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1. Overview of the first Wendelstein 7-X long pulse campaign with fully water-cooled plasma facing components

Author

O. Grulke, C. Albert, J.A. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, M. Arvanitou, E. Ascasibar, E. Aymerich, K. Avramidis, J.-P. Bähner, S.-G. Baek, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Bañón Navarro, L. Baylor, C.D. Beidler, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, G. Birkenmeier, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, D. Boeyaert, D. Bold, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, H.-S. Bosch, H. Bouvain, S. Bozhenkov, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, C. Brandt, S. Brezinsek, K.J. Brunner, C. Büschel, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, B. Buttenschoen, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, A. Cappa, F. Carovani, D. Carralero, A. Carls, B. Carvalho, D. Castaño-Bardawil, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, S. Chen, D. Cipciar, J.W. Coenen, G. Conway, M. Cornelissen, Y. Corre, P. Costello, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H.I. Cu Castillo, G. Czymek, H. Damm, R.J. Davies, C. Day, S. Degenkolbe, R. De Wolf, W. Dekeyser, A. Demby, P. Despontin, C.P. Dhard, A. Dinklage, F.A. d’Isa, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drews, J. Droste, D. Dunai, C. Dyhring, P. van Eeten, E. Edlund, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, M.S. Espinosa, T. Estrada, D. Fehling, L. Feuerstein, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, D.L.C. Fernando, S. Fischer, E.R. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, J. Frank, H. Frerichs, G. Fuchert, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, I. García-Cortés, J.M. García-Regaña, B. Geiger, J. Geiger, P. Geissler, M. Gerard, G. Godino-Sedano, T. Gonda, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, M. Gruca, J.F. Guerrero Arnaiz, V. Haak, L. van Ham, K. Hammond, B. Hamstra, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, S. Hegedus, S. Heinrich, P. Helander, F. Henke, S. Henneberg, L. Henschke, M. Hirsch, U. Hoefel, K. Hoefler, S. Hoermann, K.-P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Huang, M. Hubeny, K. Hunger, D. Hwangbo, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, M. Jablczynska, S. Jablonski, B. Jabłoński, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, J. Jin, A. Johansson, G. Jouniaux, S. Kajita, J.-P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, W. Kasparek, C. Kawan, Ye. O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, W. Kernbichler, A.K. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, C.C. Klepper, T. Klinger, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, M. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, S.A. Korteweg, J. Koschinsky, J. Koster, Y. Kovtun, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksia¸zek, M. Kubkowska, M.D. Kuczyński, D. Kulla, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, I. Kuzmych, S. Kwak, V. Lancelotti, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, H.P. Laqua, M.R. Larsen, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, B. Lee, A. LeViness, M. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, L. Liao, A. Litnovsky, J. Liu, J. Loizu, R. Lopez-Cansino, L.D. Lopez Rodriguez, A. Lorenz, R. Lunsford, Y. Luo, V. Lutsenko, N. Maaziz, M. Machielsen, R. Mackenbach, D. Makowski, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, M. Markl, S. Marsen, J. Martínez, N. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D.A. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, P. McNeely, D. Medina Roque, J. Meineke, S. Meitner, S. vaz Mendes, A. Menzel-Barbara, B. van Milligen, A. Mishchenko, V. Moiseenko, A. Möller, S. Möller, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, P. Mulholland, M. Nagel, D. Nagy, Y. Narbutt, D. Naujoks, P. Nelde, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S. Nielsen, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, G. Offermanns, J. Ongena, J.W. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, G. Partesotti, E.A. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, T.S. Pedersen, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, L. Podavini, N.S. Polei, P. Poloskei, S. Ponomarenko, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, D. Refy, F. Reimold, M. Richou, J.S. Riemann, K. Riße, J. de la Riva Villén, G. Roberg-Clark, E. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, T. Romba, D. Rondeshagen, M. Rud, T. Ruess, T. Rummel, A. Runov, C. Ruset, N. Rust, L. Ryc, T. Rzesnicki, M. Salewski, E. Sánchez, L. Sanchis Sanchez, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J.C. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, M. Van Schoor, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, S. Simko, L. Singh, Y. Siusko, C. Slaby, M. Śle¸czka, B.S. Smith, D.R. Smith, H. Smith, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, I. Stepanov, M. Stern, U. Stroth, Y. Suzuki, C. Swee, L. Syrocki, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, R. Takacs, H. Takahashi, N. Tamura, C. Tantos, J. Terry, S. Thiede, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, T. Thun, S. Togo, T. Tork, H. Trimino Mora, A. Tsikouras, Y. Turkin, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, J.L. Velasco, M. Verstraeten, M. Vervier, E. Viezzer, J. Wagner, E. Wang, F. Wang, M. Wappl, F. Warmer, T. Wegner, Y. Wei, G. Weir, N. Wendler, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H.M. Xiang, S. Xu, H. Yamada, J. Yang, R. Yi, M. Yokoyama, B. Zamorski, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, J. Zimmermann, A. Zocco, and S. Zoletnik

Subjects
stellarator, long-pulse operation, magnetic fusion confinement, divertor detachment, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

After a long device enhancement phase, scientific operation resumed in 2022. The main new device components are the water cooling of all plasma facing components and the new water-cooled high heat flux divertor units. Water cooling allowed for the first long-pulse operation campaign. A maximum discharge length of 8 min was achieved with a total heating energy of 1.3 GJ. Safe divertor operation was demonstrated in attached and detached mode. Stable detachment is readily achieved in some magnetic configurations but requires impurity seeding in configurations with small magnetic pitch angle within the edge islands. Progress was made in the characterization of transport mechanisms across edge magnetic islands: Measurement of the potential distribution and flow pattern reveals that the islands are associated with a strong poloidal drift, which leads to rapid convection of energy and particles from the last closed flux surface into the scrape-off layer. Using the upgraded plasma heating systems, advanced heating scenarios were developed, which provide improved energy confinement comparable to the scenario, in which the record triple product for stellarators was achieved in the previous operation campaign. However, a magnetic configuration-dependent critical heating power limit of the electron cyclotron resonance heating was observed. Exceeding the respective power limit leads to a degradation of the confinement.

