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Background Nurse managers play an important role in implementing patient safety practices in hospitals. However, the influence of their professional background on their clinical leadership behaviour remains unclear. Research has demonstrated that concepts of Bourdieu (dispositions of habitus, capital and field) help to describe this influence. It revealed various configurations of dispositions of the habitus in which a caring disposition plays a crucial role. Objectives We explore how the caring disposition of nurse middle managers' habitus influences their clinical leadership behaviour in patient safety practices. Design Our paper reports the findings of a Bourdieusian, multi-site, ethnographic case study. Settings Two Dutch and two American acute care, mid-sized, non-profit hospitals. Participants A total of 16 nurse middle managers of adult care units. Methods Observations were made over 560h of shadowing nurse middle managers, semi-structured interviews and member check meetings with the participants. Results We observed three distinct configurations of dispositions of the habitus which influenced the clinical leadership of nurse middle managers in patient safety practices; they all include a caring disposition: (1) a configuration with a dominant caring disposition that was helpful (via solving urgent matters) and hindering (via ad hoc and reactive actions, leading to quick fixes and ‘compensatory modes'); (2) a configuration with an interaction of caring and collegial dispositions that led to an absence of clinical involvement and discouraged patient safety practices; and (3) a configuration with a dominant scientific disposition showing an investigative, non-judging, analytic stance, a focus on evidence-based practice that curbs the ad hoc repertoire of the caring disposition. Conclusions The dispositions of the nurse middle managers' habitus influenced their clinical leadership in patient safety practices. A dominance of the caring disposition, which meant ‘always' answering calls for help and reactive and ad hoc reactions, did not support the clinical leadership role of nurse middle managers. By perceiving the team of staff nurses as pseudo-patients, patient safety practice was jeopardized because of erosion of the clinical disposition. The nurse middle managers' clinical leadership was enhanced by leadership behaviour based on the clinical and scientific dispositions that was manifested through an investigative, non-judging, analytic stance, a focus on evidence-based practice and a curbed caring disposition.

Objectives: Systematic reviews on complex interventions like self-management interventions often do not explicitly state an operational definition of the intervention studied, which may impact the reviews conclusions. This study aimed to propose an operational definition of self-management interventions and determine its discriminative performance compared with other operational definitions. Study Design and Setting: Systematic review of definitions of self-management interventions and consensus meetings with self management research experts and practitioners. Results: Self-management interventions were defined as interventions that aim to equip patients with skills to actively participate and take responsibility in the management of their chronic condition in order to function optimally through at least knowledge acquisition and a combination of at least two of the following: stimulation of independent sign/symptom monitoring, medication management, enhancing problem-solving and decision-making skills for medical treatment management, and changing their physical activity, dietary, and/or smoking behavior. This definition substantially reduced the number of selected studies (255 of 750). In two preliminary expert meetings (n = 6), the proposed definition was identifiable for self-management research experts and practitioners (80% and 60% agreement, respectively). Conclusion: Future systematic reviews must carefully consider the operational definition of the intervention studied because the definition influences the selection of studies on which conclusions and recommendations for clinical practice are based. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Funding Agencies|Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, ZonMw [520001002]

Objectives. The aims of this study were to perform a cultural translation of the DMSES and evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated scale in a Korean population with type 2 diabetics.Methods. This study was conducted in patients with diabetes recruited from university hospitals. The first stage of this study involved translating the DMSES into Korean using a forward- and backward-translation technique. The content validity was assessed by an expert group. In the second stage, the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the DMSES (K-DMSES) were evaluated.Results. The content validity of the K-DMSES was satisfactory. Sixteen-items clustered into four-subscales were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The construct validity of the K-DMSES with the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities scale was satisfactory (r=0.50,P<0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.92 and 0.85 (P<0.001; 95%CI=0.75–0.91), respectively, which indicate excellent internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability.Conclusions. The K-DMSES is a brief instrument that has demonstrated good psychometric properties. It is therefore feasible to use in practice, and is ready for use in clinical research involving Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.

In clinical practice, identifying positive and negative attitudes toward older patients is very important to improve quality of care provided to them. The Older People in Acute Care Survey - United States (OPACS-US) is an instrument measuring hospital nurses attitudes regarding older patients. However, psychometrics have never been assessed. Furthermore, knowledge being related to attitude and behavior should also be measured complementing the OPACS-US. The purpose of this study was to assess structural validity and reliability of the OPACS-US and assess whether the OPACS-US can be complemented with the Knowledge about Older Patients-Quiz (KOP-Q). A multicenter cross sectional design was conducted. Registered nurses (n = 130, mean age 39,9 years; working experience 14,6 years) working in four general hospitals were included in the study. Nurses completed the OPACS-US section A: practice experiences, B: general opinion and the KOP-Q online. Findings demonstrated that the OPACS-US is a valid and reliable survey instrument that measures practice experiences and general opinion. Furthermore, the OPACS-US can be combined with the KOP-Q adding a knowledge construct, and is ready for use within education and/or quality improvement programs in the USA.

