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The excavations at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), were conducted for the City of Tucson Water Department prior to the replacement of a water line. Twenty-two archaeological features were recorded in the narrow right-of-way. All were excavated or tested except one of the trash deposits recorded in a backhoe trench, and a human secondary cremation that was identified during the excavations and left in place. The other features include remnants of eight pithouses, one possible pithouse, one extramural surface or pithouse floor, seven extramural pits, and three trash deposits. They all date between A.D. 1000 and 1150. Because of the small size of this project, the goal of the investigations was to supplement the studies that were initiated during the 1986 investigations by the Institute for American Research. Research goals focused on formation processes, subsistence, and intrasite and intersite economic specialization. Ceramic manufacture was evident at the locus in at least one structure. In fact, 92 percent of the ceramics recovered from the locus were manufactured somewhere in the West Branch community. Although there is evidence that the occupants of the West Branch site produced and distributed ceramics, little is known of what was received in exchange for the ceramics.

The Paseo de las Iglesias (Paseo) project provided a unique opportunity to examine the riverine landscape and its role in the lives of millennia of inhabitants of the Tucson Basin, from Early Agricultural period farmers to late Historic era farmers and entrepreneurs. Questions about how people utilized the riverine landscape guided the project research presented here. The Paseo project area is centered on the Santa Cruz River, extending from the banks of the current entrenched channel to the adjacent floodplain on the eastern and western sides of the river. This volume present the results of archaeological data recovery at nine archaeological sites: the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM); AZ BB:13:94 (ASM); AZ BB:13:95 (ASM); AZ BB:13:96 (ASM); AZ BB:13:97 (ASM); the Paseo site, AZ BB:13:111 (ASM); AZ BB:13:539 (ASM); AZ BB:13:832 (ASM); and AZ BB:13:833 (ASM). The Paseo site — AZ BB:13:111 (A SM )-w as formerly known as the Lee's Mill site. The name change was motivated by two factors. Thiel's research (Chapter 11, this volume) found the name to be a misnomer with the mill known historically as either Rowlett's Flour Mill or the Pioneer Mill. With the primary component of the site dating to the Agua Caliente phase, the Lee's Mill name caused confusion when discussing the site during public outreach efforts, creation of signage along the park trials, and in this volume. The Paseo site will be added to AZSITE as the primary site name The largest prehistoric occupation found in the project area was the Agua Caliente phase component at the Paseo site. Compared with other Agua Caliente components in the Tucson Basin, the 26 pithouses uncovered at the Paseo site mark the site as the largest currently recorded in the Tucson Basin. Analysis of the radiocarbon dates places the occupation between A.D. 425 and 540.

The purpose of this report is two-fold. It is, first and foremost, a report on the results of a relatively small field investigation within a portion of the Los Pozos site. These recent investigations did not encounter buried archaeological features despite discovery of such in an immediately adjacent area during a previous project. Due to a gradual accumulation of substantial amounts of fieldwork over the past 20 years, the second part of this report is a compilation and synthesis of information about the alluvial geomorphology and past human land use practices. These interpretations, based on archaeological data, are both timely and potentially useful for understanding not only this small project, but also for planning future construction projects and archaeological undertakings.

Approximately 61 percent (74 percent if only the extant portions of the site are considered) of the 60.5-acre Hohokam settlement known as Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM) (Arizona State Museum site files designation) was mechanically tested and horizontally exposed during excavations in 2006-2007 by Desert Archaeology, Inc., under contract with Pima County and Rancho Vistoso Partners, LLC. Honey Bee Village is located in the Town of Oro Valley north of Tucson. The core of the village was set aside as a preserve, and only surface documentation was conducted in that area. Elsewhere on the preserved portions of the site most of the village plan was exposed, and excavations revealed 2,004 primary features. This is part 2 of 2

