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International audience; In this chapter, our objective is twofold. First, we try to present a comprehensive vision of the evolutionary role of the purchasing function in regard to the offer creation process (OCP) of firms. We present three alternative organizational solutions enabling to effectively connect the purchasing actors to the OCP. Thereby, among the new roles emerging for the purchasing function, one is particularly specific to situations where top management is expecting a real contribution in innovation process: the role of innovation scouting. Therefore, the second objective of the paper is a conceptual contribution in order to shape what should be the specific content of scouting innovation from external resources. Our presentation takes into account two contingency factors: the degree of innovation maturity and the status of the target partners in the supply base (existing or new). As a synthesis, we propose a framework for choosing suitable organizing model for purchasing functions urged to increase their contribution to the OCP.

International audience; When a retailer enters a new market, the location and the decision whether to join a branded network are two major choices that must be faced. This empirical paper concerns the performance outcome of these choices. Based on French data, we measure the outlet performance with respect to turnover growth and economic return. Our analytical framework and our results highlight that network membership does not systematically provide advantages at the outlet level. The advantages of network membership decrease with increasing distance from the locus of economic activity.

International audience; This study examines how firms’ decision-making logics and entrepreneurial resourcing behaviors combine to create value. We conduct a qualitative comparative analysis investigating configurations of effectuation, causation, and bricolage that are associated with firm performance. We consider firm size and development stage as contextual factors that differentiate the effectiveness of ways in which firms combine effectuation, causation, and bricolage. Using a sample of 305 Chinese firms, we find six solutions explaining entrepreneurial processes in high-performing firms. Based on a comparison of effective configurations across firm size and development stages, we theorize three paths along which small early-stage firms can evolve into large late-stage firms while maintaining high performance.

International audience; The two main perspectives regarding the drivers of managerial innovation (MI)-institutional and rational-are often presented as contrasts in previous literature. This article seeks to bridge the two perspectives in an effort to analyze the external antecedents of MI in an open innovation framework. Using the French Organizational Change and Computerization survey, this analysis reveals that MI is influenced not only by active external search strategies but also by coercive pressures and a quest for legitimacy. The results also indicate a substitution effect between external search activity and absorptive capacity in relation to MI. That is, openness is beneficial for managerial innovation in manufacturing firms but internal obstacles still dominate.

International audience; This paper examines the influence of the type of geographical location on the characteristics of innovation networks in the tourism industry, specifically in mountain resorts. It compares the innovation network forms of two types of mountain resorts (high-altitude and medium-altitude resorts) regarding four characteristics: the nature of the relationships between members, the mode of regulation used, the architecture, and the geographical scope. Our results show that according to the type of territory, innovation networks differ in type of partners, geographical scope, and regulation mode. However, the type of territory does not seem to influence the architecture of the network since all the networks studied have a hub organization that orchestrates the partners’ actions.

International audience; Tourism is an area of consumption that uniquely mixes both mundane and extraordinary components. However, mundane routines have been less investigated despite their role in the tourist experience. Routines can be analysed by using the concept of appropriation that investigates precisely how consumers anchor themselves in a new experience setting. To date, this concept has not been applied to tourism but it is particularly pertinent for this context since it provides a conceptual framework to understand how tourists establish a new temporary home and settle in a new location. A longitudinal study, conducted by in-depth interviews everyday of a one-week tourist stay at a ski resort, details the appropriation process day after day. The results point to the importance and interplay of the appropriation steps (nesting, investigating and togetherness) and how they collectively contribute to the experience. The study provides a revised appropriation model specific to the holiday context.

International audience; In this paper, we open the black box of effectuation as a process by identifying effectuation process characteristics and patterns and thereby unveiling the heterogeneity of effectuation processes. Based on a multiple case research approach, sequential qualitative analysis is used to contrast similarities and differences in effectuation processes among six high-technology ventures. By theorizing the relationship between effectuation principles and process characteristics, we increase the conceptual clarity of effectuation theory and provide insights into how effectuation may be operationalized for scholars in future research.