Background: People with cardiac disease and type 2 diabetes have higher hospital readmission rates (22%) compared to those without diabetes (6%). Self-management is an effective approach to achieve better health outcomes; however there is a lack of specifically designed programs for patients with these dual conditions. This project aims to extend the development and pilot test of a Cardiac-Diabetes Self-Management Program incorporating user-friendly technologies and the preparation of lay personnel to provide follow-up support. Methods/Design: A randomised controlled trial will be used to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the Cardiac-Diabetes Self-Management Program incorporating DVD case studies and trained peers to provide follow-up support by telephone and text-messaging. A total of 30 cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes will be randomised, either to the usual care group, or to the intervention group. Participants in the intervention group will received the Cardiac-Diabetes Self-Management Program in addition to their usual care. The intervention consists of three face-to-face sessions as well as telephone and text-messaging follow up. The face-to-face sessions will be provided by a trained Research Nurse, commencing in the Coronary Care Unit, and continuing after discharge by trained peers. Peers will follow up patients for up to one month after discharge using text messages and telephone support. Data collection will be conducted at baseline (Time 1) and at one month (Time 2). The primary outcomes include self-efficacy, self-care behaviour and knowledge, measured by well established reliable tools. Discussion: This paper presents the study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to pilot evaluates a Cardiac-Diabetes Self-Management program, and the feasibility of incorporating peers in the follow-ups. Results of this study will provide directions for using such mode in delivering a self-management program for patients with both cardiac condition and diabetes. Furthermore, it will provide valuable information of refinement of the intervention program. Trial Registration Number ACTRN12611000086965

Aims and objectives. This research studied the long term outcome of intensive care delirium defined as mortality and quality of life at three and six months after discharge of the intensive care unit. Background. Delirium in the intensive care unit is known to result in worse outcomes. Cognitive impairment, a longer stay in the hospital or in the intensive care unit and a raised mortality have been reported. Design. A prospective cohort study. Methods. A population of 105 consecutive patients was included during the stay at the intensive care unit in July–August 2006. The population was assessed once a day for delirium using the NEECHAM Confusion Scale and the CAM-ICU. Patients were visited at home by a nurse researcher to assess the quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey at three and six months after discharge of the intensive care unit. Delirious and non delirious patients were compared for mortality and quality of life. Results. Compared to the non delirious patients, more delirious patients died. The total study population discharged from the intensive care unit, scored lower for quality of life in all domains compared to the reference population. The domains showed lower results for the delirious patients compared to the non delirious patients. Conclusions. Mortality was higher in delirious patients. All patients showed lower values for the quality of life at three months. The delirious patients showed lower results than the non delirious patients. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses are the first caregivers to observe patients. The fluctuating delirious process is often not noticed. Long term effects are not visible to the interdisciplinary team in the hospital. This paper would like to raise the awareness of professionals for long term outcomes for patients having experienced delirium in the intensive care unit.

Geriatric nursing competency in the acute care setting is a social mandate for the 21st century. This article reports on the content validation of an Australian research instrument, the Older Patients in Acute Care Survey (OPACS) that examines the attitudes, the knowledge, and the practices of nurses working with acute care patients. The OPACS tool was developed primarily to assist nurse educators to assess attitudes, knowledge, and practices of nursing staff in caring for older patients in the acute care setting; to evaluate the implementation of institution-specific educational interventions; and to improve quality of care given to older patients. An overall content validity index (CVI) for the OPACS was calculated (CVI = .918), revealing high content validity. Opinions (CVI = .92) and practices (CVI = .97) subconstructs revealed high content validity as well. Therefore, results indicate that the OPACS has high content validity in the U.S. acute care setting and could assist nurse educators in establishing and enhancing nurse competency in the care for geriatric patients in the future.

Background Several reports indicate a high incidence of intensive care delirium. To develop strategies to prevent this complication, validated instruments are needed. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is widely used. A binary result diagnoses delirium. The Neelon and Champagne (NEECHAM) Confusion Scale recently has been validated for use in the ICU and has a numeric assessment. This scale allows the patients to be classified in four categories: non-delirious, at risk, confused, and delirious. In this study, we investigated the results of the NEECHAM scale in comparison with the CAM-ICU. Methods A consecutive sample of 172 non-intubated patients in a mixed ICU was assessed after a stay in the ICU for at least 24 hours. All adult patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of greater than 9 were included. A nurse researcher simultaneously assessed both scales once daily in the morning. A total of 599 paired observations were made. Results The CAM-ICU showed a 19.8% incidence of delirium. The NEECHAM scale detected incidence rates of 20.3% for delirious, 24.4% for confused, 29.7% for at risk, and 25.6% for normal patients. The majority of the positive CAM-ICU patients were detected by the NEECHAM scale. The sensitivity of the NEECHAM scale was 87% and the specificity was 95%. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 79% and 97%, respectively. The diagnostic capability in cardiac surgery patients proved to be lower than in other patients. Conclusion In non-intubated patients, the NEECHAM scale identified most cases of delirium which were detected by the CAM-ICU. Additional confused patients were identified in the categorical approach of the scale. The NEECHAM scale proved to be a valuable screening tool compared with the CAM-ICU in the early detection of intensive care delirium by nurses.

