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This paper presents a polarization-insensitive sandwiched three-port beam splitting grating at normal incidence. The grating adopts a sandwiched structure. Based on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and the simulated annealing algorithm, the grating parameters are optimized to obtain the diffraction efficiencies of 32.83% at 0th order and 32.87% at ±1st orders for transverse electric polarization, and 32.63% at 0th order and 32.39% at ±1st orders for transverse magnetic polarization. Meanwhile, the calculation results of the finite element method are in general agreement with those of RCWA. In addition, the analysis results of grating period, duty cycle, and wavelength bandwidth further demonstrate the good wavelength bandwidth of the grating and its feasibility for practical production. Therefore, the grating can be widely used in actual production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the polarization sensitivity, a T-type grating with the material SiO2 is proposed on a reflective layer made of aluminum material. Based on structural parameters derived from rigorous coupled-wave analysis and simulated annealing, the described reflection beam splitter enables a nine-port separation under normal incidence. In addition, it demonstrates exceptional and uniform diffraction efficiency. For transverse electric polarization, the diffraction efficiencies of 0th, ±1st, ±2nd, ±3rd, and ±4th are 10.02%, 11.70%, 10.85%, 11.00%, and 10.03%, respectively. For transverse magnetic polarization, the diffraction efficiencies of 0th, ±1st, ±2nd, ±3rd, and ±4th are 12.54%, 10.13%, 9.51%, 10.46%, and 11.89%, respectively. The finite element technique is used to verify the diffraction efficiency values. In addition, a thorough analysis of the fabrication tolerance, wavelength bandwidth, and electromagnetic field dispersion is conducted. The outcome shows that the suggested grating structure has outstanding uniformity and efficiency, and these studies greatly enhance our knowledge of and progress toward the creation of the nine-port beam splitter. Consequently, there is a lot of room for the implementation of the suggested grating in multi-channel optical communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel embedded reflective grating (ERG) is presented to realize bi-function polarization operating at infrared band by finite element analysis (FEM). For transverse electric (TE) polarization, a two-port output (0th and −2nd orders) with an efficiency of more than 47% and excellent uniformity can be obtained. For transverse magnetic (TM) polarization, a high efficiency output of 94.72% can be achieved at the −2th order. The results of the analysis of the electric field intensity distribution, angular and wavelength bandwidths further demonstrate the advantages of the proposed grating. In addition, the tolerance analysis of period and duty cycle prove the feasibility of the grating in practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarization-insensitive four-port beam splitter based on the plus-shaped ridge structure is introduced. The ridge of this grating is a plus-shaped resin material. Based on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis and the simulated annealing algorithm, the transmission efficiency of the zeroth order under TE polarization is 1.79%, and the efficiencies of 22.21%/22.19% for the ± first/± second orders are diffracted. Meanwhile, the transmission efficiency of the zeroth order under TM polarization is 0.13%, and the efficiencies of 23.25%/23.23% for the ± first/± second orders are diffracted. In addition, the diffraction efficiency of each order is computed while the wavelength, grating period, and duty cycle are varied around the optimized parameters. The study reveals that the grating has excellent tolerance and stability. Hence, it is inferred that plus-shaped ridge four-port grating exhibits promising potential for advancement in the field of lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: HAEMOMASTER system developed by NIKKISO is a feedback control technology that combines blood volume monitoring, which is now increasingly used in many dialysis centers. We investigated the effectiveness and safety of five slopes provided by HAEMOMASTER system., Methods: Patients undergoing hemodialysis with the support of a blood volume monitor (BVM) were enrolled. The NIKKISO DBB-05 Hemodialysis machine had automatically recorded real-time data such as BV and BP. Data from the patients' previous 10 dialysis sessions were collected into the HAEMOMASTER system for data fitting and the calculated target ΔBV. Patients received dialysis treatment with five slopes of the HEAMOMASTER system. We record the actual ΔBV and reverse events of every slope. Relative index to ΔBV of different slopes and sub-analysis was conducted by two-variable Spearman correlation analysis., Results: One hundred participants entered, and 78 completed the study. Slope1 and Slope2 had a lower incidence of adverse reactions (5.3% and 3.8%) and higher correlation coefficients (0.827 and 0.831, P < .001), which means they can reflect dialysis physiology better. HEAMOMASTER system helps the hemodialysis physician develop an optimal individual hemodialysis plan for the patient, reduce adverse effects such as hypotension ,obvious sweating, palpitation, fatigue, and the hemodialysis process is interrupted or the ultrafiltration volume being adjusted., Conclusion: We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the HAEMOMASTER System in hemodialysis patients. This study serves as a roadmap for the development and widespread use of the HAEMOMASTER system and a resource for the creation of novel biofeedback control strategies. The HAEMOMASTER system has good clinical application prospects in hemodialysis patients and can be used to develop individualized ultrafiltration schemes for patients and improve the comfort and safety of hemodialysis. Slope1 and Slope2 of HAEMOMASTER are more suitable for the majority of patients with a better fit to the actual physiological conditions and lower incidence of adverse events.