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Studies on the allocation of parking demand during the sharing period primarily focus on public parking users, ignoring parking slot providers’ temporary parking demand with heterogeneity. Therefore, this paper takes the allocation of parking slot providers’ temporary parking demand as the research object and establishes a differentiated parking allocation (DPA) model to maximize the platform’s net profit. The model is solved using the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and compared with the First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) algorithm. Then, the platform adopts differentiated or undifferentiated charge measures when charging for the parking slot providers’ temporary parking demand. The numerical analysis is performed to select three indicators for evaluation: 1) the utilization rate, 2) the net profit, and 3) the degree of time fragmentation. Results show that the ACO algorithm has an excellent optimization effect in allocating, and the differentiated allocation-undifferentiated charges for the parking slot providers’ temporary parking demand is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Solanaceae have important economic value mainly due to their edible fruits. Physalis organ size 1/cytokinin response factor 3 (POS1/CRF3), a unique gene in Solanaceae, is involved in fruit size variation in Physalis but not in Solanum. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we found that POS1/CRF3 was likely created via the fusion of CRF7 and CRF8 duplicates. Multiple genetic manipulations revealed that only POS1 and Capsicum POS1 (CaPOS1) functioned in fruit size control via the positive regulation of cell expansion. Comparative studies in a phylogenetic framework showed the directional enhancement of POS1‐like expression in the flowers and fruits of Physaleae and the specific gain of certain interacting proteins associated with cell expansion by POS1 and CaPOS1. A lineage‐specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) caused the 68th amino acid histidine in the POS1 orthologs of non‐Physaleae (Nicotiana and Solanum) to change to arginine in Physaleae (Physalis and Capsicum). Substituting the arginine in Physaleae POS1‐like by histidine completely abolished their function in the fruits and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) with calreticulin‐3. Transcriptomic comparison revealed the potential downstream pathways of POS1, including the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway. However, POS1‐like may have functioned ancestrally in abiotic stress within Solanaceae. Our work demonstrated that heterometric expression and a SNP caused a single amino acid change to establish new PPIs, which contributed to the co‐option of POS1 in multiple regulatory pathways to regulate cell expansion and thus fruit size in Physaleae. These results provide new insights into fruit morphological evolution and fruit yield control. Significance Statement: New protein–protein interactions caused by one lineage‐specific amino acid are crucial for the co‐option of POS1 for fruit size control in Physaleae (Solanaceae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Optimal root system architecture is beneficial for water‐fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance and yield improvement of crops. However, because of the complexity of root traits and difficulty in phenotyping deep roots, the study on mechanisms of root development is rarely reported in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we identified that the LBD (LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN) gene TaMOR (MORE ROOT in wheat) determines wheat crown root initiation. The mor mutants exhibited less or even no crown root, dwarfism, less grain number and lodging caused by few roots. The observation of cross sections showed that crown root initiation is inhibited in the mor mutants. Molecular assays revealed that TaMOR interacts with the auxin response factor ARF5 to directly induce the expression of the auxin transporter gene PIN2 (PIN‐FORMED 2) in the root base to regulate crown root initiation. In addition, a 159‐bp MITE (miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element) insertion causing DNA methylation and lower expression of TaMOR‐B was identified in TaMOR‐B promoter, which is associated with lower root dry weight and shorter plant height. The results bring new light into regulation mechanisms of crown root initiation and offer a new target for the improvement of root system architecture in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connected and automated vehicle (CAV) is regarded as an effective way to improve traffic efficiency and safety, which can utilize vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology to obtain real-time status information from multiple preceding vehicles. In view of the car-following characteristic of CAV in a V2V communications environment, an extended car-following model AHT-FVD is proposed which takes both average headway and electronic throttle angle difference into account. The stability of this model is examined via linear stability analysis. It is found that the proposed model has a larger stability region than both the full velocity difference (FVD) model and throttle-based FVD (T-FVD) model. Namely, this AHT-FVD model can effectively stabilize traffic flow and alleviate traffic congestion in theory. Moreover, a series of numerical simulations are carried out to explore how average headway together with electronic throttle angle difference influences the stability of traffic flow. Simulation results show that increasing either the average headway weight or the electronic throttle angle difference control signal coefficients can yield higher traffic flow stability. Simulation result is highly consistent with theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to accurately simulate the real collective behavior of pedestrian evacuation remains an important issue in research of complex systems. The existing crowd simulation models in general assumed that pedestrians move directly towards the exit. In real life, however, there exist "cautious" pedestrians who fear trampling and crowding during evacuation, so we use an improved social force model to investigate how their presence influences evacuation dynamics. Simulation results reveal that the total evacuation time does not increase monotonically with the increment of the number of cautious pedestrians. Specifically, the presence of a moderate number of cautious pedestrians with rational psychological tolerance might substantially facilitate evacuation efficiency, compared with a conventional evacuation scenario. In addition, lower psychological tolerance promotes emergency evacuation, while increasing the tolerance threshold is conducive to slow evacuation. We