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In recent years, there has been a growing fascination with suspended two-dimensional (2D) materials, owing to their excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic characteristics. This surge of interest stems from the remarkable properties exhibited by these materials when they are isolated in a two-dimensional counterpart. Nanofabrication technologies provide a new platform to further explore the properties of 2D materials by suspending them to reduce the influence of substrates. In recent years, many scientists have discovered the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in various fields, including optoelectronics and photonics. This review summarizes the recent progress in the fabrication, characterization, and applications of suspended 2D materials, focusing on critical properties such as optical and electronic properties, strain engineering, and thermal properties. This area has the potential to lead to new technologies and applications in a wide range of innovative fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless vehicular communication is used to enhance traffic safety and to minimize congestion, thereby leading to increased driving efficiency. A malicious node can transmit an inaccurate message to trigger inevitable situations by pretending to be multiple (other) vehicles. Therefore, it is critical to identify malicious nodes as well as fake messages generated by such nodes, and discard such messages quickly. In a Sybil attack, an attacker participates in the network with multiple forged identities in order to disrupt the fundamental operations of VANET. Sybil attacks are particularly easy to launch in VANETs due to the open and broadcast nature of communication medium. In this paper, we present the implementation of simulated Sybil attack scenario in VANET and its consequences on the performance of the network. We also propose a lightweight, scalable and distributed detection approach based on the difference in movement patterns of Sybil nodes and legitimate nodes. In our approach, each Road Side Unit (RSU) computes, stores and verifies various parameter values including RSS, distance, angle of passing-by vehicles through passive overhearing process to detect Sybil attackers. The combination of different parameters makes our detection approach highly accurate. We validate our results on realistic traces obtained from a multi-agent microscopic traffic simulator (MMTS). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to locate Sybil nodes with a different number of network parameters.

Introduction: Airway management is a basic aspect of anesthesia practice and critical care medicine. The relationship between airway indices and BMI mostly seen in terms of obesity, there is also conflicting evidence regarding this. So this study will try to resolve the disagreement in result associating obesity with difficult airway and also envisage the broader aspect by finding association between BMI and airway indices. Material and Methods:Two hundred adult participants aged between 20 to 55 yrs. of age of both sexes going through pre-anaesthtic check-up (PAC) for variety of surgeries at MIMS, Barabanki, were enrolled in this quantitative prospective observational study after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consecutive sampling method was used and sample size calculated using Taro-Yamane formula. During the PAC, data regarding various parameters such as demographic detail, BMI and airway indices were collected. BMI, Age and Sex were the independent variables and all airway indiceswere the dependent variables. The data collected for the study was continuous and categorical. Subsequently data was coded. The BMI and airway association was analyzed by using STATA version 12. Continuous data were presented as mean ± SD and ordered data were presented as percentage and analyzed by ordered logistic regression ('p' value, 'z' value and co-efficient). Results: The mean of age, height, TMD, HMD and SMD were comparable in all the four BMI categories. The mean of weight, BMI, NC and HLM were increasing from underweight to obese. BMI association with NC, MPG, HLM, WSand H and N movementwere statistically significant and having 'p' value = 0.000 (for all indices) and 'z' value = 9.94,8.18, 7.53, 6.29 and 6.2respectively. BMI weakly associated with SM, SMD and ULBT. BMI association with IIG, TMD and HMD were statistically not significant and having 'p' value > 0.05 (for all indices). All airway indices have positive co-efficient except SMD, which have negative co-efficient. Conclusion: The findings confirm that there were association between BMI with NC,MPG, HLM, WS and H and N movementat p value = 0.000 which is significant and z value > 6 and hence corroborates that difficult airway could be anticipated with these variables. Among all individual airway indicators Neck circumference was strongly associated with BMI followed by MPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami (Foc) is one of the biggest constraints for safflower production in India. Understanding the basis of pathogenicity and molecular dissection of its complex processes is of immense economic importance for the effective management of the wilt disease in safflower. In this study, a forward genetic approach was employed as an unbiased tool to identify the candidate pathogenicityrelated genes. Agrobacterium mediated random T-DNA mutagenesis in Foc resulted in the generation of 178 Foc transformants. A hydroponics-based pathogenicity screening of generated mutants led to the identification of 12 avirulent mutants. Genome walking with two of the single insertion mutants revealed T-DNA insertion in the intergenic region of one mutant, while in the other mutant T-DNA was inserted in the coding region of a transcription factor. The genes identified in the present study can be targeted by host-delivered RNAi to generate transgenic safflower lines resistant to Foc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) is a member of the transition metal telluride (TMT) family, which is emerging as a promising material for electronic applications. The study of thermal characteristics of WTe2 is important to understand heat dissipation in electronic devices. As heat dissipation and thermal transport are dependent on the choice of substrates, it is imperative to understand the effect of different substrates on the thermal conductivity of WTe2. Moreover, the comprehension of out‐of‐plane thermal conductivity is important when dealing with heat management of multiple layers of 2D materials and their heterostructures. In