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In the medical field, microwave imaging technology has experienced rapid development due to its non-invasive and non-radioactive nature. The confocal algorithm is a method commonly used for microwave breast cancer imaging, with the key objective of removing clutter in images to achieve high-quality results. However, the current methods are facing challenges in removing clutter. In order to reduce the clutter in images, a multiplicative improved coherence factor delay multiply and sum algorithm based on the maximum interclass differencing method is proposed. The algorithm compares the starting and ending moments of tumor signals in different channels to determine whether the tumor-scattered signals in different channels overlap in time. An improved coherence coefficient is obtained by summing the non-overlapping signals and multiplying the time window. The multiplicative improved coherence factor, which is obtained by multiplying the coherence coefficients of the improved multi-pair signals, is then multiplied by the focal point intensity obtained using the delay multiply and sum algorithm to reduce clutter in an image. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, several low-cost uniform and non-uniform models of human breast and tumor tissue with dielectric properties were prepared for testing. The experimental results show that, compared to the existing algorithm, the proposed algorithm can greatly reduce the clutter in images, with a signal-to-clutter ratio of at least 4 dB higher as well as contrast at least six-fold higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium layered oxides feature in high capacity and diverse composition, however, are plagued by various issues including limited kinetics and interfacial instability with residual alkali. Conventional substitution/doping and heterogeneous coating are promising to tackle the problems of bulk and surface, respectively, but normally insufficient to address both. Herein, a post‐substitution strategy is proposed to modify primary sodium‐layered‐oxide particles that can simultaneously deal with bulk and surficial issues. As a typical example, post Ti‐substitution for O3‐NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 is successfully performed by adjusting thermodynamic driving force, resulting in depth‐controllable Ti infusion from surface to bulk, as proved by energy dispersive spectroscopy maps collected at the cross‐section. Residual alkali species are efficiently diminished and benefited from the surface‐to‐bulk osmotic reaction, significantly improving Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, remarkable enhancements in reversible capacity (135 mAh g−1 at C/10), rate capability (74% retention at 5 C), and long‐term cycling stability (80% retention after 300 cycles at 2 C) are achieved by manipulating gradient‐like Ti distribution in a primary particle that brings with increased kinetics and strengthened interfacial stability, surpassing those given by rough heterotic coating and homogeneous Ti‐substitution. Such post‐substitution is expected to provide a universal strategy to modify primary layered‐oxide particles for developing advanced cathode materials of SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe‐Mn based layered oxides are recognized as promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with high capacities and earth‐abundant ingredients. However, their real‐world applications are still constrained by fast capacity decay accompanied with the requirements of deeper insights into the principles behind. Herein, taking O3‐NaxFe1/2Mn1/2O2 as a classic sample, the capacity fading mechanism of Fe‐Mn based layered oxides is comprehensively investigated through combined techniques. For the first time, it is revealed that Fe migration is merely triggered after the oxidation of ≈0.3 mol Fe3+ based on solid proofs from ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, which implies the crucial role of the accumulated structural distortion induced by Jahn–Teller active Fe4+. O3‐P3 phase transition during cycling is obviously constrained along with Fe migration as evidenced by in situ/ex situ X‐ray diffraction, well interpreting the intensified polarization and the resulting large capacity loss. More importantly, within the desodiation depth (≈80% of sodium extraction) where Fe migration is almost absent, the capacity fading is dominantly rooted in the Fe4+ activated and Mn‐dissolution aggravated surface passivation as confirmed by mass/X‐ray spectroscopies and electrochemical analysis. These renewed understandings of the fast capacity decay in Fe‐Mn based layered oxides offer clearer clues for designing desirable cathodes for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. With the development of research, the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the occurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has attracted extensive attention. This study is aimed at predicting overall survival (OS) results through bioinformatics to identify novel miRNA biomarkers and hub genes. Materials and Methods. The data of LUAD-related miRNA and mRNA samples was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Upon screening and pretreatment of initial data, TCGA data were analyzed using R platform and a series of analytical tools to identify biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. Results. 