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Significant progress has been made in the research of all-optical neural networks in recent years. In this paper, we theoretically explore the properties of a neural system composed of semiconductor ring lasers (SRLs). Our study demonstrates that external optical signals generated by a tunable laser (TL) are injected into the first semiconductor ring laser photonic neuron (SRL1). Subsequently, the responses of SRL1 in the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions are unidirectionally injected into the CW and CCW directions of the second semiconductor ring laser photonic neuron (SRL2), respectively, which then exhibits similar spiking inhibition behaviors. Numerical simulations reveal that the spiking inhibition behavior of the SRL response can be precisely controlled by adjusting the perturbation time and intensity of the external injection signal, and this behavior is highly repeatable. Most importantly, we successfully achieve the stable transmission of these responses between the two SRL photonic neurons. These inhibition behaviors are analogous to those of biological neurons, but with a response speed reaching the sub-nanosecond level. Additionally, we indicate that SRL photonic neurons undergo a refractory-period-like phenomenon when subjected to two consecutive perturbations. These findings highlight the immense potential for the design and implementation of future all-optical neural networks, providing critical theoretical foundations and support for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose using a chaotic system composed of nanolasers (NLs) as a physical entropy source. Combined with post-processing technologies, this system can produce high-quality physical random number sequences. We investigated the parameter range for achieving time-delay signature (TDS) concealment in the chaotic system. This study demonstrates that NLs exhibit noticeable TDS only under optical feedback. As mutual injection strength between the master NLs (MNLs) increases, the TDS of the MNLs is gradually suppressed until they are completely concealed. Compared to MNLs, the slave NL (SNL) exhibits better TDS suppression performance. Additionally, we investigated the chaotic and highly unpredictable regions of the SNL, demonstrating that high-quality chaotic signals can be produced over a wide range of parameters. Using TDS hidden and highly unpredictable chaotic signals as the source of random entropy, the effects of different post-processing techniques on random number extraction were compared. The results indicate that effective post-processing can enhance the unpredictability of the random sequence. This study successfully utilized NLs for random number generation, showcasing the potential and application prospects of NLs in the field of random numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a chaotic system based on novel semiconductor nanolasers (NLs), systematically analyzing its chaotic region and investigating the influence of key parameters on the unpredictability of chaotic output. This study found that under optical feedback conditions, NLs generate chaos across a wide range of feedback parameters, with the highly unpredictable region completely overlapping with the chaotic region. Further injection into the slave lasers enhances the chaotic output, expanding the range of unpredictability. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of internal parameter mismatch on the complexity of chaotic signals and found it to be similar to the scenario when parameters are matched. Using this chaotic system as an entropy source, we constructed a random number generator (RNG) and investigated the effects of internal parameters mismatch and differences in the injection parameters on the generator's performance. The simulation results show that the RNG performs well under different parameter settings, and the generated random sequences pass all random number tests successfully. Therefore, this chaotic system can yield a high-complexity chaotic light source with appropriate parameter selection, and when combined with effective post-processing, it can generate high-quality random numbers. This is crucial for advancing the realization of small-sized, high-randomness RNGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a method of generating controllable spikes utilizing symmetric semiconductor ring lasers (SRLs) is investigated, and various optical behaviors of biological neurons are successfully emulated on a faster timescale. We demonstrate the synchronized spike phenomena in two directions, generated in both the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) modes of the tunable laser (TL)-injected SRL. The size of the peaks and the interval between them can be manipulated by adjusting the output complex amplitude of the TL and bias current. At the same time, we also analyzed the CW mode of the TL-injected SRL and successfully replicated the four distinct discharge patterns of biological neurons. These findings offer promising prospects for future neuromorphic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle active safety systems can improve vehicle security by avoiding collisions. An autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system's safety distance calculation is usually based on normal weather conditions. The AEB system's early warning capabilities decrease during adverse weather conditions. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is used to obtain data from accident and weather data sets. The MLP model is trained and the severity of accidents is predicted. The severity is used as a parameter to build an adaptive AEB system algorithm that considers adverse weather conditions. The adaptive AEB system algorithm increases safety and reliability under adverse weather conditions. Prescan and a driver-in-the-loop system are used to test the adaptive AEB model. Both tests show that the adaptive AEB model has better performance under adverse weather than the traditional AEB model. The experimental results demonstrate that the adaptive AEB system can increase the safety distance in rainy weather and avoid collisions under hazy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contra‐rotating machine (CRM) has been a preferable selection of the contra‐rotating propulsion system (CRPS) owing to its high efficiency, high compactness, and low noise. However, the conventional CRM with rotating stator has the problem of brush and slip ring, and the conventional brushless CRM has the problem of coordinated control of equal and opposite torque. Aiming at the above problems, this article proposes a transverse‐dislocated magnetic‐field modulated brushless contra‐rotating machine (TDMFM‐BCRM). The proposed TDMFM‐BCRM has some advantages of no rotating winding, no associated brushes and slip rings, and equal and opposite torques at any time, therefore it has good potential for the CRPS. The working principle of the TDMFM‐BCRM including three dimensional magnetic‐field modulated theory, back electromotive force (EMF) generation, and torque relation is studied. Then, the influences of main parameters including magnetic block parameters and PM sizes on torques are investigated. The critical electromagnetic performances of the TDMFM‐BCRM are analysed. A prototype of TDMFM‐BCRM is manufactured and measured to validate the above analysis. Finally, the comparison of the TDMFM‐BCRM and the existing schemes are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature selection is a data processing method which aims to select effective feature subsets from original features. Feature selection based on evolutionary computation (EC) algorithms can often achieve better classification performance because of their global search ability. However, feature selection methods using EC cannot get rid of invalid features effectively. A small number of invalid features still exist till the termination of the algorithms. In this paper, a feature selection method using genetic programming (GP) combined with feature ranking (FRFS) is proposed. It is assumed that the more the original features appear in the GP individuals' terminal nodes, the more valuable these features are. To further decrease the number of selected features, FRFS using a multi-criteria fitness function which is named as MFRFS is investigated. Experiments on 15 datasets show that FRFS can obtain higher classification performance with smaller number of features compared with the feature selection method without feature ranking. MFRFS further reduces the number of features while maintaining the classification performance compared with FRFS. Comparisons with five benchmark techniques show that MFRFS can achieve better classification performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the low permanent magnet (PM) utilization in conventional transverse-flux machines, a novel tubular high-PM-utilization transverse-flux linear machine (HPMU-TFLM) is proposed in this article. The PM utilization ratio of the proposed machine is nearly 100% in theory. Thus, this machine presents a higher power factor and thrust density. First, the basic structure and operation principle of HPMU-TFLM are introduced. The flux-concentrating teeth and multi-unit concentrated winding are designed to improve PM utilization and reduce magnetic flux leakage. Then, the electromagnetic performances of HPMU-TFLM are investigated by the 3-D equivalent magnetic circuit model (EMCM) and the finite element analysis (FEA) method. Finally, its key performances of thrust density, power factor, and efficiency are compared with other typical transverse-flux linear machines (TFLMs). The superiority and feasibility of the proposed machine are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising candidate of the electrical continuously variable transmission, the integrated magnetic-field-modulated brushless compound-structure machine (IMFM-BCSM) has advantages of compact structure and no brush. The IMFM-BCSM is composed of a stator with two sets of windings, a permanent-magnet (PM) rotor and a modulation rotor. Due to its special operating principle, i.e., the magnetic field modulation principle, the back electromotive force (EMF) waveform distortion of the IMFM-BCSM is more serious than that of the conventional PM