL) with olive pulp at 100 g/kg. The BW and backfat thickness in sows were measured at post-insemination days 42 and 107, and litter performance was measured on the farrowing day. Blood and fecal samples were collected at gestation day 107. In piglets, blood was sampled when they were 10 days old for immunoglobulin analysis. Albumin, total protein, triglyceride, creatinine, urea, glucose, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in serum were higher (p < 0.05) in PUL sows than in CON sows. The Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus spp. fecal counts were increased (p < 0.05) with olive pulp supplementation compared with the CON sow group. Olive pulp added to gestating Iberian sow's diet at 100 g/kg has beneficial effects on the fecal microbiota and antioxidant status, without penalizing other gestation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has a goal to implement entrepreneurship-based biology learning with an awareness of the sustainability of resources and the environment known as ecopreneurship. Ecopreneurship biology learning activities with local resources are expected to foster student entrepreneurial interest. Quasi-experimental method with purposive sampling technique was used in this study with tenth-grade students at senior high school involved as the subjects. Ecopreneurship biology learning is carried out through five stages (introduction, concept formation, concept integration, concept application, and product exhibition. The research instruments were questionnaire on entrepreneurial interest, observation of learning activities, and assessment of students' ecopreneur products. The findings show that the student entrepreneurial interest increases by 9.58% (low category), 76% of students are actively involved during the learning process, and the average score of ecopreneur-product making is 3.1 (good category)

This paper explores key elements of an extension approach for enhancing the sustainability and realizing the scaling-up of tree growing by smallholder farmers in rural remote areas where extension services seldom reach and access to external markets is difficult. By referring to the case in Madagascar, the paper discusses that creating a certain number of local trainers is effective because they function as a driver to promote tree growing and new livelihood activities introduced by external agents using locally available resources. One critical issue of being a local trainer is to have good communication skills in relation to fellow farmers. This issue can be addressed by sharing the importance of communication skills of local trainers in a community so that fellow farmers can facilitate local trainers’ reflection unless a farmer does not feel reliable to a local trainer. On a mid- to longer-term basis, income opportunities will become an important point of motivation for local trainers. Creating new livelihood activities that can generate income and simultaneously contribute to village development is the way to go. This will enable local trainers to maintain their motivation and thus lead to sustainable tree growing activities.

Agricultural production activities generate a large amount of waste, most of which is of organic origin from plant remains. These residues could easily be transformed into a resource, specifically, into a substrate for use in soilless cultivation; however, in most cases, they are not used. Therefore, a characterization of local agricultural residues was carried out to determine their use as a substrate for crop cultivation without soil in a protected environment. The selected substrates were Sphagnum peat, coir fiber, and compost, which were managed alone or in mixtures of 50/50, 75/25, or 25/75% v/v ratios. We also included a mixture of virgin mountain soil and earthworm humus (known as INIA mixture) because it is used by local growers. The results showed that the substrates based on coir fiber, peat, and mixtures of both presented suitable characteristics for horticultural crops. On the contrary, compost-based substrates had high pH values and low organic matter contents that could be improved before use. The relationship found between the evaluated parameters of each substrate allowed us to establish that variables, such as the content of organic matter and water at different tensions and particle sizes, can be utilized to make a quick selection of the substrates produced locally, which would lead to the use of waste in a way that is more consistent with sustainable agricultural production and minimal environmental impact, by being used in the production of crops in containers without soil. In addition, these results can be used as an alternative reference in localities where these residues are easily available.

