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The authors briefly describe the history of gout, mainly focusing their attention on the renal involvement. They report some works and theories on gout of great ancient physicians, such as Paracelsus, Sydenham, Boerhaave, Van Swieten and Morgagni.

The association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects plant performance and ecosystem functioning. Recent studies have identified AMF-associated bacteria as cooperative partners that participate in AMF-plant symbiosis: specific endobacteria live inside AMF, and hyphospheric bacteria colonize the soil that surrounds the extraradical hyphae. In this Review, we describe the concept of a plant-AMF-bacterium continuum, summarize current advances and provide perspectives on soil microbiology. First, we review the top-down carbon flow and the bottom-up mineral flow (especially phosphorus and nitrogen) in this continuum, as well as how AMF-bacteria interactions influence the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients (for example, carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen). Second, we discuss how AMF interact with hyphospheric bacteria or endobacteria to regulate nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, and the possible molecular mechanisms that underpin this continuum. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the hyphosphere to facilitate the utilization of AMF and hyphospheric bacteria in sustainable agriculture., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)

Heterobasidion annosum species complex has been regarded as the most destructive disease agent of conifer trees in boreal forests. Tree microbiome can regulate the plant–pathogen interactions by influencing both host resistance and pathogen virulence. Such information would help to improve the future health of forests and explore strategies to enhance ecosystem stability. In this study, using next-generation sequencing technology, we investigated the microbial community in different tree regions (needles, upper stem, and lower stem) of Norway spruce with and without wood decay symptoms. The primary purpose was to uncover signature characteristic microbiome harbored by asymptomatic trees compared to diseased trees. Additionally, the study was to explore the inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom interactions in microbiome (bacteria and fungi) of symptomatic versus asymptomatic trees. The results showed that in upper stem, species richness (Chao1) of fungi and bacteria were both higher in asymptomatic trees than symptomatic trees (P < 0.05). Compared to symptomatic trees, asymptomatic trees harbored a higher abundance of Actinobacteriota, bacterial genera of Methylocella , Conexibacter , Jatrophihabitans , and fungal genera of Mollisia. Fungal communities from the same anatomic region differed between the symptomatic and asymptomatic trees. Bacterial communities from the two stem regions were also distinct between the symptomatic and asymptomatic trees. The symptomatic trees possessed a less stable microbial network with more positive correlations compared to the asymptomatic trees. In the lower stem, at intra-kingdom level, the distribution of correlation numbers was more even in the bacterial network compared to the fungal network. In conclusion, the Heterobasidion attack decreased the microbial community species richness and shifted the community structure and functional structure to varying degrees. The microbial network was enlarged and became more unstable at both inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom level due to the Heterobasidion infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a highly adaptable and versatile group of fungi found in natural and man-managed ecosystems. Effector secreted by AM fungi influence symbiotic relationship by modifying host cells, suppressing host defense and promoting infection to derive nutrients from the host. Here, we conducted a reference-based transcriptome sequencing of Funneliformis mosseae BR221 to enhance understanding on the molecular machinery involved in the establishment of interaction between host and AM fungi. Results: A total of 163 effector proteins were identified in F. mosseae isolate BR221, of these, 79.14% are extracellular effectors and 5.5% are predicted cytoplasmic effectors. In silico prediction using a pathogen-host interaction database suggested four of the 163 effectors could be crucial in establishing AM fungi-host interactions. Protein–protein docking analysis revealed interactions between these potential effectors and plant proteins known to be differentially expressed during mycorrhizal association, such as defensins, aquaporins, and PTO proteins. These interactions are multifaceted in modulating host physiological and defense mechanisms, including immune suppression, hydration, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress modulation. Conclusions: These findings of the current study provide a foundational understanding of fungal-host molecular interactions and open avenues for exploring pathways influenced by these effectors. By deepening our knowledge of these mechanisms, the use of AM fungi in biofertilizer formulations can be refined by selecting strains with specific effectors that enhance nutrient uptake, improve drought and disease resistance, and tailor the fungi's symbiotic efficiency to different crops or environmental conditions, thus contributing to more targeted and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytes can be a promising alternative for sustainable agronomic practices. In this study, we report for the first time a root-colonizing fungal strain (Sl27) of the genus Leptobacillium as a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) endophyte, with no clear homology to any known species. Performed analyses and assays, including morphological and physiological characterization of the fungal isolate, provided insights into the ecological niche and potential agronomical and industrial applications of the fungal isolate. The ability of Sl27 to establish a symbiotic relationship with the host plant was assessed through experiments under controlled conditions in the growth chamber and greenhouse. Seed-inoculation showed no detrimental effects in the three tomato genotypes studied (TH-30, ADX2, MO-10). The influence of Sl27 on growth parameters of the host plant was dependent on the tomato genotype, with TH-30 showing the most prominent improved phenotype. Moreover, chlorophyll and lycopene content in fruits were enhanced. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the potential application of this new isolate for improving crop performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable production worldwide is heavily influenced by climate change. We aimed to determine the responses of some local tomato landraces from Mediterranean countries pre-selected as drought tolerant according to previous screening tests at an early stage. Three irrigation approaches were applied: Full irrigation (Ir-Full), Deficit 1 (Ir-Def1), and Deficit 2 (Ir-Def2) irrigation. Drought stress was simulated via controlled irrigation deficit, reducing the amount of water applied by 35% and 50% in Ir-Def1 and Ir-Def2, respectively. Plant growth, yield, some fruit physicochemical properties, water consumption, and water use efficiency were measured. The results revealed that water deficit adversely affected total and marketable yields, plant growth, and biomass while enhancing some specific quality parameters. Landrace responses varied across different levels of water deficit. Among the tested tomato landraces, 'Valldemossa', 'Chondrokats', and 'TR62367' exhibited strong yield performance, with up to 4 kg m−2 under water-limited conditions, whereas 'Cherry-INRAE 1', 'Cherry-INRAE 3', and 'Cherry-INRAE 4' excelled in fruit quality attributes, reaching up to 9.3% Brix, 14.07 mg 100 g−1 vitamin C, 7.77 mg GAE 100 g−1 total phenols, and 75.74 µmol TE g−1 antioxidant activity. The amount of water could be reduced by 35% without compromising yield or quality in the most drought-tolerant landraces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant toxicity responses and for the assessment of hazard identification. Here we review 2D and 3D lung models in terms of their application for inhalation toxicity assessment. We highlight a key case study for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which a 3D model was used to assess human toxicity and replace the requirement for a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in rats. Finally, we consider the regulatory guidelines for the application of NAMs and potential use of different lung models for aerosol toxicity studies depending on the regulatory requirement/context of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural systems are particularly impacted by global climate change (CC), responsible for the introduction of multiple environmental stressors negatively affecting plant growth. Soil microbial communities are crucial in agricultural practices, influencing crop performance and soil health. Human activities and CC threaten soil microbial biodiversity, leading to soil quality degradation and decreasing plant health and productivity. Among plant-beneficial microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi are widespread in terrestrial ecosystems, including agroecosystems, and they play a key role by enhancing plants' fitness and resilience to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore, exploring the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in sustainable agriculture has become increasingly critical. Moreover, the application of mycorrhizal bioinoculants could reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers, enhance crop yield, and support plants in overcoming environmental stresses. This review, after briefly introducing taxonomy, morphology and mechanisms supporting the symbiosis establishment, reports the roles of mycorrhizal fungi and their associated bacteria in improving plant nutrition and mitigating CC-induced abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, also giving specific examples. The focus is on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi are also considered as promising microorganisms for a sustainable agricultural model. New emerging concepts are illustrated, such as the role of AMF hyphosphere in acting as a preferential niche to host plant growth-promoting bacteria and the potential of ErM fungi to improve plant performance on Ericaceae plants but also on non-host plants, behaving as endophytes. Finally, the potential and limitations of mycorrhizal-based bioinoculants are discussed as possible alternatives to chemical-based products. To this aim, possible ways to overcome problems and limitations to their use are discussed such as proper formulations, the systematic check of AMF propagule viability and the application of suitable agronomical practices in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplar stands as one of the primary afforestation trees globally. We successfully generated transgenic poplar trees characterized by enhanced biomass under identical nutrient conditions, through the overexpression of the pivotal nitrogen assimilation gene, pxAlaAT3. An environmental risk assessment was conducted for investigate the potential changes in rhizosphere soil associated with these overexpressing lines (OL). The results show that acid phosphatase activity was significantly altered under ammonium in OL compared to the wild-type control (WT), and a similar difference was observed for protease under nitrate. 16SrDNA sequencing indicated no significant divergence in rhizosphere soil microbial community diversity between WT and OL. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the OL caused minimal alterations in the metabolites of the rhizosphere soil, posing no potential harm to the environment. With these findings in mind, we anticipate that overexpressed plants will not adversely impact the surrounding soil environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is gaining importance in the mountainous regions of southern Europe due to the high value of its fruits. It is essential to establish effective cultivation protocols, considering that this species is still relatively understudied. In this study, we present the outcomes of the initial establishment of a chestnut orchard conducted through a nutrient omission trial for four years. The treatments included a fertilization plan with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron (NPKB), the control, and four other treatments corresponding to the omission of each nutrient (-NPKB, N-PKB, NP-KB, NPK-B). The -NPKB and NP-KB treatments showed significantly lower trunk circumferences and canopy volumes compared to the other treatments. The NPK-B treatment resulted in the lowest fruit production, with a total accumulated yield (2020–2022) of 0.56 kg tree–1, a value significantly lower than that of NPKB (1.12 kg tree–1) and N-PKB (1.19 kg tree–1). The assessment of nutrient concentrations in the leaves revealed plants with deficient levels of B and K in treatments that did not receive these nutrients. Conversely, N levels in the leaves in the -NPKB treatment fell within the sufficiency range (20 to 28 g kg–1). This suggests that the sufficiency range should be adjusted to higher values, given the treatment's effect on tree growth. It was also observed that the -NPKB treatment led to lower soil organic matter compared to the other treatments, likely due to reduced herbaceous vegetation development under the canopy, leading to decreased organic substrate deposition in the soil. The main findings of this study are that N and K were crucial elements for the optimal growth of chestnut trees, while B played a significant role in fruit production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osseodensification is an innovative surgical instrumentation technique based on additive (non-cutting) drilling using special burs. It is known from the literature, that the osseodensification burs should operate in a clockwise direction to drill holes and in a counterclockwise direction to compact the osteotomy walls. For these purposes, the burs have special design features, like conical contour shape, increased number of helical flutes, and negative rake angle on the peripheral part. However, although other parameters and features of the burs define their overall performance, they are not described sufficiently, and their influence on surgical quality is almost unknown both for clinicians and tool manufacturers. The purpose of the present research is to identify the key design features of burs for osseodensification and their functional relationship with the qualitative indices of the procedure based on an analytical review of research papers and patent documents. It will help to further improve the design of osseodensification burs and thereby enhance the surgical quality and, ultimately, patient satisfaction. Results: The most important design features and parameters of osseodensification burs are identified. Thereon, the structural model of osseodensification bur is first represented as a hypergraph. Based on the analysis of previous research, functional relationships between design parameters of osseodensification burs, osseodensification procedure conditions, and procedure performance data were established and, for the first time, described in the comprehensive form of a hypergraph. Conclusions: This study provides formal models that form the basis of database structure and its control interface, which will be used in the later developed computer-aided design module to create advanced types of burs under consideration. These models will also help to make good experimental designs used in studies aimed at improving the efficiency of the osseodensification procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have evolved various belowground traits to adapt to the changing environments, and root-associated soil microbes play a crucial role in the response, adaptation, and resilience to adverse environmental conditions. This comprehensive review explores the diverse interactions between plants and soil microbes, focusing on the role of root-associated microbiota, with a particular emphasis on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in plant responses to diverse environmental conditions. How plant genotype, root traits, and growth environments influence these interactions, and consequently plant resilience and productivity, are discussed. Recent advances in root phenotyping, including traditional and machine learning-based methods are also presented as an innovative tool to study and characterize root-microbe interactions. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of considering the hidden side of the interactions between roots and microbes to improve plant nutrition and protection in the context of sustainable agriculture in the face of climate change. Highlights: Roots and associated microbes are relevant for improving plant nutrition and tolerance AM symbiosis plays a role in plant responses to environmental stresses Root phenotyping could represent an innovative tool to study root-microbe interactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative dentistry often uses ceramic laminate veneers for aesthetic anterior teeth restorations due to their natural appearance and minimal invasiveness. However, the understanding of their clinical performance and how ceramic microstructure and processing affect longevity is limited. Objective: This study aimed to address this gap by determining the mechanical behavior, fracture load, and failure modes of CAD-CAM processed laminate veneers made of either lithium-disilicate-based glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD) or feldspathic porcelain (Vita Mark II). It also aimed to develop a mechanical cycling methodology capable of determining the lifetime and failure modes of thin ceramic laminate veneers. Materials and Methods: Eighteen human maxillary central incisors were used to create the specimens. Minimal enamel preparation was required to ensure the proper adaptation of the thin ceramic laminates. Ceramic laminates made from lithium disilicate and feldspathic porcelain (Vita Mark II) were produced via CAD-CAM, with the final thicknesses less than 0.5 mm, then cemented with resin cement. Results: The mean fracture load for the glass ceramic was 431.8 ± 217.9 N, while for the porcelain, it was 454.4 ± 72.1 N. Failure modes differed considerably: porcelain showed more chipping, while lithium disilicate was associated with tooth structure failure. Conclusion: The material used did not significantly affect the fracture load of thin ceramic laminates in static tests. However, failure modes differed considerably. It was not possible to determine a set of mechanical cycling parameters that could establish the fatigue properties of thin ceramic laminates, as the maximum number of cycles reached was 536,818. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines the global agricultural relevance and practical environmental implications of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) within the phylum Glomeromycota. Following PRISMA guidelines, ensuring a comprehensive and unbiased literature review, a literature search was conducted, focusing on the functional roles of AMF in enhancing crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and soil health. Key findings reveal that AMF contribute significantly to sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and increasing plant resilience to environmental stressors like drought, salinity, or pest resistance. The review highlights the importance of AMF in forming symbiotic relationships with plants, which enhance nutrient absorption and improve soil structure, showcasing long-term benefits such as reduced erosion or improved water retention. However, the current literature lacks in-depth exploration of the taxonomy and evolutionary aspects of AMF, as well as the specific functional roles they play in different agricultural contexts, e.g., understanding evolution could enhance strain selection for specific crops. This review identifies several urgent research gaps, including a need for a more refined understanding of AMF community dynamics under varying land management practices. For example, there are gaps in and a critical evaluation of advanced molecular techniques. Such techniques are essential for studying these interactions. Addressing these gaps will enhance the integration of AMF into sustainable agricultural systems and improve ecosystem management practices across different geographical regions. Future research should prioritize developing precise molecular imaging techniques and optimizing AMF applications for different crops and soil types to maximize their ecological and agricultural benefits. This could be practical through interdisciplinary collaboration (e.g., involving molecular biologists, agronomists, etc.). In conclusion, this review advances the practical application of AMF in agriculture and its contribution to biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems. Integrating these findings into policy frameworks could encourage sustainable farming practices, promote the adoption of AMF inoculants, and foster incentives for environmentally friendly land management strategies. Systematic review registration: https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex and dynamic interactions between fungi and plants constitute a critical arena in ecological science. In this comprehensive review paper, we explore the multifaceted relationships at the fungi-plant interface, encompassing both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, and the environmental factors influencing these associations. Mutualistic associations, notably mycorrhizal relationships, play a pivotal role in enhancing plant health and ecological balance. On the contrary, fungal diseases pose a significant threat to plant health, agriculture, and natural ecosystems, such as rusts, smuts, powdery mildews, downy mildews, and wilts, which can cause extensive damage and lead to substantial economic losses. Environmental constraints encompassing abiotic and biotic factors are elucidated to understand their role in shaping the fungi-plant interface. Temperature, moisture, and soil conditions, along with the presence of other microbes, herbivores, and competing plants, significantly influence the outcome of these interactions. The interplay between mutualism and antagonism is emphasised as a key determinant of ecosystem health and stability. The implications of these interactions extend to overall ecosystem productivity, agriculture, and conservation efforts. The potential applications of this knowledge in bioremediation, biotechnology, and biocontrol strategies emphasise the importance of adapting to climate change. However, challenges and future directions in this field include the impacts of climate change, emerging fungal pathogens, genomic insights, and the role of the fungi-plant interface in restoration ecology. Hence, this review paper provides a comprehensive overview of fungi-plant interactions, their environmental influences, and their applications in agriculture, conservation, and ecological restoration. Symbiotic and pathogenic interactions at the fungi-plant interface under environmental constraints (Chang et al., 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lys in- M otif (LysM)-type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate mutualists that can enhance nutrition and growth of their plant hosts while providing protection against pathogens. AMF produce spores and hyphal networks that can carry thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasm, with no evidence of sexual reproduction. This review examines the impact of genomic technologies on our view of AMF genetics and evolution. We highlight how the genetics, nuclear dynamics, and epigenetics of these prominent symbionts follow trends preserved in distant multinucleate fungal relatives. We also propose new avenues of research to improve our understanding of their nuclear biology and their intricate genetic interactions with plant hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Museum currently houses an Etruscan