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9. Particle size matters: Discrepancies in the health risks posed by traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes in mice and humans

Author

Li-Ti Chou, Tsai-Ling Chen, Kai-Chien Yang, Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Ying-Jiun Chen, Ching-Huang Lai, and Ta-Chih Hsiao

Subjects
E-cigarette, Tobacco cigarettes, PSD, MPPD, Atherosclerosis, Hazardous substances and their disposal, TD1020-1066
Abstract

Electronic cigarettes (ECs), considered a healthier alternative to traditional cigarettes (TCs), vaporize e-liquid, which may produce harmful by-products due to thermal decomposition and metal transfer. These by-products' deposition in the respiratory tract is largely determined by particle size distribution (PSD). We employ the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model to assess particle deposition within the human and mouse respiratory tracts. Leveraging the known connection between TC smoke inhalation and atherosclerosis, we used human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and ApoE-/- mice to explore the potential effects of EC aerosol inhalation on atherosclerosis. Our findings reveal that TCs exhibit a highly variable PSD, with mean diameters of approximately 300 nm for mainstream (MS) smoke and 120 nm for side stream (SS) smoke. Conversely, ECs demonstrate a more stable PSD. Combined with MPPD, the deposition fraction in the human respiratory system and mice is mainly deposited in the pulmonary region and head airway. For the Apoe-/- mice exposure experiment, preliminary findings suggest a potential impact on atherosclerosis, although not statistically significant, likely due to the limited sample size and exposure duration. This study highlights the importance of considering PSD, exposure dosage, and species-specific differences in risk assessments of EC aerosols.

Published
2023
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24. Discovery of oscillations above 200 keV in a black hole X-ray binary with Insight-HXMT

Author

Ma, Xiang, Tao, Lian, Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Zhang, Liang, Bu, Qing-Cui, Ge, Ming-Yu, Chen, Yu-Peng, Qu, Jin-Lu, Zhang, Shu, Lu, Fang-Jun, Song, Li-Ming, Yang, Yi-Jung, Yuan, Feng, Cai, Ce, Cao, Xue-Lei, Chang, Zhi, Chen, Gang, Chen, Li, Chen, Tian-Xiang, Chen, Yi-Bao, Chen, Yong, Cui, Wei, Cui, Wei-Wei, Deng, Jing-Kang, Dong, Yong-Wei, Du, Yuan-Yuan, Fu, Min-Xue, Gao, Guan-Hua, Gao, He, Gao, Min, Gu, Yu-Dong, Guan, Ju, Guo, Cheng-Cheng, Han, Da-Wei, Huang, Yue, Huo, Jia, Ji, Long, Jia, Shu-Mei, Jiang, Lu-Hua, Jiang, Wei-Chun, Jin, Jing, Jin, Yong-Jie, Kong, Ling-Da, Li, Bing, Li, Cheng-Kui, Li, Gang, Li, Mao-Shun, Li, Ti-Pei, Li, Wei, Li, Xian, Li, Xiao-Bo, Li, Xu-Fang, Li, Yan-Guo, Li, Zheng-Wei, Liang, Xiao-Hua, Liao, Jin-Yuan, Liu, Bai-Sheng, Liu, Cong-Zhan, Liu, Guo-Qing, Liu, Hong-Wei, Liu, Xiao-Jing, Liu, Yi-Nong, Lu, Bo, Lu, Xue-Feng, Luo, Qi, Luo, Tao, Meng, Bin, Nang, Yi, Nie, Jian-Yin, Ou, Ge, Sai, Na, Shang, Ren-Cheng, Song, Xin-Ying, Sun, Liang, Tan, Ying, Tuo, Yuo-Li, Wang, Chen, Wang, Guo-Feng, Wang, Juan, Wang, Ling-Jun, Wang, Wen-Shuai, Wang, Yu-Sa, Wen, Xiang-Yang, Wu, Bai-Yang, Wu, Bo-Bing, Wu, Mei, Xiao, Guang-Cheng, Xiao, Shuo, Xie, Fu-Guo, Xiong, Shao-Lin, Xu, He, Xu, Yu-Peng, Yang, Jia-Wei, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Yan-Ji, Yi, Qi-Bin, Yin, Qian-Qing, You, Yuan, Zhang, Ai-Mei, Zhang, Cheng-Mo, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Hong-Mei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Wan-Chang, Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Wen-Zhao, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Yi-Fei, Zhang, Yong-Jie, Zhang, Yue, Zhang, Zhao, Zhang, Zhi, Zhang, Zi-Liang, Zhao, Hai-Sheng, Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zheng, Shi-Jie, Zhou, Deng-Ke, Zhou, Jian-Feng, Zhu, Yu-Xuan, Zhu, Yue, and Zhuang, Ren-Lin