International audience; Nonprofit arts and culture organizations face unique challenges as they conceive, develop and finance the facilities that house their programs, artists and audiences. While research on the project management of traditional facilities focuses on procurement, briefing, design and construction of public and commercial structures, the cultural facilities literature delves into the determinants of pre-construction economic investment, value engineering during construction, and the perceived post-opening value of public and nonprofit facilities. There is limited empirical research on how project champions and followers advance cultural facilities from dormant project ideas to the start of construction in nonprofit arts and culture organizations. The authors use a comparative case study approach to examine the activities and practices of five organizations in the planning of their cultural facilities. They augment the theoretical and managerial literature by demonstrating how these projects overcome inertia through project champion practices and gain momentum through activities with project followers to engender project sensemaking and strategic adaptation in cultural facilities planning.

International audience; In this study we suggest that a more careful and systematic understanding of fuel poverty can be developed through a multidimensional approach to the relationship between monetary poverty, residential energy efficiency, and heating restriction. Our objective is to provide new ways to better identify those who suffer the most from fuel poverty to optimize policy. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to measure poverty in three steps following Sen (1979): (i) combining poverty characteristics into an aggregate measure involving a fuel poverty index (FPI), (ii) identification and comparison of poor people according to existing and new definitions and (iii) testing the robustness of the fuel poverty composite indicator. Our results show that the usual measures reveal a gap that does not consider all the dimensions of fuel poverty, excluding those who are at or above a certain threshold, but who are nevertheless vulnerable. The multidimensional approach enables us to consider all the components of fuel poverty.

International audience

La globalización exige que las organizaciones innoven y se renueven a un ritmo muy rápido. En este contexto, las ideas constituyen un recurso crítico que las organizaciones deben gestionar y desarrollar. Como consecuencia, la creatividad organizacional se convierte en una herramienta de diferenciación y, a veces, incluso en una respuesta al problema de la supervivencia. En este número especial, proponemos enriquecer el debate sobre la creatividad organizacional en el marco de la gestión estratégica, abordando la gestión de ideas creativas, su flujo dentro y fuera de las organizaciones, y la emergencia de la creatividad organizacional como una capacidad creativa a nivel de la organización. Concluimos proponiendo varias líneas de trabajo relacionadas con la naturaleza de las capacidades creativas y especialmente su reconocimiento como capacidades organizativas en sí mismas., Globalization requires organizations to innovate and to renew themselves at a very rapid pace. In such a context, ideas are a critical resource that organizations must manage and develop. As a consequence, organizational creativity becomes a lever of differentiation, and sometimes even a response to the issue of survival. We propose to enrich the debate on organizational creativity in strategic management by addressing the management of creative ideas, their flow within and outside of organizations, and the emergence of organizational creativity as an organization-level creative capacity. We conclude by proposing several avenues for future related to the nature of creative capacities and especially their recognition as organizational capacities in their own right., La mondialisation impose aux organisations d’innover et se renouveler à un rythme très rapide. Dans un tel contexte, les idées s’imposent comme une ressource centrale et stratégique que l’organisation doit gérer et développer. La créativité organisationnelle devient donc un enjeu de différentiation pour les organisations, et même une réponse à l’enjeu de survie des organisations. Nous proposons d’enrichir les débats relatifs à la créativité organisationnelle en management stratégique en abordant la question de la gestion des idées créatives, de leurs libres parcours dans et en dehors de l’organisation, et de l’émergence de la créativité organisationnelle en tant que capacité créative. Nous concluons par des pistes de recherche à explorer pour caractériser les capacités créatives, et les considérer comme des capacités organisationnelles à part entière.