mirror portraying a depiction of two women engaged in an embrace and sharing a kiss. Despite previous endeavors to elucidate the symbolic gesture, the profound implications behind the embrace remain shrouded in ambiguity. This article argues that the mirror, while adorned with a veneer of mythology, conceals a narrative that holds pivotal significance in a woman's life, specifically, the moment of a bride bidding farewell to her mother. Under this interpretive framework, the gesture takes on the role of a salutation, a conjecture fortified by parallels drawn from analogous scenes in different artistic mediums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four non-joining fragments of an ivory object were recovered in the vicinity of Poggio Civitate's OC2/Workshop, an industrial structure associated with the community's intermediate phase of development (c. 650–600 BCE). The ivory fragments preserve elements of a similar decorative design—an incised guilloche pattern—indicating that they were constituents of the same object. One fragment (PC20080011) preserves a corner of the object. Inside the decorative border, a squared recessed area of between 1 mm and 2 mm is visible, which suggests that these ivory fragments are pieces of a writing tablet similar in shape and size to the one recovered from Marsiliana d'Albegna. This paper explores the archaeological context of the find and the tablet's implications for literacy and recordkeeping at Poggio Civitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this preclinical study, we used an experimental rabbit model to investigate the effects of a new implant design that involves specific changes to the cervical portion, using a conventional implant design in the control group. Materials and Methods: We used 10 rabbits and 40 dental implants with two different macrogeometries. Two groups were formed (n = 20 per group): the Collo group, wherein implants with the new cervical design were used, which present a concavity (reduction in diameter) in the first 3.5 mm, the portion without surface treatment; the Control group, wherein conical implants with the conventional design were used, with surface treatment throughout the body. All implants were 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length. The initial implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured immediately after the implant insertion (T1) and sample removal (T2 and T3). The animals (n = five animals/time) were euthanized at 3 weeks (T1) and 4 weeks (T2). Histological sections were prepared and the bone–implant contact (BIC%) and tissue area fraction occupancy (TAFO%) percentages were analyzed in the predetermined cervical area; namely, the first 4 mm from the implant platform. Results: The ISQ values showed no statistical differences at T1 and T2 (p = 0.9458 and p = 0.1103, respectively) between the groups. However, at T3, higher values were found for the Collo group (p = 0.0475) than those found for the Control group. The Collo samples presented higher BIC% values than those of the Control group, with statistical differences of p = 0.0009 at 3 weeks and p = 0.0007 at 4 weeks. There were statistical differences in the TAFO% (new bone, medullary spaces, and the collagen matrix) between the groups at each evaluation time (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the limitations of the present preclinical study, the results demonstrate that the new implant design (the Collo group) had higher implant stability (ISQ) values in the samples after 4 weeks of implantation. Furthermore, the histomorphometric BIC% and TAFO% analyses showed that the Collo group had higher values at both measurement times than the Control group did. These findings indicate that changes made to the cervical design of the Collo group implants may benefit the maintenance of peri-implant tissue health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of rapid climate change, water scarcity and soil poverty are becoming increasingly alarming, leading to growing losses of 30-50% of global agricultural production. It is imperative to find environmentally-friendly approaches for improving plant tolerance to drastic conditions, particularly in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions. Biostimulants based on symbiotic microbes are emerging as effective strategies for improving tolerance and agricultural productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of single and double inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (My) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (Ba) on the growth, physiological and biochemical traits of maize crop grown in compost (Co) amended soil under two irrigation regimes: well-watered (WW: 100% of crop evapotranspiration [ETc]) and drought-stressed (DS: 50% ETc) using drip irrigation system. Reducing irrigation to 50% reduced shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), 1,000-grains weight (TGW) and grain yield (Y). However, Ba alone increased SDW by 63%, while CoMyBa improved RDW, TGW and Y by 197, 43 and 175%, respectively compared with the control under DS conditions. Dual inoculation boosted root colonization intensity, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), total chlorophyll and leaf area of maize seedlings in compost-amended soil, compared to the controls. The application of Ba significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde by 46%, in maize seedlings grown in compost-amended soil, compared to the controls under DS. Our results indicated that My and Ba significantly boost the ability of maize to tolerate drought by improving water supply and physiology and stimulating the accumulation of organic and inorganic osmolytes, as well as improving the properties of soils such as cation exchange capacity particularly amended by Co. The dual inoculations were the most effective and represent an environmentally-friendly and relatively inexpensive approach to optimizing agricultural production and soil restoration programs in Mediterranean regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress that the space environment