Prehistoric occupation of the Tucson Basin extends back at least 6,000 years. Not surprisingly, as a primary watercourse, the Santa Cruz River has been the focus of much of the prehistoric activity. Approximately 4,000 years ago, early agriculturalists began farming along the banks of the river, supplementing a diet composed primarily of wild foods. As agricultural technology developed, people built canals in the floodplain. The canals increased crop yields and reduced some of the risks associated with floodwater farming. Early in the first millennium A. D., residential architecture suggests movement to increasingly permanent settlements. By the beginning of the sixth century A.D., the first permanent villages appear along the banks of the Santa Cruz. These villages are located on the terraces above the floodplain, and form the basis for a settlement system that would persist for the next 600 years. The Santa Cruz River and other watercourses remained the foci of settlement in the Tucson Basin until the early 1900s, when urban and suburban expansion pushed settlement into areas away from rivers and streams. Oddly, many of the areas that were the focus of prehistoric and early historic occupation along the Santa Cruz River floodplain and adjacent terraces were bypassed by twentieth century expansion. As Tucson continues to grow, that trend is changing. Given the location of the parcel, the intersection of modern development and prehistoric occupation is not surprising. Prehistoric use of the project area extends back to the Early Agricultural period (1200 B. C.-A.D. 50) at AZ BB:13:101 (ASM), although the largest occupations were found at AZ BB:13:74 (ASM) and AZ BB:13:103 (ASM), which date to the Middle Rincon phase (A.D. 1000-1100) of the Hohokam Sedentary period. In all, eight archaeological sites, AZ BB:13:20 (ASM), AZ BB:13:21 (ASM), BB:13:74, BB:13:101, BB:13:103, AZ BB:13:104 (asm), AZ BB:13:105 (ASM), and AZ BB:13:794 (ASM), were investigated as part of the current project. Archaeological fieldwork was completed in accordance with an approved historic properties treatment plan (Chenault 2006) for the Parque de Santa Cruz Development project. Fieldwork in the Parque de Santa Cruz project area was initiated on 25 September 2006, and was completed on 22 November 2006. In February 2007, a discrepancy was found between the southern project area boundary as provided to Desert Archaeology, Inc., and the actual boundary as marked on the ground prior to beginning construction activities. The actual parcel boundary was approximately 15 m farther south than the boundary originally provided to Desert Archaeology. The boundary change was significant because it extended the project area farther into BB:13:74. The additional area was recognized by all parties involved as having a high probability to contain additional prehistoric features, as well as a historical component. After consultation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, it was decided to treat the boundary discrepancy as a post-review discovery. An additional phase of fieldwork was initiated on 26 February 2007, and was completed on 13 March 2007. The final phase of fieldwork entailed burial monitoring during construction. This was conducted during July of 2007. Fieldwork was divided into two segments, based on the geomorphic contexts of the archaeological sites: floodplain and terrace. The Middle Rincon occupations are at the northern end of the Valencia community, a chain of Hohokam settlements that extended along the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River (Doelle 1988; Doelle and Wallace 1991). Previous investigations at sites within the Valencia community (Bradley 1980; Doelle 1985a; Elson and Doelle 1986; Lindeman 2003, 2006a), including investigations at BB:13:74, provide a unique base of previous research from which to examine similarities and differences among households in a single community. Much of the research presented in the following chapters builds upon this earlier work.