machine. To solve the above problem, a quasi-sinusoidal concentrated winding (QSCW) configuration is proposed and corresponding design method is further introduced. In order to observe the “filtering ability” of the QSCW, comparisons between QSCW configuration and fractional-slot concentrated winding configuration are carried out. The results show that when the QSCW configuration is employed, the no-load back EMF of the regular winding is more sinusoidal; the distortion degree is less affected by the rotor speeds; and the torque ripple is much smaller. Finally, a prototype is manufactured to verify the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new dual-winding dual-flux-concentrated magnetic-field-modulated brushless compound-structure machine (DDMFM-BCSM) is proposed by combining the magnetic-field modulated brushless dual-rotor machine (MFM-BDRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) into one. Proposed machine has two sets of windings in stator slots and spoke-type PMs on dual rotors. Besides, there are flux barriers on the inner rotor to improve the performance of MFM-BDRM part. Based on magnetic field modulation principle, the main harmonics of the flux density in inner and outer air gap are calculated by analytical method and simulated by finite element method (FEM). The performance of the proposed machine, including MFM-BDRM part, PMSM part, and the whole DDMFM-BCSM, is analyzed. In order to analyze the influence of flux barriers on the performance of DDMFM-BCSM, a DDMFM-BCSM without flux barriers is designed to compare their performance, including torque, loss, and power factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial-flux magnetic-geared double-rotor machines (AMGDRMs) are characterized as a potential key component of the power-splitting system in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), but its conventional configuration suffers from the high axial magnetic force. In this article, an interior-modulating-rotor AMGDRM (IMR-AMGDRM) is proposed to solve this problem. To reduce computation burden, an analytical model of the IMR-AMGDRM is proposed based on the subdomain method. The analytical expressions of the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic performances, such as torque and axial force, are developed. Finally, the results of the proposed analytical model are compared with those of the 3-D finite element analysis (FEA). The influences of the geometrical parameters of the ferromagnetic pole pieces and permanent magnets (PMs) are also investigated by the analytical model and 3-D FEA. The accuracy and the cause of the calculation error of the analytical model are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of the pyridazine-bridged expanded rosarin 1 and a reduced precursor, semi-rosarinogen 2, is reported. A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 and theoretical calculations show that both 1 and 2 have distorted structures. Expanded rosarin 1 and its precursor 2 can differentiate various thiols in organic solvents by means of species-specific colour changes and reaction times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated magnetic-field-modulated brushless double-rotor machine (IMFM-BDRM) can be a promising candidate for the electrical-continuously variable transmission (e-CVT) in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to its brushless and compact structure. However, the large permanent-magnet (PM) eddy current loss and the conflict between torque density and mechanical strength limit its application. In this article, an IMFM-BDRM with an improved PM rotor is proposed to solve those problems. First, the structure of the proposed machine is introduced, and the magnetic field modulation mechanism is analyzed by the magnetic circuit method. The research shows that the modulated magnetic fields in the proposed IMFM-BDRM are produced mainly because of the variation in the flux paths, which is quite different from that in the traditional IMFM-BDRMs. Second, the electromagnetic performances are analyzed by the finite-element method. The effects of the structure parameters of the two rotors on torque performance are further investigated. Finally, to evaluate the overall performance of the proposed IMFM-BDRM, a traditional IMFM-BDRM with the same stator is designed to compare their performances. The comparison results show that the proposed machine has more advantages of output torque, PM loss, and efficiency than the traditional IMFM-BDRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic-field modulated brushless double-rotor machine (MFM-BDRM), getting rid of brush and slip ring, is a preferable selection for the power splitting device in hybrid electric vehicles. In practical application, however, the MFM-BDRM is facing the challenge of low power factor owing to its special operating principle—the magnetic field modulation principle. Although some researchers dedicate themselves to improving the power factor of MFM-BDRM, the cause of low power factor in the MFM-BDRM is still not clear. This article will investigate the power factor problem of MFM-BDRM, systematically. First, the inductance feature