Children in rural learning ecologies are faced with multiple vulnerabilities aggravated by a number of factors. The use of resources readily available may be helpful in managing vulnerabilities. Undergirded by complexity theory principles, this study unpacks the effectiveness of local resources in highly multiple vulnerable areas with a focus in managing multiple vulnerabilities for the wellbeing of children in rural learning ecologies. Participants to this study were purposively selected from teachers, parents and children. Data was generated from focus group discussions conducted with eight children, four parents and three teachers as participants yielded better ways on how local possessions can effectively help to manage multiple vulnerabilities. Through participatory action research, the study found out that the approach utilised and the use of local resources promotes a culture of collaborative inquiry and innovation, fostering teamwork, continuous learning and ownership of actions within a community. This qualitative study yields rich information on how different stakeholders can collectively work to manage multiple vulnerabilities to enhance child wellbeing in rural learning ecologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of traditional habitats aims to recognise their values and preserve them within the necessary transformations of societies. In the context of Burkina Faso, the great variety of issues related to habitat together with the cultural richness of the country, resulted in a complex nucleus of knowledge, the unity of which had not been fully considered. With the objective of providing an integrated overview and identifying thematic trends of current relevance, the literature review involved the collection, comparison, and synthesis of works of different origin, scale, discipline, theme, and intention. As well as offering an orderly compilation, the analysis traces the history of the existing literature, revealing how its evolution mirrored the progress in vernacular architecture studies in international terms and adopted an increasingly practical approach. Furthermore, the review demonstrates the widespread academic and institutional interest in linking the development of the country to its cultural heritage, and the valuable documentation work resulting from this interest. Finally, a reflection is raised on the evolution of knowledge, its aspirations, potential impact, and usefulness, which could be of use also in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied methods and materials to support regional planning vary; planners update their analytical frameworks based on the newly available data. Development goals, priorities and strategies need to be based on available (local) resources, which are identified as either comparative advantages or uniform development goals at a certain planning level. This paper presents a novel analytical framework for the Rural Development Programme of the South Transdanubian Region (Hungary) for the period of 2021-2027. Descriptive, cross tabulations and indicators of spatial autocorrelation were applied to the number of projects supported under the Rural Development sub-measures in 2014-2020. Large variation was observed in the LEADER development areas, and we confirmed that the pull effect of the regional centres is unclear. The results warn on the location-determined peripheries in the region. Agriculture oriented, even small settlements are better acceptors of rural development funds than other clusters of resource availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seedball technology is a simple and affordable seed-pelleting technique that uses locally available materials such as sand, loam, wood ash and seeds to enhance early crop establishment. It has been shown to be effective for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) subsistence production in Sahelian environments. The objective of this study was to optimise the seedball technology for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under greenhouse conditions. Series of pot experiments were conducted in order to identify optimal size, seed number as well as nutrient content under low- and normal-soil phosphorus availability. The identified optimal seedball formula for sorghum is: 80 g sand + 50 g loam + 25 ml water + about 20 seeds. As maximum 1.5 g NPK mineral fertiliser can be added as nutrient compound. Compared to the control treatment, seedballs significantly improved root and shoot biomass variables as well as nutrient uptake of sorghum seedlings grown for 19 days. The lower the substrate P level, the better the biomass enhancement effect of seedballs, i.e. likely caused by nutrient availability. The next step is on-farm field testing under Sahelian conditions.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is the major staple crop produced by subsistence farmers in the West African Sahel, but its panicle yield is low because of poor seedling establishment in lownutrient soils. Seedball is a cheap seed-pelleting technique that combines sand, loam, seeds and optionally wood ash or mineral fertiliser as an additive to enhance early growth of pearl millet under infertile soil conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of seedball technology on pearl millet crop establishment and panicle yield on-farm under Sahelian subsistence conditions. Over 2000 on-farm (2015-18) trials were conducted in 65 villages of the Maradi region in Niger. Conventionally sown and seedball-derived pearl millet crops were grown by using 'farmer-optimised' simple split-plot designs with three treatments: (i) farmers' practice as control; and seedballs (2.0 cm diameter, made from 80 g sand + 50 g loam + 25 mL water + 2.5 g seeds as standard recipe) that contained either (ii) 3 g wood ash or (iii) 1 g mineral fertiliser (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; NPK) as effective nutrient compounds. In 2016-18, participating farmers could opt for one of the seedball