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Background: Antidepressant medication and running therapy are both effective treatments for patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. However, they may work through different pathophysiological mechanisms and could differ in their impact on physical health. This study examined effects of antidepressants versus running therapy on both mental and physical health., Methods: According to a partially randomized patient preference design, 141 patients with depression and/or anxiety disorder were randomized or offered preferred 16-week treatment: antidepressant medication (escitalopram or sertraline) or group-based running therapy ≥2 per week. Baseline (T0) and post-treatment assessment at week 16 (T16) included mental (diagnosis status and symptom severity) and physical health indicators (metabolic and immune indicators, heart rate (variability), weight, lung function, hand grip strength, fitness)., Results: Of the 141 participants (mean age 38.2 years; 58.2 % female), 45 participants received antidepressant medication and 96 underwent running therapy. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that remission rates at T16 were comparable (antidepressants: 44.8 %; running: 43.3 %; p = .881). However, the groups differed significantly on various changes in physical health: weight (d = 0.57; p = .001), waist circumference (d = 0.44; p = .011), systolic (d = 0.45; p = .011) and diastolic (d = 0.53; p = .002) blood pressure, heart rate (d = 0.36; p = .033) and heart rate variability (d = 0.48; p = .006)., Limitations: A minority of the participants was willing to be randomized; the running therapy was larger due to greater preference for this intervention., Conclusions: While the interventions had comparable effects on mental health, running therapy outperformed antidepressants on physical health, due to both larger improvements in the running therapy group as well as larger deterioration in the antidepressant group., Trial Registration: Trialregister.nl Number of identification: NTR3460., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest All authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The observed poorer physical function in persons with mental disorders could partly be due to dysregulation in physiological stress systems. However, an integrated picture of the role of physiological stress systems on objective physical function is lacking. This study examined the association of multiple physiological stress systems with objective physical function, and explored whether these stress systems contribute to the relationship between depression/anxiety and poorer physical function., Methods: Data of 2860 persons of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was used. Physical function was indicated by hand grip strength assessed using a hand-held dynamometer and lung function assessed using a peak flow meter. Inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), salivary cortisol (cortisol awakening response (AUCg, AUCi), evening cortisol) and ANS markers (heartrate, PEP, RSA) were determined. Depression/anxiety disorders were determined using psychiatric interviews. Linear regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics, health and lifestyle factors., Results: Higher inflammation levels were associated with lower hand grip strength (B CRP  = -0.21(SE = 0.06), p < .001) and lower lung function (B CRP  = -2.07(SE = 0.66), p = .002), B TNF-α  = -3.35(SE = 1.42), p = .022). Higher salivary cortisol levels were associated with lower lung function (B evening cortisol  = -2.22(SE = 0.59), p < .001). The association, in women, between depression/anxiety disorders and poorer physical function did not significantly diminish after adjustment for physiological stress markers., Conclusion: This large cohort study showed that stress system dysfunction (especially the immune-inflammatory system and HPA-axis) contributes to poorer objective physical function. Stress system dysfunction did not explain the poorer physical function observed in persons with depression/anxiety disorders, suggesting that other pathways are involved to explain that association., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Study sponsors had no further role in study design; in the collection, analyses and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders have shown to be associated to premature or advanced biological aging and consequently to adversely impact somatic health. Treatments with antidepressant medication or running therapy are both found to be effective for many but not all patients with mood and anxiety disorders. These interventions may, however, work through different pathophysiological mechanisms and could differ in their impact on biological aging and somatic health. This study protocol describes the design of an unique intervention study that examines whether both treatments are similarly effective in reducing or reversing biological aging (primary outcome), psychiatric status, metabolic stress and neurobiological indicators (secondary outcomes)., Methods: The MOod Treatment with Antidepressants or Running (MOTAR) study will recruit a total of 160 patients with a current major depressive and/or anxiety disorder in a mental health care setting. Patients will receive a 16-week treatment with either antidepressant medication or running therapy (3 times/week). Patients will undergo the treatment of their preference and a subsample will be randomized (1:1) to overcome preference bias. An additional no-disease-no-treatment group of 60 healthy controls without lifetime psychopathology, will be included as comparison group for primary and secondary outcomes at baseline. Assessments are done at week 0 for patients and controls, and at week 16 and week 52 for patients only, including written questionnaires, a psychiatric and medical examination, blood, urine and saliva collection and a cycle ergometer test, to gather information about biological aging (telomere length and telomerase activity), mental health (depression and anxiety disorder characteristics), general fitness, metabolic stress-related biomarkers (inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cortisol) and genetic determinants. In addition, neurobiological alterations in brain processes will be assessed using structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a subsample of at least 25 patients per treatment arm and in all controls., Discussion: This intervention study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of antidepressant medication and running therapy on biological aging, metabolic stress and neurobiological indicators in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in order to guide a more personalized medicine treatment., Trial Registration: Trialregister.nl Number of identification: NTR3460, May 2012.

Background: Depression and anxiety have been related to poorer self-reported physical functioning over time; however, objective measures of physical function are less frequently examined. This study assessed the 6-year trajectory of hand-grip strength and lung function in persons with depressive and/or anxiety disorders., Methods: At four waves (baseline, 2, 4, and 6 years) hand-grip strength and lung function were assessed in 2,480 participants, aged 18-65 years, of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association between baseline psychiatric status (current and remitted depression and anxiety, healthy controls) and physical function during 6-year follow-up, adjusted for sociodemographics, lifestyle, and health indicators., Results: Although there were no differences in the rate of decline over time, women with current, but not remitted, depression and anxiety had poorer hand-grip strength (B = -1.34, P < .001) and poorer lung function (B = -11.91, P =.002) compared to healthy women during the entire 6-year follow-up. Associations with depression and anxiety severity measures confirmed dose-response relationships with objective physical function. In men, stronger 6-year decline of lung function was found in those with current disorders (current diagnosis-by-time: B = -11.72, P = .002) and even in those with remitted disorders (remitted diagnosis by time: B = -10.11, P = .04) compared to healthy men., Conclusions: Depression and anxiety are associated with consistently poorer hand-grip strength in women and poorer lung function in women and men over 6 years of time, implicating their long-lasting impact on physical functioning., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: Both low and high hemoglobin levels lead to more physical diseases, and both are linked to mortality. Low hemoglobin, often classified as anemia, has also been linked to more depressive symptoms, but whether both hemoglobin extremes are associated with depressive disorder and potentially also with anxiety disorder has not been examined before. This study examines to which extent hemoglobin levels are associated with depression and anxiety disorders in a large cohort., Methods: The study sample consisted of 2920 persons from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Hemoglobin levels were determined after venipuncture. Depressive and anxiety disorders were determined according to a DSM-IV-based psychiatric interview. Clinical psychiatric characteristics included the severity of depression and anxiety, the duration of symptoms, the age of onset and the antidepressant use., Results: Higher hemoglobin levels were found in those with current depressive and/or anxiety disorders after sociodemographic adjustment and both higher, and lower hemoglobin levels were found in persons with higher depression and anxiety severity. However, after full adjustment for sociodemographics, disease indicators and lifestyle, associations were no longer significant., Conclusions: This cohort study showed that there is no independent association between depressive and/or anxiety disorders and hemoglobin levels or anemia status., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)