of MFM-BDRM based on the magnetic field modulation principle is investigated. Second, the fundamental cause of the low power factor of MFM-BDRM is analyzed. Furthermore, three feasible attempts are made and investigated to improve the power factor of MFM-BDRM. Finally, a prototype of MFM-BDRM is manufactured, and parts of the analysis are verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949, the forming and changes of the political dialogue space and religious dialogue space between China and Vatican have profoundly affected the actual development of the Catholic Church in mainland China. It is in this double space that the Chinese Catholic Church has to maintain some subtle and difficult balance for the sake of its survival and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical subdomain models of vernier hybrid machines with two kinds of permanent magnet (PM) arrangements are developed, and the magnetic vector potentials are considered unknown variables to obtain the no-load and on-load magnetic field in this article. According to the electromagnetic properties and machine structure, the entire solving region is divided into five subdomains, namely the stator slot, slot opening, PM, air gap, and rotor slot. Using the general solutions of magnetic vector potentials and boundary conditions, the magnetic field distributions of all subdomains are obtained. Then the air gap flux density, flux linkage, back-EMF, cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, unbalanced magnetic pulls, and PM loss are calculated and compared for the two models. With the analytical model, the PM demagnetization withstand capacity, effects of main parameters on the torque ripple and average torque, and combinations of PM and rotor slot numbers are also studied. The 2D finite element method and experimental results of two prototype machines validate the accuracy of the analytical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical model of vernier hybrid permanent magnet machines (VHPMMs) with two different permanent magnet (PM) arrays is proposed in this paper. The working principles of VHPMM are discussed based on the magnetic field modulation theory, and the main rotating harmonics of air-gap flux density are determined. The subdomain method is adopted to obtain the no-load and on-load air-gap flux densities of the slotless model, and the relative permeance model is used to consider the effect of the slot opening. Using fast Fourier transformation, the amplitudes and phase angles of the rotating harmonics are obtained, and the flux linkage, back electromotive force, and electromagnetic torque are calculated. With the working principles and performance calculation model, the determination method of the rotor slot number is proposed, and feasible combinations of PM and rotor slot numbers are studied. The analytical model is verified via the finite-element method and prototype machine experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Today, many large commercial buildings use building automation systems to manage a wide range of equipment. This paper investigates the energy savings potential of several common heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system re-tuning measures on a typical large office building using the EnergyPlus software. Individual re-tuning measures simulated include automatic schedule adjustments, damper minimum flow adjustments, thermostat adjustments, as well as dynamic resets to static pressure, supply-air temperature, condenser chilled- and hot-water temperatures, and chilled and hot water differential pressure set points. All individual measures and combinations were simulated in 16 locations representative of different climates in the USA. Many of the demand-side individual measures were capable of reducing annual HVAC energy consumption by over 20% in most cities. Supply-side measures affecting HVAC plant conditions were only modestly successful (less than 5% annual HVAC energy savings). Some of the combinations revealed between 35% and 75% HVAC energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: A simplified in-situ fan curve measurement procedure has been developed using the manufacturers fan curve and one point (air flow and fan head) measurement. This paper presents the background theory, methodology, error analysis and step-by-step procedure developed for the practitioners. This in-situ method has been experimentally proven in full-scale air handling unit (AHU) systems. The results show that the fan curve identified using this simplified approach agrees with the fan curve identified using the point-by-point direct measurement method. Both the error analysis and the experiment show that the generated in-situ fan curve with least system resistance most closely matches the measured in-situ curve (cv-RMSE = 4.7%). The differences of the fan heads predicted by the fan curves are within the experimental error range. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A rapid procedure for calibrating simplified building energy simulation models of commonly used HVAC systems has been developed. The procedure developed will allow building professionals to project annual cooling and heating energy consumption of buildings with multiple HVAC systems from short-term field measurement data. This paper describes the general calibration procedure developed, and demonstrates the use of the calibration procedure by applying it to an office building. The calibration methodology requires as little as two weeks of measured hourly heating and cooling consumption data. In the example presented, the simulation model was calibrated using only two weeks of measured heating and cooling data. After calibrating the simulation using this procedure, the RMSE is reduced significantly. The simulation calibrated to two weeks of measured data is then used to simulate the hourly consumption of the building for the year 2004. Comparison of the results of this simulation with the measured data gave monthly CV(RMSE) values of 10.3% and 3.7% for cooling and heating, respectively, which are both well below the 15% values considered acceptable in ASHRAE Guideline 14 . It also shows monthly NMBE values of 2.2% and 1.4% for cooling and heating respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates the implementation of innovative technologies during continuous commissioning® (CC) practices to improve building operations and reduce energy costs. A 46-year-old typical-commercial building with a floor area of about 216,000 square feet was used as a case study building. The HVAC systems were upgraded and retrofitted in 2000. Variable frequency drives (VFDs) were installed for most of the fans and pumps. This CC project involved very minor HVAC retrofits and control upgrades. The new technologies include the fan airflow, station (FAS) technology for building pressure control and supplying fan control, and a recently developed pump water flow station for secondary pump control. The results show that these technologies improve building operation/maintenance and significantly reduce energy costs. The monthly average electricity savings for HVAC systems is 64 percent, and the average gas savings is 49 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by environmental imperatives and the growing economic challenges posed by the accumulation of spent batteries, developing effective recycling strategies has become paramount. Current direct battery recycling methodologies primarily focus on structural restoration, but the universality of this approach is hampered by the variability in electrode degradation mechanisms and the extent of irreversible damage sustained after cycling. To overcome these inherent limitations, this research introduces a universally applicable in situ recycling strategy that rejuvenates the metal components within batteries. Through an in situ facile electrochemical treatment, the cathode material is engineered to create a nanostructured interface composed of transition metal/lithium compounds, enhancing intrinsic electron/ion conduction and enabling substantial charge storage with accelerated transfer capabilities. Furthermore, operando magnetometry reveals that the energy storage mechanism aligns with a space charge mechanism, manifesting as spin‐polarized capacitance. As proof of concept, the recycled LiFePO4‐based batteries are in situ converted into high‐performance supercapacitors, boasting an energy density of 106 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 10,714 W kg−1, alongside impressive cycling stability with 91.3% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. This approach demonstrates feasibility with LiFePO4 and extends to other commercial cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, and even their blends, offering a groundbreaking solution for lithium‐ion battery recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The feasibility and safety of robotic mitral valve repair has been proven in several studies but the mid-term to long-term outcomes are unclear. We aim to summarize our surgical experience with robotic mitral valve repair and demonstrate the follow-up results out to 7 years., Methods: From 2007 to 2014, 110 consecutive patients underwent robotic mitral valve repair with da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, USA) in our center. The operative data were collected, and patients were echocardiographically followed regularly up to 7 years., Results: The patients' average age was 45±13 (14 to 70) years with male to female ratio of 2.3:1. Mitral regurgitation (95.5%) or stenosis (4.5%) was diagnosed. The triangular or quadrangular resection was the most performed type of repair (63.3%). Nitinol U-clips (58.1%), running suture (31.1%), and Cor-Knot™ suture device (LSI Solutions, Victor, NY) (10.8%) were used to secure the annuloplasty ring. All cases were performed by the same surgeon. One case of conversion to sternotomy was noted. The mean CPB time was 121±34.3 (range, 70 to 152) minutes, and the mean cross-clamp time was 82.6±25.3 (range, 47 to 122) minutes. After surgery, one death (0.91%) and two cases of transient neurocognitive defect (1.82%) occurred. Three cases of early failure of repair that required reoperation (2.73%) were noticed. All patients were successfully followed for a median of 4.1 (range, 1 month to 7 years) years and 94.5% had freedom of re-operation., Conclusions: Robotic mitral valve repair is a safe and effective procedure with excellent mid-term outcomes.