International audience

International audience; Un ouvrage de réflexion sur un thème actuel, des pistes d'action pour les managers ou les futurs leaders. Plusieurs chercheurs se sont mobilisés en 2011 en créant un groupe de recherche au sein de l'Association francophone de gestion des ressources humaines (AGRH) pour impulser une dynamique de réflexion sur les différentes théories du leadership actuellement existantes et plus largement, pour proposer de nouvelles pistes de réflexion pour les chercheurs et les praticiens. Quels sont les théories et modèles émergents ? Quels sont les concepts et les outils mobilisables pour développer le leadership (coaching) ? Peut-on partager les expériences et les " bonnes pratiques " ? Peut-on questionner les liens entre la fonction RH et le leadership, leadership et genres ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques et les valeurs des leaders ? Cet ouvrage publié dans la collection " Recherche AGRH " réunit douze contributions d'une vingtaine d'auteurs français souhaitant approfondir les approches contemporaines du concept de leadership et nourrit la réflexion sur les pratiques de leadership émergentes dans les entreprises et les organisations. Le livre est le résultat de nombreuses recherches et d'accompagnements d'entreprises et d'organisations sur le thème du leadership. Il s'appuie sur une construction rigoureuse sur le plan scientifique en combinant théorie et pratique. Au-delà des apports conceptuels, l'ouvrage propose des outils d'action pour les managers ou futurs leaders. L'ouvrage s'adresse à des enseignants-chercheurs, doctorants, DBA, professionnels, DRH, managers expérimentés, responsables de service, consultants, stagiaires de la formation continue, étudiants en gestion et management… Il concerne prioritairement les managers soucieux de mieux comprendre les dynamiques de délégation et désireux de faire évoluer leur organisation.

International audience; Unlike industrial innovations, service innovations cannot be protected by patents or designs. Thus, the implementation of innovation networks is often seen as a key to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. In this paper, we are interested in the main forms of inter-organizational networks that led to service innovations. More precisely, this article aims to examine the relationship between the characteristics of inter-organizational networks and the type of service innovation. A typology of service innovations and a network analysis framework allowed us to study the innovations implemented by two major French winter sports resorts: the Portes du Soleil and Paradiski. In total, we studied the structure of 12 innovation networks. Our results show that, depending on the type of innovation implemented, networks are different in terms of partners involved, regulation mode and geographic scope. However, regardless of the innovation developed, it seems necessary to have a central actor to orchestrate the various partners.

International audience

International audience; This paper studies how analysts’ earnings forecasts affect investors’ expectations and trading decisions. From an experiment built on a double-auction market, we find that investors partially incorporate the forecasting information in their expectations and trading decisions. Investors partly correct for analysts’ forecast errors and their expectations are less heterogeneous than analysts’ forecasts. As for the trading volume, it is negatively driven by the heterogeneity of the analysts’ forecasts but positively by the size of the forecast errors.

International audience; Museums' growing integration of Web 2.0 techniques is indicative of their readiness to redefine their relationship with their audience. While visitors were traditionally kept at arm's length, the use of these techniques now involves them at every stage in implementing the museum offer online. By scrutinizing the Web sites of institutions and the tools they use, the authors are able to highlight the different roles that now fall to the audience in terms of communication, mediation and artistic creation. The authors go on to analyze the ramifications of visitor involvement. While such involvement may well add to audience competencies and make museums more accessible and less "stuffy," it also challenges their authority and legitimacy. (English) Résumé (espagnol): La integración creciente de técnicas Web 2.0 por parte de los museos nos indica que están preparados a redefinir su relación con su público. Mientras que tradicionalmente a los visitantes se les mantenía a cierta distancia, ahora la utilización de estas técnicas los involucra en todas las etapas de la oferta en línea del museo. Al examinar con atención los sitios Web de las instituciones y los instrumentos que utilizan, los autores destacan los diferentes papeles que desempeña ahora el público en los ámbitos de la comunicación, la mediación, y la creación artística. Los autores analizan también las consecuencias de involucrar al visitante. Mientras que una tal participación puede aumentar las competencias del público y hacer que los museos sean más accesibles y menos "aburridos", al mismo tiempo representa un desafío para su autoridad y su legitimidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Résumé (Français): L'intégration croissante des techniques du Web 2.0 dans les musées révèle que ceux-ci sont prêts à redéfinir leur relation avec leur public. Alors que les visiteurs étaient traditionnellement tenus à distance, le recours à ces techniques sollicite maintenant leur participation à chaque étape de l'implantation de l'offre du musée en ligne. Grâce à un examen des sites Web des institutions et des outils qu'ils emploient, les auteurs font ressortir les différents rôles qui sont maintenant assignés au public en termes de communication, de médiation et de création artistique. Ils analysent les ramifications de l'engagement du visiteur. Cet engagement, qui est susceptible d'accroître les compétences du public et de rendre les musées plus accessibles et moins « ennuyeux », représente aussi un défi pour leur autorité et leur légitimité. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International audience; The role of entrepreneurs is highly regarded in our societies. It is widely recognized that their roles are not limited to the private sector, but can affect all sectors of the economy. In view of this, we focus on entrepreneurs acting in the healthcare sector. We concentrate more particularly on these entrepreneurs' specific competences. We propose to conceptualise the concept of relational competence, defined as the act of building and structuring relationships in order to adapt and innovate in a given environment. The aim of this exploratory study is to better understand why this type of competence is expected on the construction site of a new hospital in France.