Published
2021
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25. Confirming the spin parameter of the black hole in Cygnus X-1 using the Insight-HXMT

Author

Zhao, Xue-Shan, Dong, Yan-Ting, Gou, Li-Jun, Feng, Ye, Jia, Nan, Li, Yu-Feng, Liao, Zhen-Xuan, Liu, Ji-Ren, Zheng, Xue-Ying, Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Qu, Jin-Lu, Song, Li-Ming, Zhang, Shu, Bu, Qing-Cui, Cai, Ce, Cao, Xue-Lei, Chang, Zhi, Chen, Gang, Chen, Li, Chen, Tian-Xiang, Chen, Yi-Bao, Chen, Yong, Chen, Yu-Peng, Cui, Wei, Cui, Wei-Wei, Deng, Jing-Kang, Dong, Yong-Wei, Du, Yuan-Yuan, Fu, Min-Xue, Gao, Guan-Hua, Gao, He, Gao, Min, Ge, Ming-Yu, Gu, Yu-Dong, Guan, Ju, Guo, Cheng-Cheng, Han, Da-Wei, Huang, Yue, Huo, Jia, Jia, Shu-Mei, Jiang, Lu-Hua, Jiang, Wei-Chun, Jin, Jing, Jin, Yong-Jie, Kong, Ling-Da, Li, Bing, Li, Cheng-Kui, Li, Gang, Li, Mao-Shun, Li, Ti-Pei, Li, Wei, Li, Xian, Li, Xiao-Bo, Li, Xu-Fang, Li, Yan-Guo, Li, Zheng-Wei, Liang, Xiao-Hua, Liao, Jin-Yuan, Liu, Bai-Sheng, Liu, Cong-Zhan, Liu, Guo-Qing, Liu, He-Xin, Liu, Hong-Wei, Liu, Xiao-Jing, Liu, Yi-Nong, Lu, Bo, Lu, Fang-Jun, Lu, Xue-Feng, Luo, Qi, Luo, Tao, Ma, Xiang, Meng, Bin, Nang, Yi, Nie, Jian-Yin, Ou, Ge, Sai, Na, Shang, Ren-Cheng, Song, Xin-Ying, Sun, Liang, Tan, Ying, Tao, Lian, Tuo, You-Li, Wang, Chen, Wang, Guo-Feng, Wang, Juan, Wang, Wen-Shuai, Wang, Yu-Sa, Wen, Xiang-Yang, Wu, Bai-Yang, Wu, Bo-Bing, Wu, Mei, Xiao, Guang-Cheng, Xiao, Shuo, Xiong, Shao-Lin, Xu, Yu-Peng, Yang, Jia-Wei, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Yan-Ji, Yang, Yi-Rong, Yi, Qi-Bin, Yin, Qian-Qing, You, Yuan, Zhang, Ai-Mei, Zhang, Cheng-Mo, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Hong-Mei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Wan-Chang, Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Wen-Zhao, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, Yi-Fei, Zhang, Yong-Jie, Zhang, Yue, Zhang, Zhao, Zhang, Zhi, Zhang, Zi-Liang, Zhao, Hai-Sheng, Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zheng, Shi-Jie, Zhou, Deng-Ke, Zhou, Jian-Feng, Zhu, Yu-Xuan, Yue-Zhu, and Zhuang, Ren-Lin

Published
2020
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34. Insight-HXMT and GECAM-C observations of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A

