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Three timescale i.e. monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall data of Bundelkhand region, Central India, was analyzed for 40 years (1981-2020). The annual mean average rainfall for the region ranges between 657.7 mm and 1146.4 mm for the studied period with the month August receiving the highest amount of rainfall. The region receives about 90 % of its annual rainfall during South West Monsoon period i.e. from June to September. Temporal trend of rainfall for different timescale was analysed using nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. Increasing and decreasing trend were found for the three timescale in which the study was carried out. Annual rainfall trend of Bundelkhand region is found to follow decreasing trend except for Sagar district. A decreasing South West Monsoon rainfall trend was also observed in 11 districts of Bundelkhand region.

Background: Study has been undertaken in SAT (Semi-arid tropics) region located between 23° 8'-26° 30' latitude and 78°11'-81°30' longitude with an altitude varying from 230 to 280 m above mean sea level (MSL), Central India for assessing the impact after interventions of natural resource management (NRM) under watershed development programme. Agricultural productivity of Semiarid tropics oscillates between 0.5 and 2.0 ton ha-1 with an average of one ton per ha (Rockstrom et al., 2010; Wani et al., 2011a, 2011b). The main objectives of this study are to establish agroforestry based crop cultivation which provides nutritional food as well as transform the mankind's living status and also supports the doubling farmer's income goal without associated ecological harm. Methods: To evaluate the economic feasibility and crop productivity along with agroforestry was worked out on the basis of survey and sampling. To get uniform samples of crops from cultivated fields some specific area selected (1 m x 1 m size) and get about 80 crop samples for measurements from whole watershed. All data has been collected through survey of 40 % households of watershed and then all these data subjected to statistical analysis in the laboratory. To minimize the problem and rejuvenate the water body, water resource development plan helps in identify the available sources so that appropriate and effective with durable solutions can be formulated. The net return of crop cultivated was calculated by subtracting the cost of cultivation incurred from sowing to harvesting, for each crop from the gross return and then benefit-cost ratio was estimated for further improvement or scaled up and livelihood security of former. Result: The study has revealed that after watershed interventions and agroforestry based Crop cultivation, water level increased 2-6 m, crop production increased by 45-47%, cropping intensity increased 97-98% from 44-46% and migration decreased by 70-72%. During both season, the expenses on irrigation and labour will decrease, crop productivity will improve and benefit-cost ratio increased. Nutrition based food production provided the base for food security as it is a key determination of food availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water harvesting is a critical component of any approach to alleviating India's water crisis. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems are found in every region of the country. Haveli is one such system found in almost every village in the Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. A defunct Haveli in the Parasai-Sindh watershed of Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh, was rejuvenated by providing a cement concrete core wall to the earthen embankment to address the problem of breaching, and the existing outlet was also expanded. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 to analyse the hydrology of the rejuvenated Haveli and to understand its impact on surface-water availability and recharging groundwater. The study period was divided based on long-term southwest monsoon (SWM) as wet (SWM > 20%), normal (SWM ± 20%) and dry (SWM < 20%) years. It was found that the Haveli could harvest about 1.91-2.0 times, 1.13-1.72 times and 0.2 times its capacity during a wet, normal and dry year, respectively. There was a 1.41 m difference in hydraulic head between pre- and post-Haveli rejuvenation in a wet year, whereas, a normal year, the difference was 2.71 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three timescale i.e. monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall data of Bundelkhand region, Central India, was analyzed for 40 years (1981-2020). The annual mean average rainfall for the region ranges between 657.7 mm and 1146.4 mm for the studied period with the month August receiving the highest amount of rainfall. The region receives about 90 % of its annual rainfall during South West Monsoon period i.e. from June to September. Temporal trend of rainfall for different timescale was analysed using nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Increasing and decreasing trend were found for the three timescale in which the study was carried out. Annual rainfall trend of Bundelkhand region is found to follow decreasing trend except for Sagar district. A decreasing South West Monsoon rainfall trend was also observed in 11 districts of Bundelkhand region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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