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A constitutive model has been established based on dislocation theory, work hardening and dynamic recovery theory, and softening mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization. The stress-strain curves of a bainite steel have been measured with hot compression experiments at temperatures of 1173, 1273, 1373 and 1473 K with strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 s on a thermo-mechanical simulator (Gleeble-1500). The material constants involved in the constitutive model have been optimized by an inverse analysis of the stress-strain curves using the method of coordinate rotation, determining the strain-stress relationship or the constitutive equation, the kinetic models of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, and a few material constants of the investigated steel. Comparison of the calculated flow stress with the experimental data suggests that the relationship between the flow stress and the strain rate, temperature, strain of the steel during hot deformation can be described by the constitutive model, and that the underlying materials science can be captured from the material constants determined by the stress-strain curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the mucosal pulmonary antibody response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcome remains unclear. Here, we found that in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 48 patients with severe COVID-19-infected with the ancestral Wuhan virus, mucosal IgG and IgA specific for S1, receptor-binding domain (RBD), S2, and nucleocapsid protein (NP) emerged in BAL containing viruses early in infection and persist after virus elimination, with more IgA than IgG for all antigens tested. Furthermore, spike-IgA and spike-IgG immune complexes were detected in BAL, especially when the lung virus has been cleared. BAL IgG and IgA recognized the four main RBD variants. BAL neutralizing titers were higher early in COVID-19 when virus replicates in the lung than later in infection after viral clearance. Patients with fatal COVID-19, in contrast to survivors, developed higher levels of mucosal spike-specific IgA than IgG but lost neutralizing activities over time and had reduced IL-1β in the lung. Altogether, mucosal spike and NP-specific IgG and S1-specific IgA persisting after lung severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clearance and low pulmonary IL-1β correlate with COVID-19 fatal outcome. Thus, mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may have adverse functions in addition to protective neutralization., Highlights: Mucosal pulmonary antibody response in COVID-19 outcome remains unclear. We show that in severe COVID-19 patients, mucosal pulmonary non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 IgA persit after viral clearance in the lung. Furthermore, low lung IL-1β correlate with fatal COVID-19. Altogether, mucosal IgA may exert harmful functions beside protective neutralization., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Ruiz, Siracusano, Cottignies-Calamarte, Tudor, Real, Zhu, Pastori, Capron, Rosenberg, Temperton, Cantoni, Liao, Ternette, Moine, Godement, Geri, Chiche, Annane, Cramer Bordé, Lopalco and Bomsel.)

To establish the optimal radiotherapy fields for treating brain cancer patients, the tumour volume is often outlined on magnetic resonance (MR) images, where the tumour is clearly visible, and mapped onto computerised tomography images used for radiotherapy planning. This process requires considerable clinical experience and is time consuming, which will continue to increase as more complex image sequences are used in this process. Here, the potential of image analysis techniques for automatically identifying the radiation target volume on MR images, and thereby assisting clinicians with this difficult task, was investigated. A gradient-based level set approach was applied on the MR images of five patients with grades II, III and IV malignant cerebral glioma. The relationship between the target volumes produced by image analysis and those produced by a radiation oncologist was also investigated. The contours produced by image analysis were compared with the contours produced by an oncologist and used for treatment. In 93% of cases, the Dice similarity coefficient was found to be between 60 and 80%. This feasibility study demonstrates that image analysis has the potential for automatic outlining in the management of brain cancer patients, however, more testing and validation on a much larger patient cohort is required.