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Aims: Bariatric surgery results in rapid recovery of glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. The present study aims to clarify how bariatric surgery modifies pancreatic cell subgroup differentiation and transformation in the single‐cell RNA level. Methods: Male, 8‐week‐old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with obesity and diabetes phenotypes were randomized into sleeve gastrectomy (Sleeve, n = 9), Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 9), and Sham (n = 7) groups. Two weeks after surgery, the pancreas specimen was further analyzed using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing technique. Results: Two weeks after surgery, compared to the Sham group, the metabolic parameters including fasting plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and oral glucose tolerance test values were dramatically improved after RYGB and Sleeve procedures (p <.05) as predicted. In addition, RYGB and Sleeve groups increased the proportion of pancreatic β cells and reduced the ratio of α cells. Two multiple hormone‐expressing cells were identified, the Gcg+/Ppy + and Ins+/Gcg+/Ppy + cells. The pancreatic Ins+/Gcg+/Ppy + cells were defined for the first time, and further investigation indicates similarities with α and β cells, with unique gene expression patterns, which implies that pancreatic cell transdifferentiation occurs following bariatric surgery. Conclusions: For the first time, using the single‐cell transcriptome map of ZDF rats, we reported a comprehensive characterization of the heterogeneity and differentiation of pancreatic endocrinal cells after bariatric surgery, which may contribute to the underlying mechanisms. Further studies will be needed to elucidate these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) can generate a drastic shift of coding and noncoding RNA expression patterns in the gastrointestinal system, which triggers organ function remodeling and may induce type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the altered expression profiles of duodenal and jejunal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) after the duodenal–jejunal bypass (DJB), an investigational procedure and research tool of MBS, can improve glycemic control by modulating the entero-pancreatic axis and gut–brain axis, respectively. As an indiscerptible part of the intestine, the ileal lncRNA expression signatures after DJB and the critical pathways associated with postoperative correction of the impaired metabolism need to be investigated too. High-fat diet-induced diabetic mice were randomly assigned into two groups receiving either DJB or sham surgery. Compared to the sham group, 1,425 dysregulated ileal lncRNAs and 552 co-expressed mRNAs were identified in the DJB group. Bioinformatics analysis of the differently expressed mRNAs and predicted target genes or transcriptional factors indicated that the dysregulated ileal lncRNAs were associated with lipid and amino acid metabolism-related pathways. Moreover, a series of lncRNAs and their potential target mRNAs, especially NONMMUT040618, Pxmp4 , Pnpla3 , and Car5a , were identified on the pathway. In conclusion , DJB can induce remarkable alteration of ileal lncRNA and mRNA expression. The role of the ileum in DJB tends to re-establish the energy homeostasis by regulating the lipid and amino acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salvianolic acid A (SalA) has been shown to confer robust protection against endothelial injury. VLDL receptor is expressed at high levels on the endothelial surface, however its biological effect on endothelial cells has not yet been completely elucidated. Here, we investigated molecular effects of SalA on endothelial VLDL expression and barrier dysfunction under conditions of ischemia/reperfusion (IS/RP). Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with SalA were subjected to IS/RP stimulation. Endothelial permeability, ZO-1 distribution, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were examined. The mRNA levels were tested by real-time RT-PCR and the protein levels were determined by immunoblot analysis. Results: Pretreatment of HUVECs with SalA markedly attenuated IS/RP-induced endothelial hyperpermeability, discontinuous ZO-1 staining, actin stress fiber formation, and intracellular ROS generation. IS/RP activated p38 MAPK signaling and enhanced VLDL receptor expression, and inactivation of p38 MAPK abolished increase of VLDL receptor expression. Furthermore, siRNA experiments showed that VLDL receptor was a crucial mediator of endothelial barrier dysfunction and intracellular ROS generation induced by IS/RP. Importantly, SalA effectively suppressed IS/RP-induced activation of p38 MAPK signaling and increase of VLDL receptor expression. Conclusion: These results for the first time demonstrated that SalA protected against IS/RP-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction through suppression of VLDL receptor expression. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitogenomes of Ying hybrid carp (Russian scattered scale mirror carp ♀ × Carp-goldfish nucleocytoplasmic hybrid ♂) was sequenced by PCR-based method. The total of the mtDNA was 16,581 bp, and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2rRNA genes, and 1 control region (D-loop region). The overall base composition was as follows: A: 31.9%, T: 24.8%, C: 27.5%, and G: 15.8%, respectively. The overall AT and GC skew were found to be 0.125 and −0.271, respectively. A majority of the genes used ATG as the start codon, except that the codon GTG was found to initiated theCO Igene. Most of the genes ended with the complete stop codon TAA or TAG, while theCOII,ND3,ND4, andCytbgenes terminated with the incomplete stop codons ‘T––’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To improve the performance of growth traits and survival in common carp, CyCa nucleocytoplasmic hybrid fish (C) was used as parental fish for hybridization with Russian scattered mirror carp (R). Performances in morphological characters, growth traits and survival rate were compared among the purebreds (CC &RR) and crossbreds (RC &CR) at different time period in solitary and communal rearing system, respectively. The results demonstrated that both RC and CR crossbreds inherited the grey skin color type from the mirror carp, and got the full-scale pattern from the CyCa nucleocytoplasmic hybrid fish, which suggested that the grey color dominated to red color and full-scale dominated to scattered scale. With respect to yield, the RC crossbreds perform quite great compared to the RR and CC purebreds because they have quite high growth and survival rate. In contrast to RC crossbreds, the CR crossbreds performed poorly in growth traits, together with that crosses where scattered mirror carp was used as mother (RC and RR) achieved the greatest performance for all growth traits, suggested that the maternal influence also displayed an important role in growth traits. These results indicated that the RC crossbreds will be a potential carp variety for commercial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine development has undergone a tremendous drive within the pharmaceutical field. In recent years, great progress has been made into mRNA vaccine development, especially in individualized tumor vaccines. mRNA vaccines are a promising approach as the production process is simple, safety profiles are better than those of DNA vaccines, and mRNA-encoded antigens are readily expressed in cells. However, mRNA vaccines also possess some inherent limitations. While side effects such as allergy, renal failure, heart failure, and infarction remain a risk, the vaccine mRNA may also be degraded quickly after administration or cause cytokine storms. This is a substantial challenge for mRNA delivery. However, appropriate carriers can avoid degradation and enhance immune responses, effector presentation, biocompatibility and biosafety. To understand the development and research status of mRNA vaccines, this review focuses on analysis of molecular design, delivery systems and clinical trials of mRNA vaccines, thus highlighting the route for wider development and further clinical trials of mRNA vaccines., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Liu, Liang and Huang.)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex metabolic disorder typically accompanying weight gain, is associated with progressive β-cell failure and insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery ameliorates glucose tolerance and provides a near-perfect treatment. Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) is an experimental procedure and has been studied in several rat models, but its influence in db/db mice, a transgenic model of T2DM, remains unclear. To investigate the effectiveness of DJB in db/db mice, we performed the surgery and evaluated metabolism improvement. Results showed that mice in DJB group weighed remarkably less than sham group two weeks after surgery. Compared to the preoperative level, postoperative fasting blood glucose (FBG) was dramatically reduced. Statistical analysis revealed that changes in body weight and FBG were significantly correlated. Besides, DJB surgery altered plasma insulin level with approximate 40% reduction. Thus, for the first time we proved that DJB can achieve rapid therapeutic effect in transgenic db/db mice with severe T2DM as well as obesity. In addition, decreased insulin level reflected better insulin sensitivity induced by DJB. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DJB surgery may be a potentially effective way to treat obesity-associated T2DM.

Objective: Glioblastomas multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain cancer, which presented vast genomic variation with complicated pathologic mechanism., Method: MicroRNA is a delicate post-transcriptional tuner of gene expression in the organisms by targeting and regulating protein coding genes. MiR-9 was reported as a significant biomarker for GBM patient prognosis and a key factor in regulation of GBM cancer stem cells. To explore the effect of miR-9 on GBM cell growth, we over expressed miR-9 in U87 and U251 cells. The cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased after miR-9 overexpression in these cells. To identify the target of miR-9, we scanned miR-9 binding site in the 3'UTRs region of expression SMC1A (structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A) genes and designed a fluorescent reporter assay to measure miR-9 binding to this region. Our results revealed that miR-9 binds to the 3'sUTR region of SMC1A and down-regulated SMC1A expression., Result: Our results indicated that miR-9 was a potential therapeutic target for GBM through triggering apoptosis of cancer cells.

The complete mitogenomes of Ying hybrid carp (Russian scattered scale mirror carp ♀ × Carp-goldfish nucleocytoplasmic hybrid ♂) was sequenced by PCR-based method. The total of the mtDNA was 16,581 bp, and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2rRNA genes, and 1 control region (D-loop region). The overall base composition was as follows: A: 31.9%, T: 24.8%, C: 27.5%, and G: 15.8%, respectively. The overall AT and GC skew were found to be 0.125 and -0.271, respectively. A majority of the genes used ATG as the start codon, except that the codon GTG was found to initiated the CO I gene. Most of the genes ended with the complete stop codon TAA or TAG, while the COII , ND3 , ND4 , and Cytb genes terminated with the incomplete stop codons 'T--'., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose for potential conflict of interest., (© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)