Author

An, Zheng-Hua, Antier, S., Bi, Xing-Zi, Bu, Qing-Cui, Cai, Ce, Cao, Xue-Lei, Camisasca, Anna-Elisa, Chang, Zhi, Chen, Gang, Chen, Li, Chen, Tian-Xiang, Chen, Wen, Chen, Yi-Bao, Chen, Yong, Chen, Yu-Peng, Coughlin, Michael W., Cui, Wei-Wei, Dai, Zi-Gao, Hussenot-Desenonges, T., Du, Yan-Qi, Du, Yuan-Yuan, Du, Yun-Fei, Fan, Cheng-Cheng, Frontera, Filippo, Gao, He, Gao, Min, Ge, Ming-Yu, Gong, Ke, Gu, Yu-Dong, Guan, Ju, Guo, Dong-Ya, Guo, Zhi-Wei, Guidorzi, Cristiano, Han, Da-Wei, He, Jian-Jian, He, Jun-Wang, Hou, Dong-Jie, Huang, Yue, Huo, Jia, Ji, Zhen, Jia, Shu-Mei, Jiang, Wei-Chun, Kann, David Alexander, Klotz, A., Kong, Ling-Da, Lan, Lin, Li, An, Li, Bing, Li, Chao-Yang, Li, Cheng-Kui, Li, Gang, Li, Mao-Shun, Li, Ti-Pei, Li, Wei, Li, Xiao-Bo, Li, Xin-Qiao, Li, Xu-Fang, Li, Yan-Guo, Li, Zheng-Wei, Liang, Jing, Liang, Xiao-Hua, Liao, Jin-Yuan, Lin, Lin, Liu, Cong-Zhan, Liu, He-Xin, Liu, Hong-Wei, Liu, Jia-Cong, Liu, Xiao-Jing, Liu, Ya-Qing, Liu, Yu-Rong, Lu, Fang-Jun, Lu, Hong, Lu, Xue-Feng, Luo, Qi, Luo, Tao, Ma, Bin-Yuan, Ma, Fu-Li, Ma, Rui-Can, Ma, Xiang, Maccary, Romain, Mao, Ji-Rong, Meng, Bin, Nie, Jian-Yin, Orlandini, Mauro, Ou, Ge, Peng, Jing-Qiang, Peng, Wen-Xi, Qiao, Rui, Qu, Jin-Lu, Ren, Xiao-Qin, Shi, Jing-Yan, Shi, Qi, Song, Li-Ming, Song, Xin-Ying, Su, Ju, Sun, Gong-Xing, Sun, Liang, Sun, Xi-Lei, Tan, Wen-Jun, Tan, Ying, Tao, Lian, Tuo, You-Li, Turpin, Damien, Wang, Jin-Zhou, Wang, Chen, Wang, Chen-Wei, Wang, Hong-Jun, Wang, Hui, Wang, Jin, Wang, Ling-Jun, Wang, Peng-Ju, Wang, Ping, Wang, Wen-Shuai, Wang, Xiang-Yu, Wang, Xi-Lu, Wang, Yu-Sa, Wang, Yue, Wen, Xiang-Yang, Wu, Bo-Bing, Wu, Bai-Yang, Wu, Hong, Xiao, Sheng-Hui, Xiao, Shuo, Xiao, Yun-Xiang, Xie, Sheng-Lun, Xiong, Shao-Lin, Xiong, Sen-Lin, Xu, Dong, Xu, He, Xu, Yan-Jun, Xu, Yan-Bing, Xu, Ying-Chen, Xu, Yu-Peng, Xue, Wang-Chen, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Yan-Ji, Yang, Zi-Xu, Ye, Wen-Tao, Yi, Qi-Bin, Yi, Shu-Xu, Yin, Qian-Qing, You, Yuan, Yu, Yun-Wei, Yu, Wei, Yu, Wen-Hui, Zeng, Ming, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Bin-Bin, Zhang, Da-Li, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Hong-Mei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Peng, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Zhang, Wan-Chang, Zhang, Xiao-Feng, Zhang, Xiao-Lu, Zhang, Yan-Qiu, Zhang, Yan-Ting, Zhang, Yi-Fei, Zhang, Yuan-Hang, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Guo-Ying, Zhao, Hai-Sheng, Zhao, Hong-Yu, Zhao, Qing-Xia, Zhao, Shu-Jie, Zhao, Xiao-Yun, Zhao, Xiao-Fan, Zhao, Yi, Zheng, Chao, Zheng, Shi-Jie, Zhou, Deng-Ke, Zhou, Xing, and Zhu, Xiao-Cheng

