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20. Fish Kills Related to Harmful Algal Bloom Events in Southeast Asia.

Author

San Diego-McGlone, Maria Lourdes, Yñiguez, Aletta T., Benico, Garry, Lum, Wai Mun, Hii, Kieng Soon, Leong, Sandric Chee Yew, Leaw, Chui Pin, Iwataki, Mitsunori, and Lim, Po Teen

Abstract

Fish kills in Southeast Asia are frequently associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) and cause significant ecological and economic impacts and can have negative effects on the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and the fisheries they support. This paper serves as a review of fish-kill events with focus on those related to HABs within the region. It examines the causative algal species, known mechanisms of fish mortality, and socio-economic consequences in order to better understand and manage this threat to sustainable fisheries. Fish kills have been reported across multiple countries within Southeast Asia, with notable hotspots in the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand. The common harmful microalgal species span a diverse group including dinoflagellates (Karenia spp., Karlodinium spp., Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Noctiluca scintillans), raphidophytes (Chattonella spp.), diatoms (Skeletonema spp. and Chaetoceros spp.), and cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium spp.). These microalgae lead to fish kills through mechanisms such as hypoxia, physical gill damage, and ichthyotoxin production. Freshwater fish kills linked to HABs have also been documented for the Philippines, but there is no or limited information for the region. Our review highlights the widespread and recurring nature of fish kills, their impact on fisheries and aquaculture, and challenges in managing and mitigating their effects. There are efforts at enhancing management and mitigation using clay and early warning systems. However, it is essential to further improve monitoring efforts, the development and deployment of early warning systems, and viable and holistic mitigation strategies to protect the region's aquatic resources and dependent communities, especially as aquaculture and coastal development are increasing concurrent with a changing climate that can exacerbate the risks of fish kills and HABs in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969–2019)

Author

Lum, Wai Mun, Benico, Garry, Doan-Nhu, Hai, Furio, Elsa, Leaw, Chui Pin, Leong, Sandric Chee Yew, Lim, Po Teen, Lim, Weol Ae, Lirdwitayaprasit, Thaithaworn, Lu, Songhui, Muawanah, Nguyen, Nguyen Van, Orlova, Tatiana Yu., Rachman, Arief, Sakamoto, Setsuko, Takahashi, Kazuya, Teng, Sing Tung, Thoha, Hikmah, Wang, Pengbin, Yñiguez, Aletta T., Wakita, Kazumi, and Iwataki, Mitsunori

Published
2021
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30. Resting Cysts of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Ubiquitously Distribute along the Entire Coast of China, with Higher Abundance in Bloom-Prone Areas.

Author

Liu, Xiaohan, Tao, Zhe, Liu, Yuyang, Hu, Zhangxi, Deng, Yunyan, Shang, Lixia, Lim, Po-Teen, Chai, Zhaoyang, and Tang, Ying-Zhong

Subjects
PARALYTIC shellfish toxins, DINOFLAGELLATE blooms, GYMNODINIUM, ALGAL blooms, TERRITORIAL waters, DINOFLAGELLATE cysts, SHELLFISH
Abstract

Blooms of Gymnodinium catenatum have occurred occasionally in different areas of China and caused tremendous economic loss and even threatened human health. Not only is G. catenatum an important harmful-algal-bloom (HAB)-causing species, but also the only gymnodinioid dinoflagellate known to produce paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Due to the germination of resting cysts, which often initiates blooms, the distribution and abundance of cysts in sediments and particularly the confirmation of cyst beds are important information for understanding and predicting dinoflagellate blooms. In this research, 199 sediment samples were collected from China's coastal seas, ranging from the Beidaihe in the Bohai Sea (BS) to the southernmost sample from the Nansha Islands of the South China Sea (SCS). TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays with species-specific primers and probes were developed to specifically detect the distribution and abundance of cysts in the 199 samples. The detection revealed that G. catenatum cysts were widely present in the sediments (126 of the 199 samples), with 93.55%, 74.65%, 42.37%, and 50% of the samples detected positively from the BS, YS, ECS and SCS, respectively, and covering the vast sea area from Nansha Islands to the Beidaihe area. The single-cyst morpho-molecular identification in the samples from Beidaihe confirmed the existence of G. catenatum cysts in the BS, and the positive detections of G. catenatum cysts using the qPCR methods. While G. catenatum cysts were widely distributed in all four seas of China, the average abundance was relatively low (1.0 cyst per gram of wet sediment). Three samples from the East China Sea (ECS), however, contained G. catenatum cysts at a relatively higher level (23 cysts g−1 wet sediment) than other sea areas, suggesting a pertinence of cyst abundance to the frequent occurrences of G. catenatum blooms in the area during recent years. Collectively, for G. catenatum being such an important toxic and HAB-causing species globally, the ubiquitous distribution of its cysts along the coastal waters of China and higher abundance in the bloom-prone areas warns us of a risk that cyst beds, although currently low in abundance, may seed HABs in any and many sea areas of China at any forthcoming year, and particularly those areas with records of frequent HABs outbreaks in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Morphological and phylogenetic data do not support the split of Alexandrium into four genera