Australians' use of the English language is influenced by a British educational curriculum, exposure to international television programmes and cultural backgrounds. Hence, adapting research instruments for use with Australian populations can be challenging. This study adapted the United Kingdom's version of the 20-item Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale and tested it psychometrically with Australians. Face validity of the adapted instrument was established through consultation with diabetes educators and people with type 2 diabetes. Data from a convenience sample of 88 people with type 2 diabetes were analysed to determine the psychometric properties of the adapted instrument. The results indicate that the Australian/English version of the instrument is internally consistent, stable over time and it measures self-efficacy. However, there was evidence to show that there might be some redundant items in the scale. Further psychometric testing is warranted with a larger sample to determine whether the scale requires refinement.

Objective: to perform the cultural adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a Brazilian population sample. Method: cross-sectional methodological study in which the adaptation and validation process included the stages recommended in the literature. Construct validity and reliability were assessed with 200 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: the items indicated by the panel of judges and by the target population were adjusted in the cultural adaptation to improve clarity and understanding. The instrument's four factors remained in the confirmatory factor analysis with factor loadings of items greater than 0.30, except for factor 4; convergent validity, verified by the multitrait-multimethod analysis, presented inter-item correlations from 0.37 to 0.92, while for discriminant validity, 100% of the items presented greater correlation in their own factors. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the total scale was 0.78, ranging from 0.57 to 0.86 among factors. Conclusion: semantic, cultural, conceptual and idiomatic equivalences were achieved and the instrument's Brazilian version also presented psychometric properties that showed evidence of reliability and validity. Thus, it can be applied both in clinical practice and research. Self-efficacy is useful for planning and assessing educational interventions, as well as predicting behavior modification in self-care. Objetivo: realizar a adaptação cultural e validação da Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus para uma amostra populacional brasileira. Método: estudo metodológico transversal, cujo processo de adaptação e validação incluiu as etapas preconizadas pela literatura. A validade de construto e a confiabilidade foram avaliadas em 200 adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: na adaptação cultural, foram ajustados itens indicados pelo Comitê de Juízes e pela população alvo, para maior clareza e compreensão. Na análise fatorial confirmatória manteve-se os quatro fatores, com cargas fatoriais dos itens superiores a 0,30, exceto para o fator 4; a análise multitraço-multimétodo mostrou para a validade convergente, correlações inter-itens de 0,37 a 0,92, e para a discriminante, que 100% dos itens obtiveram maior valor de correlação em seu próprio fator. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para a escala total foi de 0,78, com variação de 0,57 a 0,86 entre os fatores. Conclusão: as equivalências semântica, cultural, conceitual e idiomática foram mantidas, e as propriedades psicométricas mostraram evidências de confiabilidade e de validade da versão brasileira do instrumento, portanto, poderá ter aplicação clínica e em pesquisas. A autoeficácia é útil para planejar e avaliar intervenções educativas e predizer mudanças comportamentais para o cuidado. Objetivo: realizar la adaptación cultural y validación de la Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus en una muestra poblacional brasileña. Método: estudio metodológico transversal, cuyo proceso de adaptación y validación incluyó las etapas preconizadas por la literatura. La validez de constructo y la confiabilidad fueron evaluadas en 200 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: para mayor clareza y comprensión, en la adaptación cultural fueron ajustados los ítems indicados por el Comité de Jueces y por la población objetivo. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio se mantuvieron los cuatro factores, con cargas factoriales de los ítems superiores a 0,30, excepto para el factor 4; el análisis multirrasgo y multimétodo mostró para la validez convergente, correlaciones entre ítems de 0,37 a 0,92, y en el caso del discriminante que 100% de los ítems obtuvieron mayor valor de correlación en su propio factor. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para la escala total fue de 0,78, con variación de 0,57 a 0,86 entre los factores. Conclusión: las equivalencias semántica, cultural, conceptual e idiomática fueron mantenidas; las propiedades psicométricas mostraron evidencias de confiabilidad y de validez en la versión brasileña del instrumento; por tanto, la adaptación podrá tener aplicación en la clínica e investigaciones. La autoeficacia es útil para planificar y evaluar intervenciones educativas y predecir cambios comportamentales para el cuidado.