Published
2024
Full Text
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2. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Thomas Sunn Pedersen, I. Abramovic, P. Agostinetti, M. Agredano Torres, S. Äkäslompolo, J. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, M. Alhashimi, A. Ali, N. Allen, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, C. Angioni, A. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, W. Asad, E. Ascasibar, M.-H. Aumeunier, K. Avramidis, E. Aymerich, S.-G. Baek, J. Bähner, A. Baillod, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Banon Navarro, A. Bañón Navarro, T. Barbui, C. Beidler, C. Belafdil, A. Bencze, A. Benndorf, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, O. Biletskyi, B. Blackwell, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, G. Bongiovi, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, J. Boscary, H. Bosch, T. Bosmann, B. Böswirth, L. Böttger, A. Bottino, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, C. Brandt, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. Brunner, S. Buller, R. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, A. Buzás, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, K. Camacho Mata, I. Caminal, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, F. Carovani, M. Carr, D. Carralero, B. Carvalho, J. Casas, D. Castano-Bardawil, F. Castejon, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, A. Chomiczewska, J.W. Coenen, M. Cole, F. Cordella, Y. Corre, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. Damm, C. Day, M. de Baar, E. De la Cal, S. Degenkolbe, A. Demby, S. Denk, C. Dhard, A. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, D. Dunai, E. Edlund, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, T. Estrada, E. Fable, N. Fahrenkamp, A. Fanni, J. Faustin, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, W. Figacz, E. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, S. Freundt, G. Fuchert, M. Fukuyama, F. Füllenbach, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, J.M. García Regaña, I. García-Cortés, J. Gaspar, D.A. Gates, J. Geiger, B. Geiger, L. Giudicotti, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J.P. Graves, J. Green, E. Grelier, H. Greuner, S. Groß, H. Grote, M. Groth, M. Gruca, O. Grulke, M. Grün, J. Guerrero Arnaiz, S. Günter, V. Haak, M. Haas, P. Hacker, A. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, K. Hammond, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J.H. Harris, H. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, R. Hatzky, J. Hawke, S. Hegedus, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, U. Hergenhahn, C. Hidalgo, F. Hindenlang, M. Hirsch, U. Höfel, K.P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Hopf, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Hubeny, S. Hudson, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, V. Igochine, S. Illy, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, M. Isobe, M. Jabłczyńska, S. Jablonski, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, A. Jansen van Vuuren, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghanns, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, M. Kandler, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, D. Kennedy, A. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Kiefer, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, S. Klose, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, R. König, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, M. Krause, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. Kuczynski, G. Kühner, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P.T. Lang, A. Langenberg, H.P. Laqua, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, M. Lewerentz, C. Li, Y. Liang, Ch. Linsmeier, J. Lion, A. Litnovsky, S. Liu, J. Lobsien, J. Loizu, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, U. Losada, F. Louche, R. Lunsford, V. Lutsenko, M. Machielsen, F. Mackel, J. Maisano-Brown, O. Maj, D. Makowski, G. Manduchi, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, S. Marsen, E. Martines, J. Martinez-Fernandez, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, O. Mccormack, P. McNeely, H. Meister, B. Mendelevitch, S. Mendes, A. Merlo, A. Messian, A. Mielczarek, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, R. Mitteau, V.E. Moiseenko, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, M. Mulsow, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, V. Naulin, T. Neelis, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S.K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishiza, T. Nishizawa, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, J. Oelmann, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, S. Okamura, J. Ölmanns, J. Ongena, J. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, E. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pechstein, G. Pelka, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plöckl, G. Plunk, P. Pölöskei, B. Pompe, A. Popov, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, M.-E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, M. Richou, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Riße, G. Roberg-Clark, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, L. Rudischhauser, T. Rummel, K. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, P. Salembier, M. Salewski, E. Sanchez, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, F. Schauer, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, W. Schneider, M. Schneider, P. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, T. Schröder, M. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, D. Schwörer, E. Scott, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, P. Sichta, M. Singer, P. Sinha, S. Sipliä, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, J. Smoniewski, E. Sonnendrücker, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, R. Stadler, D. Stańczak, T. Stange, I. Stepanov, L. Stephey, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svensson, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, M. Szücs, F.L. Tabarés, N. Tamura, A. Tancetti, C. Tantos, J. Terry, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, J.M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, E. Trier, H. Trimino Mora, T. Tsujimura, Y. Turkin, A. Tykhyi, B. Unterberg, P. van Eeten, B.Ph. van Milligen, M. van Schoor, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, L. Vela, J.L. Velasco, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, G. Vogel, N. Vogt, C. Volkhausen, A. von Stechow, F. Wagner, E. Wang, H. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, T. Wegner, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilde, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, A.M. Wright, G.A. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, S. Xu, H. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yokoyama, M. Yoshinuma, Q. Yu, M. Zamanov, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, C. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, L. Zsuga, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GPI - Grup de Processament d'Imatge i Vídeo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GREO - Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria Òptica, Pedersen, T, Abramovic, I, Agostinetti, P, Torres, M, Akaslompolo, S, Belloso, J, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Alhashimi, M, Ali, A, Allen, N, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Angioni, C, Arkhipov, A, Arnold, A, Asad, W, Ascasibar, E, Aumeunier, M, Avramidis, K, Aymerich, E, Baek, S, Bahner, J, Baillod, A, Balden, M, Baldzuhn, J, Ballinger, S, Banduch, M, Bannmann, S, Navarro, A, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Belafdil, C, Bencze, A, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biedermann, C, Biletskyi, O, Blackwell, B, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bongiovi, G, Borchardt, M, Borodin, D, Boscary, J, Bosch, H, Bosmann, T, Boswirth, B, Bottger, L, Bottino, A, Bozhenkov, S, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Brezinsek, S, Brunner, K, Buller, S, Burhenn, R, Bussiahn, R, Buttenschon, B, Buzas, A, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Mata, K, Caminal, I, Cannas, B, Cappa, A, Carls, A, Carovani, F, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carvalho, B, Casas, J, Castano-Bardawil, D, Castejon, F, Chaudhary, N, Chelis, I, Chomiczewska, A, Coenen, J, Cole, M, Cordella, F, Corre, Y, Crombe, K, Cseh, G, Csillag, B, Damm, H, Day, C, de Baar, M, De la Cal, E, Degenkolbe, S, Demby, A, Denk, S, Dhard, C, Di Siena, A, Dinklage, A, Dittmar, T, Dreval, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dunai, D, Edlund, E, Effenberg, F, Ehrke, G, Endler, M, Ennis, D, Escoto, F, Estrada, T, Fable, E, Fahrenkamp, N, Fanni, A, Faustin, J, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Flom, E, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Freundt, S, Fuchert, G, Fukuyama, M, Fullenbach, F, Gantenbein, G, Gao, Y, Garcia, K, Regana, J, Garcia-Cortes, I, Gaspar, J, Gates, D, Geiger, J, Geiger, B, Giudicotti, L, Gonzalez, A, Goriaev, A, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Graves, J, Green, J, Grelier, E, Greuner, H, Gross, S, Grote, H, Groth, M, Gruca, M, Grulke, O, Grun, M, Arnaiz, J, Gunter, S, Haak, V, Haas, M, Hacker, P, Hakola, A, Hallenbert, A, Hammond, K, Han, X, Hansen, S, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hatzky, R, Hawke, J, Hegedus, S, Hein, B, Heinemann, B, Helander, P, Henneberg, S, Hergenhahn, U, Hidalgo, C, Hindenlang, F, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Hollfeld, K, Holtz, A, Hopf, D, Hoschen, D, Houry, M, Howard, J, Huang, X, Hubeny, M, Hudson, S, Ida, K, Igitkhanov, Y, Igochine, V, Illy, S, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isobe, M, Jablczynska, M, Jablonski, S, Jagielski, B, Jakubowski, M, van Vuuren, A, Jelonnek, J, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Jenzsch, H, Junghanns, P, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kandler, M, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kennedy, D, Kharwandikar, A, Khokhlov, M, Kiefer, C, Killer, C, Kirschner, A, Kleiber, R, Klinger, T, Klose, S, Knauer, J, Knieps, A, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kontula, J, Kornejew, P, Koschinsky, J, Kozulia, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krause, M, Krawczyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krier, L, Kriete, D, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuczynski, M, Kuhner, G, Kumar, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Lang, P, Langenberg, A, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Lazerson, S, Lewerentz, M, Li, C, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, C, Lion, J, Litnovsky, A, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Loizu, J, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Losada, U, Louche, F, Lunsford, R, Lutsenko, V, Machielsen, M, Mackel, F, Maisano-Brown, J, Maj, O, Makowski, D, Manduchi, G, Maragkoudakis, E, Marchuk, O, Marsen, S, Martines, E, Martinez-Fernandez, J, Marushchenko, M, Masuzaki, S, Maurer, D, Mayer, M, Mccarthy, K, Mccormack, O, Mcneely, P, Meister, H, Mendelevitch, B, Mendes, S, Merlo, A, Messian, A, Mielczarek, A, Mishchenko, O, Missal, B, Mitteau, R, Moiseenko, V, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Morisaki, T, Moseev, D, Motojima, G, Mulas, S, Mulsow, M, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Naulin, V, Neelis, T, Neilson, H, Neu, R, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Nicolai, D, Nielsen, S, Niemann, H, Nishiza, T, Nishizawa, T, Nuhrenberg, C, Ochoukov, R, Oelmann, J, Offermanns, G, Ogawa, K, Okamura, S, Olmanns, J, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, J, Otte, M, Pablant, N, Alvarez, N, Pandey, A, Pasch, E, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pechstein, G, Pelka, G, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pingel, S, Pisano, F, Plockl, B, Plunk, G, Poloskei, P, Pompe, B, Popov, A, Porkolab, M, Proll, J, Pueschel, M, Puiatti, M, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rahbarnia, K, Rasinski, M, Rasmussen, J, Reiman, A, Reimold, F, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Richou, M, Riedl, R, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Roberg-Clark, G, Rohde, V, Romazanov, J, Rondeshagen, D, Rong, P, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, T, Rummel, K, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Salembier, P, Salewski, M, Sanchez, E, Satake, S, Satheeswaran, G, Schacht, J, Scharff, E, Schauer, F, Schilling, J, Schlisio, G, Schmid, K, Schmitt, J, Schmitz, O, Schneider, W, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, T, Schroder, M, Schroeder, R, Schweer, B, Schworer, D, Scott, E, Shanahan, B, Sias, G, Sichta, P, Singer, M, Sinha, P, Siplia, S, Slaby, C, Sleczka, M, Smith, H, Smoniewski, J, Sonnendrucker, E, Spolaore, M, Spring, A, Stadler, R, Stanczak, D, Stange, T, Stepanov, I, Stephey, L, Stober, J, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suzuki, C, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Szucs, M, Tabares, F, Tamura, N, Tancetti, A, Tantos, C, Terry, J, Thienpondt, H, Thomsen, H, Thumm, M, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Tretter, J, Trier, E, Mora, H, Tsujimura, T, Turkin, Y, Tykhyi, A, Unterberg, B, van Eeten, P, van Milligen, B, van Schoor, M, Vano, L, Varoutis, S, Vecsei, M, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vervier, M, Vianello, N, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Vogel, G, Vogt, N, Volkhausen, C, von Stechow, A, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, H, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wenzel, U, White, A, Wilde, F, Wilms, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winter, A, Winters, V, Wolf, R, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Xu, S, Yamada, H, Yamaguchi, H, Yokoyama, M, Yoshinuma, M, Yu, Q, Zamanov, M, Zanini, M, Zarnstorff, M, Zhang, D, Zhou, S, Zhu, J, Zhu, C, Zilker, M, Zocco, A, Zohm, H, Zoletnik, S, Zsuga, L, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, National Institute for Fusion Science, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Group Heemels, Control Systems Technology, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas

Subjects
Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Materials science, Detachment, Nuclear engineering, Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Imatges -- Processament, stellarator, Divertor, Image processing, Physics::Plasma Physics, divertor, Wendelstein 7-X, ddc:530, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Neoclassical optimization, Stellarators, Reactors de fusió, magnetic confinement, Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Processament del senyal::Processament de la imatge i del senyal vídeo [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, detachment, neoclassical optimization, ddc:620, ddc:600, Paper, FEC 2020 Summaries and Overviews
Abstract

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 497 autors/es: Thomas Sunn Pedersen1,2,∗ , I. Abramovic3, P. Agostinetti4, M. Agredano Torres1, S. Äkäslompolo1, J. Alcuson Belloso1, P. Aleynikov1, K. Aleynikova1, M. Alhashimi1, A. Ali1, N. Allen5, A. Alonso6, G. Anda7, T. Andreeva1, C. Angioni8, A. Arkhipov8, A. Arnold1, W. Asad8, E. Ascasibar6, M.-H. Aumeunier9, K. Avramidis10, E. Aymerich11, S.-G. Baek3, J. Bähner1, A. Baillod12, M. Balden1, M. Balden8, J. Baldzuhn1, S. Ballinger3, M. Banduch1, S. Bannmann1, A. Banon Navarro8, A. Bañon Navarro ´ 1, T. Barbui13, C. Beidler1, C. Belafdil9, A. Bencze7, A. Benndorf1, M. Beurskens1, C. Biedermann1, O. Biletskyi14, B. Blackwell15, M. Blatzheim1, T. Bluhm1, D. Böckenhoff1, G. Bongiovi16, M. Borchardt1, D. Borodin17, J. Boscary8, H. Bosch1,18, T. Bosmann19, B. Böswirth8, L. Böttger1, A. Bottino8, S. Bozhenkov1, R. Brakel1, C. Brandt1, T. Bräuer1, H. Braune1, S. Brezinsek17, K. Brunner1, S. Buller1, R. Burhenn1, R. Bussiahn1, B. Buttenschön1, A. Buzás7, V. Bykov1, I. Calvo6, K. Camacho Mata1, I. Caminal20, B. Cannas11, A. Cappa6, A. Carls1, F. Carovani1, M. Carr21, D. Carralero6, B. Carvalho22, J. Casas20, D. Castano-Bardawil17, F. Castejon6, N. Chaudhary1, I. Chelis23, A. Chomiczewska24, J.W. Coenen13,17, M. Cole1, F. Cordella25, Y. Corre9, K. Crombe26, G. Cseh7, B. Csillag7, H. Damm1, C. Day10, M. de Baar27, E. De la Cal6, S. Degenkolbe1, A. Demby13, S. Denk3, C. Dhard1, A. Di Siena8,28, A. Dinklage12, T. Dittmar17, M. Dreval14, M. Drevlak1, P. Drewelow1, P. Drews17, D. Dunai7, E. Edlund3, F. Effenberg29, G. Ehrke1, M. Endler1, D.A. Ennis5, F.J. Escoto6, T. Estrada6, E. Fable8, N. Fahrenkamp1, A. Fanni11, J. Faustin1, J. Fellinger1, Y. Feng1, W. Figacz4, E. Flom13, O. Ford1, T. Fornal24, H. Frerichs13, S. Freundt1, G. Fuchert1, M. Fukuyama30, F. Füllenbach1, G. Gantenbein10, Y. Gao1, K. Garcia13, J.M. García Regaña6, I. García-Cortés6, J. Gaspar31, D.A. Gates29, J. Geiger1, B. Geiger13, L. Giudicotti32, A. González6, A. Goriaev26,33, D. Gradic1, M. Grahl1, J.P. Graves12, J. Green13, E. Grelier9, H. Greuner8, S. Groß1, H. Grote1, M. Groth34, M. Gruca24, O. Grulke1,35, M. Grün1, J. Guerrero Arnaiz1, S. Günter8, V. Haak1, M. Haas1, P. Hacker1, A. Hakola36, A. Hallenbert1, K. Hammond29, X. Han17,37, S.K. Hansen3, J.H. Harris38, H. Hartfuß1, D. Hartmann1, D. Hathiramani1, R. Hatzky8, J. Hawke39, S. Hegedus7, B. Hein8, B. Heinemann8, P. Helander12, S. Henneberg1, U. Hergenhahn8,40, C. Hidalgo6, F. Hindenlang8, M. Hirsch1, U. Höfel1, K.P. Hollfeld17, A. Holtz1, D. Hopf8, D. Höschen17, M. Houry9, J. Howard19, X. Huang41, M. Hubeny17, S. Hudson29, K. Ida9, Y. Igitkhanov10, V. Igochine8, S. Illy10, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser42, M. Isobe39, M. Jabłczynska ´ 24, S. Jablonski24, B. Jagielski1, M. Jakubowski1, A. Jansen van Vuuren1, J. Jelonnek10, F. Jenko8, F. Jenko8, T. Jensen35, H. Jenzsch1, P. Junghanns8, J. Kaczmarczyk24, J. Kallmeyer1, U. Kamionka1, M. Kandler8, S. Kasilov43, Y. Kazakov26, D. Kennedy1, A. Kharwandikar1, M. Khokhlov1, C. Kiefer8, C. Killer1, A. Kirschner17, R. Kleiber1, T. Klinger12, S. Klose1, J. Knauer1, A. Knieps17, F. Köchl44, G. Kocsis7, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko45, A. Könies1, R. König1, J. Kontula34, P. Kornejew1, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia14, A. Krämer-Flecken17, R. Krampitz1, M. Krause1, N. Krawczyk24, T. Kremeyer1, L. Krier10, D.M. Kriete5, M. Krychowiak1, I. Ksiazek46, M. Kubkowska24, M. Kuczynski1, G. Kühner1, A. Kumar15, T. Kurki-Suonio34, S. Kwak1, M. Landreman47, P.T. Lang8, A. Langenberg1, H.P. Laqua12, H. Laqua1, R. Laube1, S. Lazerson1, M. Lewerentz1, C. Li17, Y. Liang17, Ch. Linsmeier17, J. Lion1, A. Litnovsky17,48, S. Liu37, J. Lobsien1, J. Loizu12, J. Lore38, A. Lorenz1, U. Losada6, F. Louche26, R. Lunsford29, V. Lutsenko45, M. Machielsen12, F. Mackel8, J. Maisano-Brown3, O. Maj8, D. Makowski49, G. Manduchi50, E. Maragkoudakis6, O. Marchuk17, S. Marsen1, E. Martines4, J. Martinez-Fernandez6, M. Marushchenko1, S. Masuzaki41, D. Maurer5, M. Mayer8, K.J. McCarthy6, O. Mccormack4, P. McNeely1, H. Meister8, B. Mendelevitch8, S. Mendes1, A. Merlo1, A. Messian26, A. Mielczarek49, O. Mishchenko1, B. Missal1, R. Mitteau9, V.E. Moiseenko14, A. Mollen1, V. Moncada9, T. Mönnich1, T. Morisaki41, D. Moseev1, G. Motojima41, S. Mulas6, M. Mulsow1, M. Nagel1, D. Naujoks1, V. Naulin35, T. Neelis19, H. Neilson29, R. Neu8, O. Neubauer17, U. Neuner1, D. Nicolai17, S.K. Nielsen35, H. Niemann1, T. Nishiza1, T. Nishizawa1, T. Nishizawa8, C. Nührenberg1, R. Ochoukov8, J. Oelmann17, G. Offermanns17 K. Ogawa41, S. Okamura41, J. Ölmanns17, J. Ongena26, J. Oosterbeek1, M. Otte1, N. Pablant29, N. Panadero Alvarez6, N. Panadero Alvarez6, A. Pandey1, E. Pasch1, R. Pavlichenko14, A. Pavone1, E. Pawelec46, G. Pechstein1, G. Pelka24, V. Perseo1, B. Peterson41, D. Pilopp1, S. Pingel1, F. Pisano11, B. Plöckl8, G. Plunk1, P. Pölöskei1, B. Pompe2, A. Popov51, M. Porkolab3, J. Proll19, M.J. Pueschel19,27, M.