hope that our research will provide some insights into the reasonable optimal strategies for emergency evacuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant U‐box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases play essential roles in response to environmental stresses and hormone signaling, but little is known about them in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We characterized a U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene, TaPUB15, which is conserved in wheat cultivars. TaPUB15 was expressed in multiple tissues, and the expression was much higher in roots than in other tissues. Transcription of TaPUB15 was induced by salt, abscisic acid, 4°C, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Overexpression of TaPUB15‐D led to improve salt tolerance in transgenic rice, along with more roots in transgenic rice. Ion flux assays showed that transgenic rice plants had improved salt tolerance and maintained low Na+/K+ ratios under salinity stress. Gene expression assays indicated that several salt stress‐related genes were significantly upregulated in transgenic rice relative to the wild type. These results from transgenic rice were also verified in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our data showed that TaPUB15 plays crucial roles in enhancing salt tolerance in crop plants and served a valuable gene resource for promoting the breeding of salt‐tolerant wheat in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitive relationships among ports become complicated as the consequence of the prosperity of international trade. Typical oligopoly competition models cannot be competent for the analysis of ports competition in real scenario. In this paper, the scale-free network is adopted to characterize the interactions among ports with various number of neighbors. For each port node, not only direct competition but also indirect influences exerted by its neighbor are taken into account. Following the hypothesis in evolutionary game theory, social learning behavior among competitors occurs generally in our model. Conforming to reality, strategies considering both price collusion and price competition are proposed to investigate evolutionary dynamics of competition among ports in the self-organization process of imitation. It shows that neighbors have the same goal but play different roles in affecting strategy transition during the evolution with two competitive means. We explore how evolutionary dynamics are influenced by different imitation means. Then this paper verifies that price collusion is more conducive to port development when abundant resources is provided. Our results obtained in this evolutionary framework with different imitation means may enhance port-operation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social force model (SFM) can be applied to characterize pedestrian dynamics in normal scenarios. However, its model of interactions among pedestrians deviates from actual scenarios to some extent. Thus, we propose an improved SFM where pedestrians consider avoiding potential conflicts in advance during the walking process. Meanwhile, the response range of potential conflicts is related to the response time and relative velocity vector. Simulation results demonstrate that the conflict avoidance force plays an important role in guiding pedestrian dynamics. Conflict avoidance makes pedestrian trajectories smoother and more realistic. Moreover, for high pedestrian density (without congestion), moderate values of response time may exist, resulting in the minimum evacuation efficiency. We hope to provide some insights into how to better model interactions among pedestrians during normal evacuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cover image is based on the Original Research I TaPUB15, a U-Box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene from wheat, enhances salt tolerance in rice i by Qiaoru Li et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.250. GLO:EEGZ/01feb21:fes3280-toc-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl. [Extracted from the article]

• An incentive mechanism combining both reward and punishment is proposed to characterize subjective well-being during travel. • When the upper and lower limits are close enough, cooperative behavior can be dramatically promoted. • Punishment is superior to rewarding in stabilizing high cooperative level. Traffic congestion is increasingly deteriorating people's travel experience, and accordingly the relationship between travel mode selection and subjective well-being has become a hot issue of concern. Motivated by this, an incentive mechanism combining both reward and punishment is proposed to characterize the evolution of subjective well-being. Two psychological thresholds are introduced: payoff higher than the upper limit will result in rewarding while that lowers than the lower limit leads to punishment. Results show that when the upper and lower limits are close enough, cooperative behavior can be dramatically promoted, that is, more travelers choose low-carbon transportation mode. Moreover, we find that punishment is superior to rewarding in stabilizing high cooperative level. It also shows that whether to choose low-carbon transportation mode depends sensitively on the changes of the upper and lower limits as well as the heterogeneity of self-interest. This study is helpful to promote the formulation of green travel management policies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AP2/EREBPs play significant roles in plant growth and development. A novel, pleiotropic TaPARG (PLANT ARCHITECTURE-RELATED GENE), a member of the AP2/EREBP transcription factor gene family, and its flanking sequences were isolated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two TaPARG genes were identified and named as TaPARG-2A and TaPARG-2D. Their amino acid sequences were highly similar especially in the functional domains. TaPARG-2A on chromosome 2A was flanked by markers Xwmc63 and Xgwm372. TaPARG-2D was mapped to chromosome 2D. Subcellular localization revealed that TaPARG-2D was localized in the nucleus. The results of tissue expression pattern, overexpression in rice, association analysis and distinct population verification jointly revealed that TaPARG functions during the entire growth cycle of wheat. Its functions include regulation of plant architecture-related and yield-related traits. Association analysis, geographic distribution and allelic frequencies suggested that favored haplotypes Hap-2A-2 and Hap-2A-3 were selected in Chinese wheat breeding programs. Both favored haplotypes might be caused by a single amino acid substitution (His/Tyr). These results suggest that TaPARG is a regulatory factor in plant growth and development, and that the favored alleles might be useful for improving plant architecture and grain yield of wheat.