International audience; The growing literature on knowledge and information has focused on the impact of information sources on technological innovation. Our objective was to explore the use made by firms of internal and external (market, research and generally available) sources of information for their organizational innovation practices' implementation. Furthermore, we studies whether these sources may vary according to whether the firm operates in the manufacturing or service industry. Multivariate probit models' results on 2008 Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data show notable differences between services and manufacturing, for instance that employees' skill levels are more important for manufacturing than for services. Overall, this paper provides strong evidence of the heterogeneity in firms' sources of information to engage in organizational innovation. On one hand, differences appear in the sources of innovation used for the various types of organizational innovation, indicating the appropriateness to differentiate organizational innovation practices rather than using an aggregated measure of organizational innovation. On the other hand, the sources of information vary according to the type of industry, even though some similarities appear. Managerial and theoretical implications for organizational innovation are provided.

International audience; Les Très Petites Entreprises (TPE) sont très impliquées dans la formation de réseaux d'innovation pour valoriser leurs inventions. Cependant, les études empiriques sur le fonctionnement interne des réseaux interorganisationnels, surtout pour l'innovation, restent encore rares. Le vide est encore plus flagrant lorsqu'il s'agit de réseaux pilotés par des TPE. L'objectif ici est donc d'identifier les modes de coordination mis en place par les pivots TPE pour coordonner les membres de leur réseau. L'analyse empirique qualitative sur sept réseaux d'innovation centralisés met en lumière les modalités de coordination les plus favorables pour un pivot de petite taille et/ou en situation de dépendance. Les résultats permettent aux TPE d'envisager les modalités de coordination adéquates pour mener à bien leur projet d'innovation, y compris lorsqu'elles se retrouvent en situation de dépendance face à d'autres membres de leur réseau.

Document disponible en ligne : http://www.cairn.info/revue-recherches-economiques-de-louvain-2012-2-page-25.htm; International audience; Cet article analyse la tarification non linéaire optimale pour un monopole offrant un package comprenant un bien et un service attaché au bien, lorsque ce dernier augmente l’utilité marginale que les consommateurs accordent au bien. Nous examinons les mécanismes d’incitation de révélation des préférences dans le cas où l’information privée est représentée par un paramètre unidimensionnel. Sous l’hypothèse de coûts constants nous retrouvons le résultat standard où il est profitable pour les consommateurs d’acheter le bien et le service attaché sous forme de package plutôt que séparément. Cependant, avec des coûts croissants, lorsque le degré de complémentarité entre le bien et le service est suffisamment élevé, le prix marginal du bien séparé est plus faible que comme élément du package. Contrairement à Martimort (1992), lorsque le bien et le service sont parfaitement complémentaires, nous ne pouvons pas conclure qu’il est plus coûteux pour les consommateurs de signer deux contrats aux différents magasins que d’acquérir le package. Du fait des asymétries prises en compte dans la fonction d’utilité, la profitabilité d’une stratégie de ventes liées dépend, d’une part du degré de complémentarité entre le bien et le service attaché, et d’autre part du degré d’optionalité du service lié.

International audience; The literature on innovation highlights the interactive nature of the innovation process in which non-technological activities are essential. However, few works have taken into account the role of other innovative strategies such as marketing and organisational innovations. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to fill this gap. For the empirical work, we used firm-level data drawn from the Community Innovation Survey 2006 for Luxembourg. We find that the effects of non-technological innovations differ depending on the phase of the innovation process. Marketing and organisational innovations significantly increase the likelihood of innovation, but not the commercial success of innovation. The study also shows the differentiated effects of the two types of non-technological innovation in manufacturing and service firms.