-E. Puiatti52, A. Puig Sitjes1, F. Purps1, K. Rahbarnia1, M. Rasinski ´ 17, J. Rasmussen35, A. Reiman29, F. Reimold1, M. Reisner8, D. Reiter17, M. Richou9, R. Riedl8, J. Riemann1, K. Riße1, G. Roberg-Clark1, V. Rohde8, J. Romazanov17, D. Rondeshagen1, P. Rong1, L. Rudischhauser1, T. Rummel1, K. Rummel1, A. Runov1, N. Rust1, L. Ryc24, P. Salembier20, M. Salewski35, E. Sanchez6, S. Satake41, G. Satheeswaran17, J. Schacht1, E. Scharff1, F. Schauer8, J. Schilling1, G. Schlisio1, K. Schmid8, J. Schmitt5, O. Schmitz13, W. Schneider1, M. Schneider1, P. Schneider8, R. Schrittwieser42, T. Schröder1, M. Schröder1, R. Schroeder1, B. Schweer26, D. Schwörer1, E. Scott1, E. Scott8, B. Shanahan1, G. Sias11, P. Sichta29, M. Singer1, P. Sinha29, S. Sipliä34, C. Slaby1, M. Sleczka53, H. Smith1, J. Smoniewski54, E. Sonnendrücker8, M. Spolaore4, A. Spring1, R. 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Zanini1, M. Zarnstorff29, D. Zhang1, S. Zhou17, J. Zhu1, C. Zhu29, M. Zilker8, A. Zocco1, H. Zohm8, S. Zoletnik7 and L. Zsuga7 // 1 Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching and Greifswald, Germany: 2 University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; 4 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti, 4-35127 Padova, Italy; 5 Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; 6 CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; 7 Center for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thegeut 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; 8 Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; 9 CEA Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; 10 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; 11 University of Cagliari, Via Universita, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; 12 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Center, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 13 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; 14 Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology’, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 15 The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia; 16 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy; 17 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany; 18 Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; 19 Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; 20 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, C. Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; 21 Culham Center for Fusion Energy, Abingdon OX14 3EB, United Kingdom; 22 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; 23 Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; 24 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland; 25 ENEA—Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati RM, Italy; 26 Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, TEC Partner, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; 27 Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, PO Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands; 28 University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America; 29 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America; 30 Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; 31 Aix-Marseille University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, 13007, Marseille, France; 32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; 33 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 34 Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; 35 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; 36 VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland; 37 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, Anhui, China; 38 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States of America; 39 Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, United States of America; 40 Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany; 41 National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5292, Japan; 42 Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; 43 Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, 8010 GRAZ, Austria; 44 Austrian Academy of Science, Doktor-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Wien, Austria; 45 Institute for Nuclear Research, prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine; 46 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland; 47 University of Maryland, Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MA 20742, United States of America; 48 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation; 49 Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 221/223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; 50 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy; 51 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation; 52 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Via Roberto Cozzi, 53, 20125 Milano, Italy; 53 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland; 54 Lawrence University, 711 E Boldt Way, Appleton, WI 54911, United States of America; 55 Physik-Department E28, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; 56 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad, 30 Madrid, Spain; 57 Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; 58 University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chhiab 277-0882, Japan Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.a - Per a 2030, augmentar la cooperació internacional per tal de facilitar l’accés a la investigació i a les tecnolo­gies energètiques no contaminants, incloses les fonts d’energia renovables, l’eficiència energètica i les tecnologies de combustibles fòssils avançades i menys contaminants, i promoure la inversió en infraestructures energètiques i tecnologies d’energia no contaminant