Between 18 March and 12 April 1997, archaeologi­cal fieldwork was conducted at two sites in the Con­gress Street to Twenty-ninth Street segment of the Arizona Department of Transportation's Interstate 10 Corridor Improvement Project in Tucson, Arizona. Both sites are buried in the eastern Holocene terrace of the Santa Cruz River, directly opposite A-Mountain. In Locus 1 were stratified alluvial deposits containing features dating to the early Cienega phase (800-400 B.C.) and late Cienega phase (400 B.C.-A.D. 50) of the Late Archaic/Early Agricultural period, and the Late Rincon subphase (A.D. 1100-1150) of the Hohokam Sedentary period. In Locus 2 were features dating to the Hohokam Colonial period (A.D. 750-950) and possibly other Hohokam periods. The stratigraphies of the east and west banks of the Santa Cruz River are comparable in this area, and they show that Holocene alluvial processes in the A-Mountain reach were generally similar to, and synchronic with, those in other reaches of the middle Santa Cruz Valley. Archaeological data recovered from these sites indicate that the same set of environmental characteristics attracted settlers to this part of the valley through at least the last 2,600 years, but site functions and intensities of use may have changed over time. While the diversity of locally available wild plant foods remained relatively constant, accumulated cultural impacts over time may have reduced the diversity of local fauna and led to increased agricultural depend­ence. During the Hohokam Sedentary period, pottery exchange relationships between inhabitants of this locale and other Tucson Basin settlements became less varied and complex, perhaps due to decreased social integration in the region.

Phase 1 Data Recovery was conducted at the Sunset Mesa Ruin, AZ AA:12:10 (ASM), to evaluate the archaeological resources that will be impacted by the gravel mining operations of Tucson Ready Mix, Inc. The information gathered from the excavated backhoe trenches, added to previous archaeological investigations at the site, has identified several loci where prehistoric and historic or modern features cluster. Two areas were also identified that may be cremation cemeteries. The historic features are from two occupations: one the turn-of-the-century homestead of Basillio Cuevas; the second the Sunset Dairy in operation from the 1920s to the 1960s. A total of 69 features was identified in 59 strategically-placed backhoe trenches, creating 2,018 m of trench cuts. Stratigraphic and ceramic data suggest that the prehistoric portion of the site is a single component occupied primarily during the Middle Rincon subphase (A.D. 1000-1100). There is some ceramic evidence to suggest that portions of the site were used later, into the Tanque Verde phase (A.D. 1150-1450). The five human secondary cremation burials located so far are in two areas, north and south in what remains of the site. A Phase 2 Data Recovery Plan discusses the research questions and presents a plan of work for the next level of effort needed to retrieve the information from Sunset Mesa Ruin before it is removed by the gravel mining. Emphasis is placed on the locus with the largest concentration of features and on the discovery of any remaining human burials. The work plan outlines what analyses will be conducted on the recovered artifacts in order to address the specified research questions.

The project involved archaeological testing of two sites on a 32.27-acre parcel owned by Sahuarita School District No. 30 in Pima County. Both sites-AZ EE:1:87 (ASM) and AZ EE:1:140 (ASM)-will be impacted by the construction of a new high school. The sites are located in Pima County, and are mapped on the Sahuarita, Arizona USGS 1.5' quadrangle. The work was done by SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants of Tucson in February of 1997, at the request of Dr. Jay C. St. John of the Sahuarita Unified School District. The project was conducted under Arizona State Museum Project Specific Excavation Permit #1997-51ps. The purpose of the testing phase was to determine the nature and extent of subsurface remains in order to make a determination of eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as required by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). This report consists of the results of the testing phase (Part I), and a proposed data recovery plan for site AZ EE:1:87 (ASM) (Part II). This site is considered eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion D. Site AZ EE:1:140 (ASM), a superficial artifact scatter with no apparent subsurface remains, is considered ineligible for the NRHP, as its data potential has been exhausted.

This report describes the archaeological investigations related to the A-Mountain Storm Drain project within the Clearwater site (AZ BB:13:6), the prehistoric settlement at the base of A-Mountain. Archaeological resources within the project area represent the Early Agricultural period. During the past five years, portions of about 10 Early Agricultural period archaeological sites have been excavated in floodplain settings within the Tucson Basin. The importance of this recent work is evident when one considers that between 1960 and 1990, only two excavations of Early Agricultural sites were done in this area, and the scale (in terms of area excavated and funds committed to analysis) of both projects was moderate. In order to place the excavation of the Clearwater site in its proper archaeological context, it is important to review the information obtained in these recent studies. This chapter examines some of the issues that surround the study of the Early Agricultural period occupants of the Tucson Basin. The first section discusses general differences between hunter-gatherers and farmers. The second section briefly reviews the Archaic period, which immediately precedes the Early Agricultural period. The third section discusses other Early Agricultural period archaeological sites excavated in the Tucson Basin. This discussion serves to introduce the reader to the extant data base with which information from the Clearwater site may be compared. The fourth section describes current models of Early Agricultural period subsistence and settlement. The final section presents the organization of the entire report and the analyses that follow.