treatments. Panicle as well as stover yield data were collected and compared with respect to seedball type (wood ash vs NPK), sowing depth (shallow vs deep), sowing time (wet vs dry), weed management (complete vs partial), local soil type (texture range sand to loamy sand), cropping system (sole vs mixed), and farmer. Results showed that seedballs do not suppress seedling emergence. Seedball treatments produced fewer but longer and denser panicles. Wood ash-amended seedballs showed a higher panicle yield increase relative to their site controls than NPK-amended seedballs. However, the average panicle yield of NPK-amended seedballs was higher than that of the wood ash-amended seedballs. The treatment factors wet sowing, partial weeding, sole cropping and farmers showed higher panicle yield. The seedball technology increases pearl millet panicle yield by ~30% in the Sahel; it is simple and based on local materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the smart village concept as a new instrument for creating European Union (EU) policies on a territorial microscale. The goal was to identify the key resources that determine successful implementation of smart strategies at the lowest territorial level, using the example of a suburban area in the Holy Cross Mountains (Świętokrzyskie Mountains) in Poland. The study examined how the local community implements the smart village concept and the extent to which this concept is useful in mountain and foothill areas, where problems caused by natural conditions particularly affect local communities. The intervention took place in Świętokrzyskie province, in the suburban village of Piaseczna Górka. It was assessed through a case study during which 15 individual in-depth interviews were conducted, focusing on several smart initiatives conducted in 2015–2020. The respondents represented 3 groups of stakeholders: initiators, beneficiaries, and local government. The study enabled the key resources of smart villages—human, financial, material, and information—to be identified. Human resources were the most important for the success of the initiatives under consideration, being the driving force for the other 3 resources. Uncovering the mechanisms involved in implementing smart initiatives on a microscale is becoming especially important as a tool in solving local problems, which in mountain areas are often determined by specific natural conditions. The smart village concept is set to be a major instrument of the EU's future financial framework for 2021–2027 and is reflected in a growing number of EU and national documents, including those concerning mountain and foothill areas with varied geographic locations and diverse socioeconomic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores key elements of an extension approach for enhancing the sustainability and realizing the scaling-up of tree growing by smallholder farmers in rural remote areas where extension services seldom reach and access to external markets is difficult. By referring to the case in Madagascar, the paper discusses that creating a certain number of local trainers is effective because they function as a driver to promote tree growing and new livelihood activities introduced by external agents using locally available resources. One critical issue of being a local trainer is to have good communication skills in relation to fellow farmers. This issue can be addressed by sharing the importance of communication skills of local trainers in a community so that fellow farmers can facilitate local trainers' reflection unless a farmer does not feel reliable to a local trainer. On a mid- to longer-term basis, income opportunities will become an important point of motivation for local trainers. Creating new livelihood activities that can generate income and simultaneously contribute to village development is the way to go. This will enable local trainers to maintain their motivation and thus lead to sustainable tree growing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This society aims to increase community creativity which provides economic added value for milkfish. This activity is carried out by inviting the community to be given an entrepreneurial presentation, then providing training to make milkfish milkfish. Milkfish meatballs are added value with contemporary packaging, namely in cup packaging. This is a strategic business and at the same time raised local resources.

Nepal is vulnerable to environmental disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, floods and hurricanes. These disasters disproportionately affect rural life. Disaster risks are often approached in a purely technical and physical manner, but people’s behaviour in the face of natural hazards and disasters is influenced by various factors such as historical, economic, political and socio-cultural factors. This case uses a post-disaster resilience assessment focusing on cooperation during the recovery after a severe earthquake that hit central Nepal in 2015 which impacted rural communities. This paper analyses the people’s behaviour and its basic logic at post-earthquake recovery from a socio-cultural aspect focusing on the gaun, the basic minimal informal social unit. Special consideration was made to the ethnic heterogeneity of the communities studied. For the purpose of this study, key informants interview (KII), group discussion and transect walk were used. This study finds that gaun based local resources are traditional and primary resources for people’s daily life but the ward and VDC based resources are newly formed. Various forms of cooperation were observed regardless ethnicity at the gaun level. This study further reveals that local people’s activities towards the post-disaster recovery can be described in three periods. They are: emergent, resilient, reconstruction periods. On the basis of the study of these periods for post-disaster recovery, a very good social relationship among gaun people at emergency was realized.