7 miRNAs and 13 hub genes that had strong relation to the overall surviving status were identified in patients with LUAD. The expression of seven miRNAs (hsa-miR-19a-3p, hsa-miR-126-5p, hsa-miR-556-3p, hsa-miR-671-5p, hsa-miR-937-3p, hsa-miR-4664-3p, and hsa-miR-4746-5p) could apparently improve the OS rate of patient with LUAD. The 13 hub genes, namely, CCT6A, CDK5R1, CEP55, DNAJB4, EGLN3, HDGF, HOXC8, LIMD1, MKI67, PCP4L1, PPIL1, SCAI, and STK32A, showed a correlation with the OS status. Conclusion. 7 miRNAs were identified as novel biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with LUAD. This study offered a deeper comprehension of LUAD treatment and prognosis from the molecular level and helped enhance the understanding of the pathogenesis and potential molecular events of LUAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we show that P2/O3 biphasic layered structure is originated from internal heterogeneity of "cationic potential" induced by locally compositional non-uniformity, which largely depends on the temperature-driven reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. The clarified material-formation mechanism enables facile design and preparation of P2/O3 biphasic materials with much-improved sodium-storage performances than single-phase one, promoting the exploration of advanced cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. [Display omitted] Sodium layered oxides generally suffer from deep-desodiation instability in P2 structure and sluggish kinetics in O3 structure. It will be great to design P2/O3 biphasic materials that bring the complementary merits of both structures. However, such exploration is hindered by the ambiguous mechanism of material formation. Herein, supported by theoretical simulations and various spectroscopies, we prove that P2/O3 biphasic structures essentially originate from the internal heterogeneity of cationic potential, which can be realized by constraining the temperature-driven ion diffusion during solid-state reactions. Consequently, P2/O3 biphasic Na 0.7 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.1 Fe 0.2 Mn 0.5 O 2– δ with well-designed quaternary composition is successfully obtained, exhibiting much-improved rate capabilities (62 mAh g−1 at 2.4 A g−1) and cycling stabilities (84% capacity retention after 500 cycles) than its single-phase analogues. Furthermore, synchrotron-based diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are employed to unravel the underlying sodium-storage mechanism of the P2/O3 biphasic structure. This work presents new insights toward the rational design of advanced layered cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As explorations deepen, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), from its emergence to metastasis and prognosis, has elicited extensive concern. LUSC-related miRNA and mRNA samples were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The data were initially screened and pretreated, and the R platform and series analytical tools were used to identify the specific and sensitive biomarkers. Seven miRNAs and 15 hub genes were found to be closely related to the overall survival of patients with LUSC. Determination of the expression of these miRNAs can help improve the overall survival of LUSC patients. The 15 hub genes correlated with overall survival (OS). The new miRNA markers were identified to predict the prognosis of LUSC. The findings of this study offer novel views on the evolution of precise cancer treatment approaches with high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) has been a highly malignant tumor with very poor prognosis. It is confirmed that pyroptosis refers to the deaths of cells in a programmed and inflammatory manner. Nevertheless, the correlation between expression of genes related with pyroptosis and their prognosis remains uncertain in LUSC. Methods: Utilization of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort has been done for evaluating the prognostics of pyroptosis-related genes for survival and constructing a signature with multiple genes. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression was performed for establishing such pyroptosis-related gene signature. Results: Eventually, identification of 28 genes in relation to pyroptosis was made in LUSC and healthy lung tissues. Upon the basis of these differentially-expressed genes (DEGs), the patients of LUSC can be divided into two subtypes. Nine gene signatures were established using LASSO. The surviving rate for low-risk group was apparently greater in contrast with the high-risk group (p <.001). According to our finding, risk score worked as an independent predictive factor of OS among LUSC sufferers in combination with clinical characteristics. In line with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, the enrichment of immunity-related genes and decreasing immunity status among the high-risk group. Conclusion: Genes in relation with pyroptosis played an essential role in tumor immunity, which is capable of predicting the prognosis for LUSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have grasped renewed attentions in recent years owing to the blooming growth of clean energy and corresponding demands of grid‐scale energy storage. Note that, the properties of cathode materials are quite important to the development of SIBs as they largely determine the energy density, cycle life, and cost of a battery. Direct inheriting those Co/Ni based layered cathodes that are successfully utilized in lithium‐ion batteries seems to be impracticable for SIBs in view of the high materials costs. Fortunately, the discovery of the electrochemical activity of Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple in sodium layered materials has opened a new way to design high capacity/voltage and low‐cost cathodes for SIBs. To date, various Fe‐based layered oxides have been explored, showing encouraging electrochemical performances in SIBs. However, issues and challenges still remain upon the practical utilization of Fe‐based layered cathodes, calling for further targeted and in‐depth investigations. In this review, the developing history, key problems, and current progress of Fe‐based layered cathodes on electrochemical performances and working mechanism are summarized and discussed. In addition, possible research trends and perspectives are proposed. It is believed that Fe‐based layered oxides will be one of the most attractive cathodes for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a major cause of carcinoma-related deaths worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the key biomarkers and pathways in SCLC using biological analysis. Methods. Key genes involved in the development of SCLC were identified by downloading three datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the GEO2R online analyzer; for the functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of genes, Funrich software was used. Construction of protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) networks was accomplished using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), and network visualization and module identification were performed using Cytoscape. Results. A total of 268 DEGs were ultimately obtained. The enriched functions and pathways of the upregulated DEGs included cell cycle, mitotic, and DNA replication, and the downregulated DEGs were enriched in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, serotonin degradation, and noradrenaline. Analysis of significant modules demonstrated that the upregulated genes are primarily concentrated in functions related to cell cycle and DNA replication. Kaplan-Meier analysis of hub genes revealed that they may promote the carcinogenesis and progression of SCLC. The result of ONCOMINE demonstrated that these 10 hub genes were significantly overexpressed in SCLC compared with normal samples. Conclusion. Identification of the molecular functions and signaling pathways of participating DEGs can deepen the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SCLC. The knowledge gained from this work may contribute to the development of treatment options and improve the prognosis of SCLC in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a sacrificial cathode additive as a pre‐metallation method could ensure adequate metal sources for advanced energy storage devices. However, this pre‐metallation technique suffers from the precise regulation of decomposition potential of additive. Herein, a molecularly compensated pre‐metallation (Li/Na/K) strategy has been achieved through Kolbe electrolysis, in which the electrochemical oxidation potential of a metal carboxylate is manipulated by the bonding energy of the oxygen–metal (O–M) moiety. The electron‐donating effect of the substituent and the low charge density of the cation can dramatically weaken the O–M bond strength, further bringing out the reduced potential. Thus, sodium acetate exhibits a superior pre‐sodiation feature for sodium‐ion battery accompanied with a large irreversible specific capacity of 301.8 mAh g−1, remarkably delivering 70.6 % enhanced capacity retention in comparison to the additive‐free system after 100 cycles. This methodology has been extended to construct a high‐performance lithium‐ion battery and a lithium/sodium/potassium‐ion capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeOOH nanorods (NRs) wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were fabricated using a facile solvothermal method. When used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the FeOOH NRs/rGO composites show a higher capacity (490 mAh g − 1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g − 1) and better rate capability than pure FeOOH NRs. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the hybrid structure of FeOOH and rGO. On one hand, the introduction of rGO can improve electronic conductivity and reduce charge-transfer resistance for electrode materials. On the other hand, the distinctive structure (FeOOH NRs surrounded by flexible rGO) can effectively buffer large volume change during the Li +  insertion/extraction process. Our work provides a feasible strategy to obtain high-performance LIBs. FeOOH nanorods (NRs) wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were fabricated via a facile solvothermal method and were used as anode materials for LIBs. Compared to FeOOH NRs, FeOOH NRs/rGO composites exhibit a higher specific capacity of 490 mAh g–1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g–1. TEM examinations show that FeOOH NRs were surrounded by flexible rGO. This wrapping design contributes to the formation of continuous conductive networks that promote rapid transport of electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of Li‐rich Mn‐based oxide cathode is predominately retarded by the capacity decline and voltage fading, associated with the structure distortion and anionic redox reactions. Here, a linkage‐functionalized modification approach to tackle these challenges via a synchronous lithium oxidation strategy is reported. The doping of Ce in the bulk phase activates the pseudo‐bonding effect, effectively stabilizing the lattice oxygen evolution and suppressing the structure distortion. Interestingly, it also induces the formation of spinel phase Li4Mn5O12 in the subsurface, which in turn constructs the phase boundaries, thereby arousing the interior self‐built‐in electric field to prevent the outward migration of bulk oxygen anions and boost the charge transfer. Moreover, the formed coating layer Li2CeO3 with oxygen vacancies accelerates Li+ diffusion and mitigates electrolyte cauterization. The corresponding cathode exhibits superior long‐cycle stability after 300 cycles with only a 0.013% capacity drop and 1.76 mV voltage decay per cycle. This work sheds new light on the development of Li‐rich Mn‐based oxide cathodes toward high energy density applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of novel electrode materials is an effective way to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, double-shell SnO2@Fe2O3 hollow spheres are fabricated through a simple template method. It is revealed that the α-Fe2O3 nanorods are heterogeneously assembled on the surfaces of hollow SnO2 spheres. The double-shell SnO2@Fe2O3 hollow spheres, as an anode material for LIBs, demonstrate excellent lithium storage capacity and cycling stability. Their discharge specific capacity decreases to 464 mA h g−1 for the 46th cycle at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and then increases significantly to 1043 mA h g−1 up to the 190th cycle. Compared with SiO2@SnO2 (221 mA h g−1 after 190 cycles) and SnO2 (336 mA h g−1 after 190 cycles) electrodes, the better electrochemical performance of the SnO2@Fe2O3 electrode is ascribed to its hierarchical hollow urchin-like structure, the SnO2@Fe2O3 heterojunctions and the oxygen vacancies in the α-Fe2O3 nanorods. The sea urchin-like heterostructures dramatically inhibit the agglomeration and prevent the volume expansion during the cycling process. This work provides a novel way to construct a promising material with enhanced performance as an anode for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flute‐like Fe2O3 nanorods with tunable porosity are obtained by facile hydrothermal process and subsequent calcination. The morphology, porosity and structural stability of Fe2O3 nanorods are effectively controlled by a two‐step strategy at nano/micrometer scale. The introduction of F ions promotes the formation of nanorod‐like iron hydroxide precursors, which are annealed at 400, 500 and 600 °C to obtain Fe2O3. The pore size increases with the annealing temperature. When tested as anode material of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the porous Fe2O3 nanorods obtained by annealing at 500 °C exhibit better cycling stability and rate capability than those obtained at 400 and 600 °C. Most impressively, it delivers a capacity of 707.4 and 687.7 mAh g−1 at 1 and 2 A g−1 after 200 cycles, respectively. Compared to the other two samples, the Fe2O3 nanorods with optimized pore distribution exhibit robust porous framework, which contributes to the structural and electrochemical stability of electrode. The porous framework can effectively alleviate the severe volume expansion/contraction and avoid pulverization of active materials, resulting in outstanding reversibility and rate capability. This work will benefit the design of novel materials for LIBs. Flute‐like Fe2O3 nanorods with tunable porosity were obtained by facile hydrothermal process and subsequent calcination. The electrochemical properties of three Fe2O3 nanorods was studied and compared to investigate the effect of porosity. The specific capacities of Fe2O3 obtained at 400, 500 and 600 °C were 434, 687.7 and 400 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, respectively. The enhanced effect on lithium storage properties of Fe2O3 obtained at 500 °C was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of hydrogels combining superior mechanical property