Published
2022
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3. Particle size effect on velocity of gold particle embedded laser driven plastic targets

Author

E. Krousky, J. Badziak, A. Kasperczuk, J. Ullschmidt, J. Wolowski, P. Pisarczyk, M. Rosinski, Shivanand Chaurasia, L. J. Dhareshwar, K. Masek, T. Pisarczyk, P. Parys, K. Manmohan, and L. Ryc

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Materials science, business.industry, Physics, QC1-999, Pulse duration, Laser, law.invention, Wavelength, Optics, law, Nano, Particle, Particle size, business, FOIL method
Abstract

A scheme to enhance the target foil velocity has been investigated for a direct drive inertial fusion target. Polymer PVA (polyvinyl alcohol or (C2H4O)n) target foils of thickness 15–20 μm were used in plain form and also embedded with gold in the nano-particle (Au-np) or micro-particle (Au-mp) form. Nano-particles were of 20–50 nm and micro-particles of 2–3 μm in size. 17% higher target velocity was measured for foils embedded with nano-particle gold (Au-np) as compared to targets embedded with micro-particles gold (Au-mp). The weight of gold in both cases was in the range 40–55% of the full target weight (atomic percentage of about 22%). Experiments were performed with the single beam of the Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) at 0.43 μm wavelength (3ω of the fundamental wavelength), 120 Joule energy and 300 psec pulse duration. Laser intensity on the target was about 1015 W/cm2. A simple model has been proposed to explain the experimental results.

Published
2013

4. Technical challenges in the construction of the steady-state stellarator Wendelstein 7-X

Author

H.-S. Bosch, R.C. Wolf, T. Andreeva, J. Baldzuhn, D. Birus, T. Bluhm, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, V. Bykov, A. Cardella, F. Durodié, M. Endler, V. Erckmann, G. Gantenbein, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, P. Heimann, B. Heinemann, C. Hennig, M. Hirsch, D. Holtum, J. Jagielski, J. Jelonnek, W. Kasparek, T. Klinger, R. König, P. Kornejew, H. Kroiss, J.G. Krom, G. Kühner, H. Laqua, H.P. Laqua, C. Lechte, M. Lewerentz, J. Maier, P. McNeely, A. Messiaen, G. Michel, J. Ongena, A. Peacock, T.S. Pedersen, R. Riedl, H. Riemann, P. Rong, N. Rust, J. Schacht, F. Schauer, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, A. Spring, A. Stäbler, M. Thumm, Y. Turkin, L. Wegener, A. Werner, D. Zhang, M. Zilker, T. Akijama, R. Alzbutas, E. Ascasibar, M. Balden, M. Banduch, Ch. Baylard, W. Behr, C. Beidler, A. Benndorf, T. Bergmann, C. Biedermann, B. Bieg, W. Biel, M. Borchardt, G. Borowitz, V. Borsuk, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, H. Brand, T. Brown, B. Brucker, R. Burhenn, K.-P. Buscher, C. Caldwell-Nichols, A. Cappa, A. Carls, P. Carvalho, Ł. Ciupiński, M. Cole, J. Collienne, A. Czarnecka, G. Czymek, G. Dammertz, C.P. Dhard, V.I. Davydenko, A. Dinklage, M. Drevlak, S. Drotziger, A. Dudek, P. Dumortier, G. Dundulis, P.v. Eeten, K. Egorov, T. Estrada, H. Faugel, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, H. Fernandes, W.H. Fietz, W. Figacz, F. Fischer, J. Fontdecaba, A. Freund, T. Funaba, H. Fünfgelder, A. Galkowski, D. Gates, L. Giannone, J.M. García Regaña, J. Geiger, S. Geißler, H. Greuner, M. Grahl, S. Groß, A. Grosman, H. Grote, O. Grulke, M. Haas, L. Haiduk, H.-J. Hartfuß, J.H. Harris, D. Haus, B. Hein, P. Heitzenroeder, P. Helander, R. Heller, C. Hidalgo, D. Hildebrandt, H. Höhnle, A. Holtz, E. Holzhauer, R. Holzthüm, A. Huber, H. Hunger, F. Hurd, M. Ihrke, S. Illy, A. Ivanov, S. Jablonski, N. Jaksic, M. Jakubowski, R. Jaspers, H. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, J. Kacmarczyk, T. Kaliatk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, R. Karaleviciu, S. Kern, M. Keunecke, R. Kleiber, J. Knauer, R. Koch, G. Kocsis, A. Könies, M. Köppen, R. Koslowski, J. Koshurinov, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, Y. Kravtsov, M. Krychowiak, G. Krzesinski, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, A. Kus, S. Langish, R. Laube, M. Laux, S. Lazerson, M. Lennartz, C. Li, R. Lietzow, A. Lohs, A. Lorenz, F. Louche, L. Lubyako, A. Lumsdaine, A. Lyssoivan, H. Maaßberg, P. Marek, C. Martens, N. Marushchenko, M. Mayer, B. Mendelevitch, Ph. Mertens, D. Mikkelsen, A. Mishchenko, B. Missal, T. Mizuuchi, H. Modrow, T. Mönnich, T. Morizaki, S. Murakami, F. Musielok, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, H. Neilson, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, R. Nocentini, J.-M. Noterdaeme, C. Nührenberg, S. Obermayer, G. Offermanns, H. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, A. Panin, M. Pap, S. Paquay, E. Pasch, X. Peng, S. Petrov, D. Pilopp, H. Pirsch, B. Plaum, F. Pompon, M. Povilaitis, J. Preinhaelter, O. Prinz, F. Purps, T. Rajna, S. Récsei, A. Reiman, D. Reiter, J. Remmel, S. Renard, V. Rhode, J. Riemann, S. Rimkevicius, K. Riße, A. Rodatos, I. Rodin, M. Romé, H.-J. Roscher, K. Rummel, Th. Rummel, A. Runov, L. Ryc, J. Sachtleben, A. Samartsev, M. Sanchez, F. Sano, A. Scarabosio, M. Schmid, H. Schmitz, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, W. Schneider, L. Scheibl, M. Scholz, G. Schröder, M. Schröder, J. Schruff, H. Schumacher, I.V. Shikhovtsev, M. Shoji, G. Siegl, J. Skodzik, M. Smirnow, E. Speth, D.A. Spong, R. Stadler, Z. Sulek, V. Szabó, T. Szabolics, T. Szetefi, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, A. Tereshchenko, H. Thomsen, D. Timmermann, H. Tittes, K. Toi, M. Tournianski, U.v. Toussaint, J. Tretter, S. Tulipán, P. Turba, R. Uhlemann, J. Urban, E. Urbonavicius, P. Urlings, S. Valet, D. Van Eester, M. Van Schoor, M. Vervier, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, M. Vrancken, T. Wauters, M. Weissgerber, E. Weiß, A. Weller, J. Wendorf, U. Wenzel, T. Windisch, E. Winkler, M. Winkler, J. Wolowski, J. Wolters, G. Wrochna, P. Xanthopoulos, H. Yamada, M. Yokoyama, D. Zacharias, J. Zajac, G. Zangl, M. Zarnstorff, H. Zeplien, S. Zoletnik, M. Zuin, Control Systems Technology, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Sensorics for fusion reactors, and Publica