This article considers the smart village concept as a new instrument for creating European Union (EU) policies on a territorial microscale. The goal was to identify the key resources that determine successful implementation of smart strategies at the lowest territorial level, using the example of a suburban area in the Holy Cross Mountains (Świętokrzyskie Mountains) in Poland. The study examined how the local community implements the smart village concept and the extent to which this concept is useful in mountain and foothill areas, where problems caused by natural conditions particularly affect local communities. The intervention took place in Świętokrzyskie province, in the suburban village of Piaseczna Górka. It was assessed through a case study during which 15 individual in-depth interviews were conducted, focusing on several smart initiatives conducted in 2015–2020. The respondents represented 3 groups of stakeholders: initiators, beneficiaries, and local government. The study enabled the key resources of smart villages—human, financial, material, and information—to be identified. Human resources were the most important for the success of the initiatives under consideration, being the driving force for the other 3 resources. Uncovering the mechanisms involved in implementing smart initiatives on a microscale is becoming especially important as a tool in solving local problems, which in mountain areas are often determined by specific natural conditions. The smart village concept is set to be a major instrument of the EU's future financial framework for 2021–2027 and is reflected in a growing number of EU and national documents, including those concerning mountain and foothill areas with varied geographic locations and diverse socioeconomic characteristics.

This essay addresses the theme of the ambiguity of the commons by interweaving research methods and analytical tools from multiple disciplines. It focuses on a case study from the Ligurian Apennines featuring two communities engaged in a centuries-old dispute over ownership of collective resources. The authors examine clues to changes in the environmental resource management practices of woodlands and pastures, with particular attention to those concerning charcoal and hay production on common lands. Their aim is to identify changes in access rights, and thus in the organisation of local communities, by examining the relationships between the social actors and their environmental resources, in order to correlate the material evidence of the occupation, appropriation and use of common lands (fences, charcoal kilns, and wetlands, etc.) to variations in local ownership and usage practices, including those resulting from administrative reforms introduced by the central authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines the effect of the preservation of local resources on the perceived quality of tourism resources and tourists' satisfaction. A quantitative questionnaire was developed and administered to tourists on Lake Garda, the second most visited Italian destination. Through a structural equation model, we show that the perceived quality of tourism resources is affected by the preservation of local resources, which in turn influences tourists' satisfaction. This outcome underscores the importance of preservation of local resources as a key to adding value to visitors' experiences. Indeed, given that quality and preservation are connected constructs, the preservation of local resources should be a top priority in tourism development and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development evolves following the transformations and new challenges communities have to face. In this framework, in the past twenty years, development discourse has covered questions about the interrelations among its different dimensions (economic, human, social, environmental, institutional), about the transition from linear to circular models, and about the role (and importance) of endogenous resources. This evolution has increased the attention given to local development strategies and their role in the promotion of sustainability and socio-economic growth by recognizing and reorganizing local resources. This article grounds the concept of territorial capital to Maramureş County (Romania) with the aim of understanding its role and of assessing its potential as a driving force to guide local communities in the exploitation of endogenous resources. Through a comparative analysis of the case studies of the Tâvarna Mare Natura 2000 site (Sibiu County) and Oaş Gutai (Maramureş County), the work also aims to provide general insights to inform local development policies. The research is based on multiple research methods including secondary data analysis, a survey, and a set of interviews with local stakeholders and rural development experts, and it is developed through a comparative analysis between the case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]