Background: The purpose of this study was to summarize our experience of extended ventricular septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)., Methods: Thirty-eight patients (26 men, 12 women) with HOCM underwent extended ventricular septal myectomy. The mean age was 36.3 years (range, 18-64 years). Diagnosis was made by echocardiography. The mean (mean ± SE) systolic gradient between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta was 89.3 ± 31.1 mm Hg (range, 50-184 mm Hg) according to echocardiographic assessments before the operations. Moderate or severe systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was found in 38 cases, and mitral regurgitation was present in 29 cases. Extended ventricular septal myectomy was performed in all 38 cases. The results of the surgical procedures were evaluated intraoperatively with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at 1 to 2 weeks after the operation. All patients were followed up with TTE after their operation., Results: All patients were discharged without complications. The TEE evaluations showed that the mean systolic gradient between the LV and the aorta decreased from 94.8 ± 35.6 mm Hg preoperatively to 13.6 ± 10.8 mm Hg postoperatively (P = .0000) and that the mean thickness of the ventricular septum decreased from 28.3 ± 7.9 mm to 11.8 ± 3.2 mm (P = .0000). Mitral regurgitation and SAM were significantly reduced or eliminated. During the follow-up, all patients promptly became completely asymptomatic or complained of mild effort dyspnea only, and syncope was abolished. TTE examinations showed that the postoperative pressure gradient either remained the same or diminished., Conclusions: Extended ventricular septal myectomy is mostly an effective method for patients with HOCM, and good surgical exposure and thorough excision of the hypertrophic septum are of paramount importance for a successful surgery.

Liquid paraffin-water emulsions were prepared by homogenizing oil phases containing sorbitan oleate (Span 80) and aqueous phases containing layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles or Laponite particles. While water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are obtained by combining LDH with Span 80, the emulsions stabilized by Laponite-Span 80 are always o/w types regardless of the Span 80 concentration. Laser-induced fluorescent confocal micrographs indicate that particles are absorbed on the emulsion surfaces, suggesting all the emulsions are stabilized by the particles. The difference of the particle-stabilized emulsion type may be explained by comparing particle contact angles and the oil-water interfacial tensions, indicating that more Span 80 molecules are adsorbed on the LDH particles than on Laponite. Apparently, the LDH particles are rendered more hydrophobic by Span 80, resulting in the formation of w/o emulsions. The long-term stability of the emulsions was also compared. Emulsions stabilized by Span 80 alone completely separate into two bulk phases of oil and water after 3 months. However, emulsion stability is greatly enhanced with the addition of LDH or Laponite particles. This synergism was accounted for by an increase of the dilational viscoelasticity modulus of the oil-water interface after particles were added to the aqueous phase. This increase indicates that the gel-like particle layer stays at the oil-water interface and resists emulsion coalescence. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images display the presence of a firm layer surrounding the emulsion droplets and a three-dimensional particle network which extends into the bulk phase aiding emulsion stability.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) has been performed for many years and its use is increasing frequently, but it remains an open question whether OPCAB provides similar patency to conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CCABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The present study assessed the graft patency in patients that had coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG) performed on-pump and off-pump. A total of 237 patients with CABG performed by a single surgeon were retrospectively studied, in which 100 patients underwent CCABG and 137 patients underwent OPCAB; the two groups were well matched according to relative factors and no significant differences were found in both groups. Postoperatively, systematic assessment on the graft patency of all the patients was conducted with 64-slice multidetector spiral computed tomography angiography (MSCTA) at one month, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years, respectively, to provide 641 grafts for analysis. Patency of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was higher than that of saphenous vein (SVG) in both groups; no significant difference was seen in LIMA patency and SVG patency in both groups. Results of 64-slice MSCTA indicate that OPCAB provides similar patency to CCABG surgery with CPB.