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state (electronics), LIMIT ANALYSIS, PLASMA, Nuclear engineering, MAGNET SYSTEM, Plasma, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, W7-X, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, PHYSICS, Data acquisition, Heating system, law, Wendelstein 7-X, Stellarator
Abstract

The next step in the Wendelstein stellarator line is the large superconducting device Wendelstein 7-X, currently under construction in Greifswald, Germany. Steady-state operation is an intrinsic feature of stellarators, and one key element of the Wendelstein 7-X mission is to demonstrate steady-state operation under plasma conditions relevant for a fusion power plant. Steady-state operation of a fusion device, on the one hand, requires the implementation of special technologies, giving rise to technical challenges during the design, fabrication and assembly of such a device. On the other hand, also the physics development of steady-state operation at high plasma performance poses a challenge and careful preparation. The electron cyclotron resonance heating system, diagnostics, experiment control and data acquisition are prepared for plasma operation lasting 30 min. This requires many new technological approaches for plasma heating and diagnostics as well as new concepts for experiment control and data acquisition.

Published
2013
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6. The Effect of Pre-plasma and Self-focusing on Characteristics of Laser Produced Ions.

Author

L. Laska, K. Jungwirth, J. Krasa, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Ullschmied, J. Badziak, P. Parys, L. Ryc, J. Wolowski, S. Gammino, L. Torrisi, and F. P. Boody

Abstract

Abstract Generation of various ion groups was studied using lasers of different pulse length and intensities. Up to thirteen ion subgroups have been distinguished when using the PALS iodine laser system in experiments that involve a laser interaction with a preformed plasma. In addition to generally accepted thermal, fast, and slow ion groups, the existence of the second fast (superfast) group was clearly proven. The threshold laser intensity IL necessary fo appearance of nonlinear effects was confirmed to be ˜ × 1014W/cm2 at our experimental conditions. Above this value, there exists an interval of laser focus positions in front of the target in which ions with significantly higher charge states and energies are produced, compared to experiments without pre-plasma interactions, due to nonlinear processes in preformed plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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7. Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model

Author

J. Crusius, D. Koopmans, J. F. Bratton, M. A. Charette, K. Kroeger, P. Henderson, L. Ryckman, K. Halloran, and J. A. Colman

Subjects
Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Submarine groundwater discharge was quantified by a variety of methods for a 4-day period during the early summer of 2004, in Salt Pond, adjacent to Nauset Marsh, on Cape Cod, USA. Discharge estimates based on radon and salinity took advantage of the presence of the narrow channel connecting Salt Pond to Nauset Marsh, which allowed constructing whole-pond mass balances as water flowed in and out due to tidal fluctuations. The data suggest that less than one quarter of the discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond happened within the pond itself, while three quarters or more of the discharge occurred immediately seaward of the pond, either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Much of this discharge, which maintains high radon activities and low salinity, is carried into the pond during each incoming tide. A box model was used as an aid to understand both the rates and the locations of discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond. The model achieves a reasonable fit to both the salinity and radon data assuming submarine groundwater discharge is fresh and that most of it occurs either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Salinity and radon data, together with seepage meter results, do not rule out discharge of saline groundwater, but suggest either that the saline discharge is at most comparable in volume to the fresh discharge or that it is depleted in radon. The estimated rate of fresh groundwater discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond is 3000-7000 m3 d-1. This groundwater flux estimated from the radon and salinity data is comparable to a value of 3200-4500 m3 d-1 predicted by a recent hydrologic model (Masterson, 2004; Colman and Masterson, 2004), although the model predicts this rate of discharge to the pond whereas our data suggest most of the groundwater bypasses the pond prior to discharge. Additional work is needed to determine if the measured rate of discharge is representative of the long-term average, and to better constrain the rate of groundwater discharge seaward of Salt Pond.

Published
2005

9. An analysis of VUV C?IV emission from the JET divertor giving measurements of electron temperatures.

Author

K D Lawson, K M Aggarwal, I H Coffey, F P Keenan, M G O, L Ryc, J Zacks, and EFDA Contributors

Subjects
ULTRAVIOLET radiation, FIELD emission, ELECTRON temperature, SPECTRAL line broadening, TRANSPORT theory, SENSITIVITY analysis, CALIBRATION, ELECTRON distribution
Abstract