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected since the discovery of this kind of energetic explosions. However, an accurate measurement of the prompt emission properties of this burst is very challenging due to its exceptional brightness. With joint observations of \textit{Insight}-HXMT and GECAM-C, we made an unprecedentedly accurate measurement of the emission during the first $\sim$1800 s of GRB 221009A, including its precursor, main emission (ME, which dominates the burst in flux), flaring emission and early afterglow, in the hard X-ray to soft gamma-ray band from $\sim$ 10 keV to $\sim$ 6 MeV. Based on the GECAM-C unsaturated data of the ME, we measure a record-breaking isotropic equivalent energy ($E_{\rm iso}$) of $\bf \sim 1.5 \times 10^{55}$ erg, which is about eight times the total rest-mass energy of the Sun. The early afterglow data require a significant jet break between 650 s and 1100 s, most likely at $\sim950$ s from the afterglow starting time $T_{AG}$, which corresponds to a jet opening angle of $\sim {0.7^\circ} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/8}$, where $n$ is the ambient medium density in units of $\rm cm^{-3}$ and $\eta_\gamma$ is the ratio between $\gamma$-ray energy and afterglow kinetic energy. The beaming-corrected total $\gamma$-ray energy $E_{\gamma}$ is $\sim 1.15 \times10^{51} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/4}$ erg, which is typical for long GRBs. These results suggest that this GRB may have a special central engine, which could launch and collimate a very narrowly beamed jet with an ordinary energy budget, leading to exceptionally luminous gamma-ray radiation per unit solid angle. Alternatively, more GRBs might have such a narrow and bright beam, which are missed by an unfavorable viewing angle or have been detected without distance measurement., Comment: Submitted to National Science Review. This paper is under press embargo, contact the corresponding author for details

Published
2023

35. A novel whole peanut butter refined by stirred media mill: The size, microstructure, rheology, nutrients, and flavor.

Author

Li, Changhong, Dai, Taotao, Deng, Lizhen, Shuai, Xixiang, He, Xiaohong, Li, Ti, Liu, Chengmei, and Chen, Jun

Subjects
PEANUT butter, RHEOLOGY, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, ELECTRONIC noses, MANUFACTURING processes, FLAVOR
Abstract

A novel whole peanut butter (PB) was developed using an emerging technology called stirred media mill (SMM). The impact of SMM on the size, microstructure, rheology, nutrient, and flavor of PB was investigated. The SMM treatment significantly decreased the particle size of PB, damaged cell structure, and released the oil body from cells. The apparent viscosity of PB decreased with the grinding process. Visual inspection revealed that the colloidal stability of PB was improved. The fatty acid composition was not affected by the grinding process. However, the tocopherol contents of the extracted oil slightly increased. Electronic nose and GC–MS analysis indicated that SMM could alter the flavor of PB after grinding for 45 min. Overall, SMM was a potential process technology to manufacture stable nut butter with smooth texture and delightful flavor profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. Effects of Moderate Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Structure and Functional Properties of Pea Protein.

Author

Shuai, Xixiang, Gao, Lizhi, Geng, Qin, Li, Ti, He, Xuemei, Chen, Jun, Liu, Chengmei, and Dai, Taotao

Subjects
PEA proteins, PROTEOLYTIC enzymes, HYDROLYSIS, SULFHYDRYL group, PEPTIDES, TRYPSIN, SOY proteins
Abstract

Pea protein (PP) was moderately hydrolyzed using four proteolytic enzymes including flavourzyme, neutrase, alcalase, and trypsin to investigate the influence of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% on the structural and functional properties of PP. Enzymatic modification treatment distinctly boosted the solubility of PP. The solubility of PP treated by trypsin was increased from 10.23% to 58.14% at the 8% DH. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated the protease broke disulfide bonds, degraded protein into small molecular peptides, and transformed insoluble protein into soluble fractions with the increased DH. After enzymatic treatment, a bathochromic shift and increased intrinsic fluorescence were observed for PP. Furthermore, the total sulfhydryl group contents and surface hydrophobicity were reduced, suggesting that the unfolding of PP occurred. Meanwhile, the foaming and emulsification of PP were improved after enzymatic treatment, and the most remarkable effect was observed under 6% DH. Moreover, under the same DH, the influence on the structure and functional properties of PP from large to small are trypsin, alcalase, neutrase and flavourzyme. This result will facilitate the formulation and production of natural plant-protein-based products using PP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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