Author

Mertens, Kenneth Neil, Adachi, Masao, Anderson, Donald M., Band-Schmidt, Christine J., Bravo, Isabel, Brosnahan, Michael L., Bolch, Christopher J.S., Calado, António J., Carbonell-Moore, M. Consuelo, Chomérat, Nicolas, Elbrächter, Malte, Figueroa, Rosa Isabel, Fraga, Santiago, Gárate-Lizárraga, Ismael, Garcés, Esther, Gu, Haifeng, Hallegraeff, Gustaaf, Hess, Philipp, Hoppenrath, Mona, Horiguchi, Takeo, Iwataki, Mitsunori, John, Uwe, Kremp, Anke, Larsen, Jacob, Leaw, Chui Pin, Li, Zhun, Lim, Po Teen, Litaker, Wayne, MacKenzie, Lincoln, Masseret, Estelle, Matsuoka, Kazumi, Moestrup, Øjvind, Montresor, Marina, Nagai, Satoshi, Nézan, Elisabeth, Nishimura, Tomohiro, Okolodkov, Yuri B., Orlova, Tatiana Yu., Reñé, Albert, Sampedro, Nagore, Satta, Cecilia Teodora, Shin, Hyeon Ho, Siano, Raffaele, Smith, Kirsty F., Steidinger, Karen, Takano, Yoshihito, Tillmann, Urban, Wolny, Jennifer, Yamaguchi, Aika, and Murray, Shauna

Published
2020
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41. Pentaplacodinium saltonense gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) and its relationship to the cyst-defined genus Operculodinium and yessotoxin-producing Protoceratium reticulatum

Author

Mertens, Kenneth Neil, Carbonell-Moore, M. Consuelo, Pospelova, Vera, Head, Martin J., Highfield, Andrea, Schroeder, Declan, Gu, Haifeng, Andree, Karl B., Fernandez, Margarita, Yamaguchi, Aika, Takano, Yoshihito, Matsuoka, Kazumi, Nézan, Elisabeth, Bilien, Gwenael, Okolodkov, Yuri, Koike, Kazuhiko, Hoppenrath, Mona, Pfaff, Maya, Pitcher, Grant, Al-Muftah, Abdulrahman, Rochon, André, Lim, Po Teen, Leaw, Chui Pin, Lim, Zhen Fei, and Ellegaard, Marianne

Published
2018
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48. Expansion of Toxic Algal Blooms in Coastal and Marine Areas in the Philippines and Malaysia: Is It Climate Change Related?

Author

Azanza, Rhodora V., Yñiguez, Aletta T., Onda, Deo Florence, Benico, Garry A., Lim, Po Teen, Leaw, Chui Pin, and Iwataki, Mitsunori

Abstract

This paper provides a review of toxic algal blooms in the Philippine and Malaysian coastal and marine systems, considering relevant available knowledge, including climate change dimension/s in the assessment of their recorded recent expansion. The first record of human toxicity in the Philippines associated with HABs/toxic algal blooms specifically was during the bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense in the Sorsogon, Samar, and Leyte waters in 1983. Since then, the species has been identified to occur and cause blooms in about 44 sites/areas in the country. Recent government reports, i.e., 2021, 2022, and 2023, have also identified other paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) causative organisms (Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium spp.) in the country. New records indicate that the presence of PSP causative species has been reported almost year-round in the Philippines. In Malaysia, PSP caused by P. bahamense was initially confined in 1981 to the state of Sabah, Malaysia Borneo, but since then, blooms of this species have been reported almost annually at different scales across the coastal waters of Sabah. P. bahamense and other cyst-forming dinoflagellates could be transported naturally or through human activities. Other eco-physiological and environment factors from the field and the laboratory have been used to study the bloom dynamics and transport of PSP causative species in several areas in the Philippines and Malaysia. More recently, plastics and other marine litter have been considered potential vectors of invasion/transport or expansion of dinoflagellates with other microorganisms. ENSO events have been observed to be stronger since 1950 compared with those recorded from 1850 to 1950. The extreme phases of the ENSO phenomenon have a strong modulating effect based on seasonal rainfall in the Philippines, with extreme ENSO warm events (El Niño) often associated with drought and stresses on water resources and agriculture/aquaculture. In contrast, cold events (La Niña) often result in excessive rainfall. The La Nina Advisories from 2021 to 2023 (18 advisories) showed the persistence of this part of ENSO, particularly in regions with recurrent and new records of HABs/toxic algal blooms. More studies and monitoring of another type of toxic algal bloom, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), are recommended in tropical countries such as the Philippines and Malaysia, which have extensive reef areas that harvest and culture marine fish for local and export purposes, as accelerating reports of this type of poisoning have apparently increased and causative organisms have been identified in several areas. There is an urgent need to enhance HAB/toxic algal bloom research and monitoring, particularly those related to climate change, which has apparently impacted these blooms/occurrences directly or indirectly. Local researchers and managers should be made aware of the knowledge and tools already available for their utilization and enhancement to meet local conditions and challenges for potential recurrence and expansion of HABs/toxic algal blooms. Regional and international HAB research and collaboration should be further advanced for the protection of public health and marine resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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