A description of the radiation emitted by impurities from within a plasma is crucial if spectral line intensities are to be used in detailed studies, such as the analysis of impurity transport. The simplest and most direct check that can be made on measurements of line intensities is to analyse their ratios with other lines from the same ion. This avoids uncertainties in determining the volume of the emitting plasma and the absolute sensitivity calibration of the spectrometer and, in some cases, the need even for accurate measurements of parameters such as electron density. Consistency is required between the measured line intensity ratios and the theoretical values. The expected consistency has not been found for radiation emitted from the JET scrape-off layer (e.g. Lawson et al 2009a JINST 4 P04013), meaning that the description of the spectral line intensities of impurity emission from the plasma edge is incomplete. In order to gain further understanding of the discrepancies, an analysis has been carried out for emission from the JET divertor plasma and this is reported in this paper.Carbon was the main low Z intrinsic impurity in JET and an analysis of spectral line intensity ratios has been made for the C IV radiation emitted from the JET divertor. In this case, agreement is found between the measured and theoretical ratios to a very high accuracy, namely to within the experimental uncertainty of [?]+-10%. This confirms that the description of the line intensities for the present observations is complete. For some elements and ionization stages, an analysis of line intensity ratios can lead to the determination of parameters such as the electron temperature of the emitting plasma region and estimates of the contribution of recombination to the electron energy level populations. This applies to C IV and, to show the value and possibilities of the spectral measurements, these parameters have been calculated for a database of Ohmic and additionally heated phases of a large number of pulses. The importance of dielectronic, radiative and charge-exchange recombination as well as ionization has been investigated. In addition, the development of Te throughout two example discharges is illustrated. The presented results indicate a number of areas for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

10. Emission characteristics and stability of laser ion sources

Author

Jerzy Wolowski, Luciano Velardi, Leszek Ryć, Josef Krasa, E. Krouský, Leos Laska, Vincenzo Nassisi, A. Czarnecka, J. Ullschmied, Antonella Lorusso, Piotr Parys, Karel Jungwirth, Andriy Velyhan, Karel Rohlena, J., Krása, A., Velyhan, E., Krouský, L., Láska, K., Rohlena, K., Jungwirth, J., Ullschmied, Lorusso, Antonella, Velardi, Luciano, Nassisi, Vincenzo, A., Czarnecka, L., Ryc, P., Pary, J., Wolowski, Josef, Krása, Andriy, Velyhan, Eduard, Krouský, Leoš, Láska, Karel, Rohlena, Karel, Jungwirth, Jiří, Ullschmied, Luciano, Velardi, Agata, Czarnecka, Leszek, Ryć, Piotr, Pary, and Jerzy, Wołowski

Subjects
Chemistry, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion gun, Laser, Ion source, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Ion, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Ion beam deposition, Physics::Plasma Physics, Reflectron, law, Laser ion sources, Ion emission reproducibility, Thermal and fast ions, Ion temperature, Centre of mass velocity, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

A new classification of laser ion sources concerning their pulse-to-pulse reproducibility in the ion emission is proposed. In particular, we distinguish between plasmas according to the electron distribution and changing its characteristics at a laser intensity threshold of 10 14 W/cm 2 . Well reproducible continuous pulsed ion currents are typical for the intensity below the threshold. In contrast to this plasma the “two-temperature” plasma arising for the intensity above this threshold shows not only a separation of charges in space and time during the expansion but it also shows outbursts of ions similar to a self-pulsing instability leading to a chaos. The sequence of fast ion outbursts visible on the time-resolved ion currents is sensitive to the details of non-linear interaction of the laser beam with the generated plasma. Analysis of ion sources based on a time-of-flight signal function is applied to quantify their emission characteristics as the hidden partial currents of the ionized species constituting, the total measured current, the centre-of-mass velocity of individual charge states, their abundance and the ion temperature.

Published
2010

11. New methods for high current fast ion beam production by laser-driven acceleration.

Author

Margarone D, Krasa J, Prokupek J, Velyhan A, Torrisi L, Picciotto A, Giuffrida L, Gammino S, Cirrone P, Cutroneo M, Romano F, Serra E, Mangione A, Rosinski M, Parys P, Ryc L, Limpouch J, Laska L, Jungwirth K, Ullschmied J, Mocek T, Korn G, and Rus B

Abstract

An overview of the last experimental campaigns on laser-driven ion acceleration performed at the PALS facility in Prague is given. Both the 2 TW, sub-nanosecond iodine laser system and the 20 TW, femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser, recently installed at PALS, are used along our experiments performed in the intensity range 10(16)-10(19) W∕cm(2). The main goal of our studies was to generate high energy, high current ion streams at relatively low laser intensities. The discussed experimental investigations show promising results in terms of maximum ion energy and current density, which make the laser-accelerated ion beams a candidate for new-generation ion sources to be employed in medicine, nuclear physics, matter physics, and industry.

Published
2012
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12. A high-power laser-driven source of sub-nanosecond soft X-ray pulses for single-shot radiobiology experiments.

Author

Davídková M, Juha L, Bittner M, Koptyaev S, Hájková V, Krása J, Pfeifer M, Stísová V, Bartnik A, Fiedorowicz H, Mikolajczyk J, Ryc L, Pína L, Horváth M, Babánková D, Cihelka J, and Civis S

Subjects
Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Nanotechnology instrumentation, Nanotechnology methods, Plasmids radiation effects, Radiation Dosage, Radiobiology methods, Research Design, Specimen Handling methods, DNA Damage radiation effects, Lasers, Plasmids chemistry, Radiobiology instrumentation, Research instrumentation, Specimen Handling instrumentation, X-Rays
Abstract

A large-scale, double-stream gas puff target has been illuminated by sub-kJ, near-infrared (NIR) focused laser pulses at the PALS facility (Prague Asterix Laser System) to produce high-energy pulses of soft X rays from hot, dense plasma. The double-puff arrangement ensures high gas density and conversion efficiency from NIR to X rays approaching that typical for solid targets. In addition, its major advantage over solid targets is that it is free of debris and has substantially suppressed charged-particle emission. The X-ray emission characteristics of the source were determined for a range of gases that included krypton, xenon, N(2), CO and N(2)-CO. A demonstrated application of the xenon-based source is a single-shot damage induction to plasmid DNA. The yields of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) were determined as a function of energy fluence adjusted by varying distance of sample from the source and thickness of aluminum filters.

Published
2007
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