attracts researchers' attention in recent years. Here, a novel nanocomposite hydrogel is prepared by one‐step photo‐polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) in the presence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) and aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (Al(OH)3 NPs). The resulting transparent hydrogel exhibits ultrahigh toughness of 28.3 MJ m−3, high strength of 2.8 MPa, large elongation of 1300%, excellent self‐recovery and good biocompatibility. The crosslinking mechanism is contributed to the ionic coordination interaction between cations absorbing on the surface of nanoparticles and carboxyl groups of the polymer chain, and the synergistic toughening effect between HAp NPs and Al(OH)3 NPs is responsible for improving the strength and toughness simultaneously. Furthermore, this synergistic toughening strategy may provide a universal method for designing and constructing high strength nanocomposite hydrogels in many applications, especially for artificial cartilages. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:942–951, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a two-step hydrothermal method, we synthesized a metal-oxide heterostructure composed of SnO2 nanocrystals (NCs) with a diameter of ~ 6 nm and Fe2O3 nanorods (NRs) with a length of ~ 200 nm and a width of ~ 9 nm. The SnO2 NCs are well dispersed on the surface of Fe2O3 NRs. The effect of Fe2O3 NRs loading amount on the electrochemical performance of nanocomposite is investigated. The nanocomposites with less loading amount of Fe2O3 exhibit better electrochemical performance. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of two components. On one hand, the conversion reaction of SnO2 is facilitated due to the presence of Fe2O3 NRs, resulting in a high capacity. On the other hand, Fe2O3 NRs improve the stability of electrode, promoting the cycling performance. The high loading amount of Fe2O3 NRs renders the aggregation of electrode materials, resulting in poor electrochemical performance. Our results demonstrate that adjusting the loading amount of metal oxides in hybrid structures is an effective strategy to enhance lithium storage capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni/Mn-based oxide cathode materials have drawn great attention due to their high discharge voltage and large capacity, but structural instability at high potential causes rapid capacity decay. How to moderate the capacity loss while maintaining the advantages of high discharge voltage remains challenging. Herein, the replacement of Mn ions by Ga ions is proposed in the P2-Na 2/3 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.8 O 2 cathode for improving their cycling performances without sacrificing the high discharge voltage. With the introduction of Ga ions, the relative movement between the transition metal ions is restricted and more Na ions are retained in the lattice at high voltage, leading to an enhanced redox activity of Ni ions, validated by ex situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the P2-O2 phase transition is replaced by a P2-OP4 phase transition with a smaller volume change, reducing the lattice strain in the c-axis direction, as detected by operando/ex situ X-ray diffraction. Consequently, the Na 2/3 Ni 0.21 Mn 0.74 Ga 0.05 O 2 electrode exhibits a high discharge voltage close to that of the undoped materials, while increasing voltage retention from 79% to 93% after 50 cycles. This work offers a new avenue for designing high-energy density Ni/Mn-based oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has become a common cause of cancer-related death. Many studies have shown that the basement membrane (BM) is associated with the development of cancer. However, BM-related gene expression and its relationship to LUAD prognosis remains unclear. Methods: BM-related genes from previous studies were used. Clinical and mRNA expression information were obtained from TCGA database. Cox, minimum absolute contraction, and selection operator regression were applied to analyze the selected genes affecting LUAD prognosis. A prognostic-risk model was then established. Furthermore, this study applied Kaplan-Meier analysis to assess the outcomes of high- and low-risk groups, then explored their differences in drug sensitivity. The DSigDB database was used to screen for therapeutic small-molecule drugs. Results: Fourteen prognostic models based on BM-related genes were successfully constructed and validated in patients with LUAD. We also found that independence was a prognostic factor in all 14 BM-based models. Functional analysis showed that the enrichment of BM-related genes mainly originated from signaling pathways related to cancer. The BM-based model also suggested that immune cell infiltration is associated with checkpoints. The low-risk patients may benefit from cyclopamine and docetaxel treatments. Conclusion: This study identified a reliable biomarker to predict survival in patients with LUAD and offered new insights into the function of BM-related genes in LUAD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Li, Liu and Wang.)