International audience; This letter addresses the second-degree price discrimination issue when a mo- nopolized product is tied with environmental quality. The monopolist may degrade environmental quality too much when marginal valuations of environmental quality and the good itself are positively related across consumers.

International audience; French pensioners benefit from tax deductions. In the context of pension system reform and given the impact of the current financial and economic crisis on government deficits, the tax preference given to senior citizens raises questions. Lavigne (2006) asks, "Should we give tax benefits to the elderly?" The author explains that the tax benefits given to retirees imply considerable public tax expenditures that are unjustifiable in terms of equity. Current retirees enjoy an average standard of living, nearly equivalent to that of persons in the labour force (See El Mekkaoui De Freitas et al., 2008, and Conseil d'Orientation des retraites, 2009). According to the French statistical institute (INSEE), the ratio of retired individuals' income per consumption unit to that of workers was approximately 0.89 in 2003 (0.96 including capital income). Moreover, pensioners' incomes are, on average, 102% of the average income of the population. Inter-cohort inequalities do not seem to justify these tax exemptions. Pensions are more equally distributed than income received from employment (See Brown and Prus, 2006), and intra-cohort inequality does not seem to be a more convincing explanation.

International audience; The aim of this article is to analyze the question of career interruptions and to evaluate their impact on pension retirement for French private sector workers. Using the last French survey on households' wealth (2003-2004), we first study the career setbacks for individuals born between 1938 and 1948. We highlight the new trends in professional paths. The risk of unemployment and job flexibility has sharply risen. As a consequence, some cohorts appear to be more exposed to career interruptions. Second, we determine how pension rights for French employees are affected by different career accidents. We consider unemployment, part-time employment and inactivity periods. Our results show how, by compensating for some career accidents, the French legislation allows individuals to receive, in some cases, the same level of pension that they would have received with a smooth professional path.

International audience; This paper explores the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and innovation and seeks to identify potential specificities related to small-sized companies. We analyze the complementarities between stakeholder and social capital theories on the one hand, and strategic management and evolutionary theories on the other hand, in order to determine whether and how CSR practices can lead to technological innovation. Seven French case studies show that, contrary to theoretical predictions, large companies are not the only ones that can create value through innovation driven by strategic (and formal) CSR. Indeed, small companies can also introduce radical innovation based on their CSR involvement.

International audience; Purpose This paper aims to provide evidence of the major role of non-technological activities in the innovation process. It highlights the effects of marketing and organizational innovation strategies on technological innovation performance. Design/methodology/approach The article tests theoretical hypotheses on a sample of 555 firms of the 4th Community Innovation Survey (CIS 4) in 2006 in Luxembourg. Data are analyzed through a generalizedTobit model. Findings In the present study, evidence is found to support the impact of innovation in the marketing and organization fields on a firm's capacity to innovate, but not on the innovative performance. The paper also statistically shows that the effects of non-technological innovation differ depending on the phase of the innovation process. Research limitations/implications The causal link and the question of time frame between the various innovations could be further investigated, especially through longitudinal studies. Further research should also focus on the differences between large versus small firms, and service versus industrial firms. Practical implications The effects of non-technological innovation are not the same according to whether the firm is in the first step of the innovation process (i.e. being innovative), or in a later step (i.e. innovative performance). Managers should be aware of these various effects in order to efficiently adopt non-technological innovation strategies. Originality/value Few works have taken into account the role of other innovative strategies such as marketing and organization. At our knowledge, this is the first study based on recent CIS data that looks at the interrelations between different types of innovation.

International audience; In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of studies that examine the economics of child labor and more particularly the determinants of children's labor supply in developing countries. This paper provides a new angle on the causes of child labor force participation by showing that parents' health affects child labor through family labor supply decisions. Using a survey with detailed information on health matters for Bangladesh, we find that child labor supply is sometimes takes the form of an added worker effect in reaction to certain types of health shock.