This report summarizes the results of an archaeological mitigation project for a 30-ft-wide right-of-way for an access road to Tucson Water's new reservoir at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM). This project uncovered a cluster of five pithouses and 36 related extramural features that date to the transition between the Middle and Late Rincon subphases in the Tucson Basin Hohokam chronology, about A.D 1070 to 1150. The cluster of pithouses is probably part of a larger house group arranged around a common courtyard and occupied by a single extended household. A mixed subsistence strategy of farming, foraging, and hunting is represented in the macrobotanical, pollen, and faunal remains, and occupation from at least spring through fall is indicated by the seasons of wild plant resources that were exploited. Maize, beans, and squash were cultivated, probably in the floodplain with canal irrigation, while agave was probably dry farmed on the bajada above. Materials for chipped and ground stone tools were directly procured from local sources. The chipped stone assemblage reflects a largely expedient technology, but with some conservation of tools, flakes, and cores to extend artifact uselife. The ground stone assemblage indicates intensive processing of plants and minerals for food and pigments. Tire limited number and variety of shell artifacts indicate down-the-line exchange of marine shells from the Gulf of California and on-site manufacture of shell ornaments. Identification of pottery temper sources indicates that the pottery was not manufactured at this site; most of it was produced at nearby contemporaneous settlements at the West Branch and St. Mary's sites. Analysis shows that the design styles on the pottery from these two production centers became increasingly distinctive from tire Middle to Late Rincon subphases.

In an effort to provide the City of Tucson with water dining the next century, the City, in conjunction with Tucson Water, has developed several plans designed to recharge the aquifer and provide the City of Tucson with quality water. As part of this effort, the City plans to develop a wetlands area and a separate recharge basin in the area south of the City's reclaimed water treatment plant. Tucson Water has hired CH2MHill as the design consultant for this project. On October 3, 1994, Desert Archaeology was contacted by CH2MHill regarding planned soils testing in the project area. The consultant needed to excavate backhoe trenches designed to expose the subsurface sediments in an effort to determine the best locations for wetlands development and recharge basins on the property. Desert Archaeology was hired to conduct archaeological testing in advance of the soils testing conducted by CH2MHill. Our primary objective was to locate a total of 30 trenches which could be given archaeological clearance for deeper excavation by CH2MHU1. Our secondary objectives were to determine the extent to which the known surface distribution of artifacts reflects subsurface presence, and, as part of Desert Archaeology's long-term interest in the geomorphology and archaeology of the Santa Cruz floodplain, to determine what correlations could be made between archaeological discoveries elsewhere on the floodplain and those in the vicinity of the reclaimed water treatment plant. Although few archaeological materials were discovered during this testing operation, subsurface geologic and archaeological indications suggest a high potential for intact cultural remains in at least part of the project area. This report provides an archaeological background of the project area, a summary of previous work in the area, the geomorphic background, a description of the testing methods and results, a summary of archaeological research potential, and recommendations. The appendix provides a detailed description of the more representative trenches.

This document contains descriptions of sites within the Schuk Toak and San Xavier study areas. These site descriptions include information on site dimensions, cultural features, and types of artifacts. The relationships between features and artifacts as well as any disturbance to the sites are also discussed. The document also discusses collection strategies used within the project, and finally, it evaluates the site occupation time periods along with site function as well.