this work, we report the thermal conductivity of few‐layer thick exfoliated Td phase WTe2 flakes over four different substrates, namely bare Si, 90 nm SiO2, 290 nm SiO2, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Micro‐Raman spectroscopy has been employed to estimate the out‐of‐plane thermal conductivity by considering two characteristics out of plane Raman modes A15 and A12, as they are more sensitive to temperature variation compared with other modes. Out of the four substrates, WTe2 shows the lowest conductivity over PMMA and highest over 290 nm SiO2/Si for similar thicknesses, which arises due to the low thermal conductivity and molar mass of PMMA with respect to the molar mass of WTe2 giving rise to the lowest thermal conductivity. Our results also show that the thermal conductivity of WTe2 increases with the decrease in thickness. The authors hope that these findings shall provide a compound perspective on the thermal behavior of WTe2 with respect to different substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, post COVID-19 pandemic effects on consumer behavior concerning online buying in Punjab discussed. Statements were formulated on Likert scale to achieve the objective and a total sample size of five hundred respondents has been collected through a questionnaire. The respondents were engaged in the business activities, professors from teaching faculty from colleges and universities, housewives, students and employees in the private and public sector. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS software. Finally concludes the result related to online buying in Punjab after the COVID -19 Pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicast communication plays a pivotal role in Edge based Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). MANETs can provide low-cost self-configuring devices for multimedia data communication that can be used in military battlefield, disaster management, connected living, and public safety networks. A Multicast communication should increase the network performance by decreasing the bandwidth consumption, battery power, and routing overhead. In recent years, a number of multicast routing protocols (MRPs) have been proposed to resolve above listed challenges. Some of them are used for dynamic establishment of reliable route for multimedia data communication. This article provides a detailed survey of the merits and demerits of the recently developed techniques. An ample study of various Quality of Service (QoS) techniques and enhancement is also presented. Later, mesh topology-based MRPs are classified according to enhancement in routing mechanism and QoS modification. This article covers the most recent, robust, and reliable QoS-aware mesh based MRPs, classified on the basis of their operational features, and pros and cons. Finally, a comparative study has been presented on the basis of their performance parameters on the proposed protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared (NIR) photodetectors based on 2D materials are widely studied for their potential application in next generation sensing, thermal imaging, and optical communication. Construction of van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure provides a tremendous degree of freedom to combine and extend the features of 2D materials, opening up new functionalities on photonic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, a type‐II InSe/PdSe2 vdWs heterostructure with strong interlayer transition for NIR photodetection is demonstrated. Strong interlayer transition between InSe and PdSe2 is predicted via density functional theory calculation and confirmed by photoluminance spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The heterostructure exhibits highly sensitive photodetection in NIR region up to 1650 nm. The photoresponsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency at this wavelength respectively reaches up to 58.8 A W−1, 1 × 1010 Jones, and 4660%. The results suggest that the construction of vdWs heterostructure with strong interlayer transition is a promising strategy for infrared photodetection, and this work paves the way to developing high‐performance optoelectronic devices based on 2D vdWs heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted every aspect of human life including the education of childrenas schools have been shut down due to enforcement of lockdown. As a result, virtual education has become the most preferred mode of education which has replaced traditional classroom teaching. In the present study an endeavourhas been made by the SSSS Educational Research Unit, Amritsar (Punjab), to study the perception of parents regarding the effectiveness of online teaching-learning process and the challenges they faced inproviding the child accessto online resources. For the study, the data has been collected from 1401 parents of students from pre-primary to senior-secondary classes studying at different SSSS educational institutions using the questionnaire prepared in the form of google docs. The results indicate that parents preferred e-learning as a mode of education during the present situation, yet they are struggling to meet the challenges of online classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A vast community of developing countries, like India, is still deprived of a proper water supply system. Such communities often depend on hand‐pumps, ponds, and ravines for their daily water needs. Government‐subsidized PV‐based water pumps have emerged as a boon for such communities. But intermittent nature of solar irradiation and unavailability at night time poses a big challenge. To mitigate this challenge, the present article proposes a stand‐alone PV‐based induction motor‐driven water pumping system serving a dual‐head, that is, an overhead storage tank and ground level supply. A single‐stage three‐phase high‐gain resonant inverter (HGRI) is proposed for driving the induction motor. A back‐ended wide bandgap (WBG) device‐based boost converter is used to extract maximum power from PV by employing the MPPT algorithm. HGRI injects sinusoidal current to the induction motor while operating it through PV power matched modified V/f control algorithm, thus minimizing the torque ripple. HGRI coupled with boost converter provides a high‐gain voltage boost at the output; enabling wide input voltage operation, which increases the operability of the system in high as well as low irradiation level. The practicality of the system is validated on a laboratory‐developed hardware test bed with a 1.5HP induction motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]