The low oxidation potential of a pre-sodiation cathode additive intrinsically prevents decomposition of the electrolyte. Although the introduction of electron-donating substitution reduces the oxidation potential, the additional molecular weight restricts the output capacity. Herein, as theroretically predicted, the electrochemical oxidation potential of sodium carboxylate is manipulated by the electronic effect and regiochemistry of the functionality, in which the stronger electron-donating substituent, p-π conjugation, and optimized regiochemistry can dramatically lead to the lower potential originated from the elevation of the highest occupied molecular orbital level. Thus, benefiting from the para -NH 2 unit accompanied by a conjugated aromatic architecture, molecularly engineered sodium para -aminobenzoate (PABZ-Na) presents a reduced oxidation plateau of 3.45 V. Triggered by the positive compensation merit, sodium-based electrochemical storage systems manifest excellent electrochemical performances. This breakthrough sheds light into the correlation between the electronic effect of the functional group and the oxidation potential of the organic additive, affording in-depth insights into the fundamental guidance of pre-sodiation chemistry.

Nanoengineering of metal anode materials shows great potential for energy storage with high capacity. Zero-dimensional nanoparticles are conducive to acquire remarkable electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their enlarged surface active sites. However, it is still difficult to fulfill the requirements of practical applications in batteries owing to the deficiency of efficient and scalable preparation approaches of high-performance metal electrode materials. Herein, an electrochemical cathodic corrosion method is proposed for the tunable preparation of nanostructured antimony (Sb) by the introduction of a surfactant, which can efficiently avoid the agglomeration of Sb atom clusters generated from the Zintl compound and further stacking into bulk during the electrochemical process. Subsequently, graphene as the support and conductive matrix is uniformly interspersed by generating Sb nanoparticles (Sb/Gr). Moreover, the reversible crystalline-phase evolution of Sb ⇋ NaSb ⇋Na 3 Sb for Sb/Gr was studied by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). Benefiting from the interconnection of the conductive network, Sb/Gr anodes deliver a high capacity of 635.34 mAh g -1 , a retained capacity of 507.2 mAh g -1 after 150 cycles at 0.1 C (1 C = 660 mAh g -1 ), and excellent rate performance with the capacities of 473.41 and 405.09 mAh g -1 at 2 and 5 C, respectively. The superior cycle stability with a capacity of 346.26 mAh g -1 is achieved after 500 cycles at 2 C. This electrochemical approach offers a new route toward developing metal anodes with designed nanostructures for high-performance SIBs.

The use of a sacrificial cathode additive as a pre-metallation method could ensure adequate metal sources for advanced energy storage devices. However, this pre-metallation technique suffers from the precise regulation of decomposition potential of additive. Herein, a molecularly compensated pre-metallation (Li/Na/K) strategy has been achieved through Kolbe electrolysis, in which the electrochemical oxidation potential of a metal carboxylate is manipulated by the bonding energy of the oxygen-metal (O-M) moiety. The electron-donating effect of the substituent and the low charge density of the cation can dramatically weaken the O-M bond strength, further bringing out the reduced potential. Thus, sodium acetate exhibits a superior pre-sodiation feature for sodium-ion battery accompanied with a large irreversible specific capacity of 301.8 mAh g -1 , remarkably delivering 70.6 % enhanced capacity retention in comparison to the additive-free system after 100 cycles. This methodology has been extended to construct a high-performance lithium-ion battery and a lithium/sodium/potassium-ion capacitor., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)