can induce on plant physiology is of both abiotic and biotic nature. The abiotic space environment is characterized by ionizing radiation and altered gravity, geomagnetic field (GMF), pressure, and light conditions. Biotic interactions include both pathogenic and beneficial interactions. Here, we provide an overall picture of the effects of abiotic and biotic space-related factors on plant physiology. The knowledge required for the success of future space missions will lead to a better understanding of fundamental aspects of plant physiological responses, thus providing useful tools for plant breeding and agricultural practices on Earth. A review summarizes the effects of abiotic (ionizing radiation, altered gravity, geomagnetic field, pressure, and light conditions) and both beneficial and pathogenic biotic space-related factors on plant physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The term "Mediterranean lifestyle" has gained increasing prominence in recent years, yet a specific definition remains elusive. In response, the Mediterranean Lifestyle Medicine Institute Board of Directors convened a multidisciplinary panel comprising international experts and leaders in lifestyle medicine. Their goal was to review existing literature and formulate a consensus definition of the "traditional Mediterranean lifestyle (tMedL)," referring to the historical way of living of the people in the Mediterranean region. This paper presents the agreed consensus statement and a comprehensive holistic definition of the term "traditional Mediterranean lifestyle." Methods: Major medical and social sciences electronic databases from inception to February 2023 were searched, employing keywords relevant to the Mediterranean lifestyle and its constituent elements (diet, physical activity, sleep, stress, socialization). Subsequently, definitions for each pillar were created and synthesized to derive a comprehensive definition of the "traditional Mediterranean lifestyle." Results: This proposed definition received ratification from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Medicine Institute's expert working group during the First International Mediterranean Lifestyle Medicine Conference held in June 2023 on the island of Leros, Greece. "The traditional Mediterranean lifestyle is characterized by its diverse and adaptable nature. Key facets encompass conviviality, lifelong social connectedness, purposeful living, strong community and familial bonds, harmony with nature and the environment, profound spirituality, adherence to religious practices, preservation of local customs, resilience cultivated through adversity, and a commitment to moderation across all spheres of life." Conclusions: This definition comprehensively outlines the primary lifestyle factors ingrained in Mediterranean inhabitants across generations. Its holistic nature furnishes a crucial conceptual framework for directing lifestyle medicine practitioners in assisting patients to mitigate diseases, promote overall well‐being, devise research initiatives to investigate the health ramifications of this lifestyle, and inform curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetics is the science of imitating nature's designs and processes to create innovative solutions for various fields, including dentistry and craniofacial reconstruction. In these areas, biomimetics involves drawing inspiration from living organisms/systems to develop new materials, techniques, and devices that closely resemble natural tissue structures and enhance functionality. This field has successfully demonstrated its potential to revolutionize craniofacial procedures, significantly improving patient outcomes. In dentistry, biomimetics offers exciting possibilities for the advancement of new dental materials, restorative techniques, and regenerative potential. By analyzing the structure/composition of natural teeth and the surrounding tissues, researchers have developed restorative materials that mimic the properties of teeth, as well as regenerative techniques that might assist in repairing enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone. In craniofacial reconstruction, biomimetics plays a vital role in developing innovative solutions for facial trauma, congenital defects, and various conditions affecting the maxillofacial region. By studying the intricate composition and mechanical properties of the skull and facial bones, clinicians and engineers have been able to replicate natural structures leveraging computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and 3D printing. This has allowed for the creation of patient-specific scaffolds, implants, and prostheses that accurately fit a patient's anatomy. This review highlights the current evidence on the application of biomimetics in the fields of dentistry and craniofacial reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is the most important abiotic stress that restricts the genetically predetermined yield potential of the crops. In the present study, four tomato varieties: Kashi Vishesh, Kashi Aman, Kashi Abhiman, and Kashi Amrit, were used to study the effect of PGPMs (plant growth-promoting microorganisms). PGPM strains, Bacillus megaterium BHUPSB14, Pseudomonas fluorescens BHUPSB06, Pseudomonas aeruginosa BHUPSB01, Pseudomonas putida BHUPSB0, Paenibacillus polymixa BHUPSB17, and Trichoderma horzianum, were used as the consortium. The control group was irrigated up to 80% of field capacity, while 7-, 14-, and 21-day water-deficit-exposed (DWD) plants' pot soil moisture was maintained to 40, 25, and 15% of the field capacity, both with and without the PGPM inoculation condition. The physiological parameters, such as electrolyte leakage, relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and chlorophyll color index, were significantly improved by PGPM application under progressive drought stress, compared to the control. PGPM application enhanced the proline accumulation and reduced the formation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation under drought stress. The plant growth attributes were significantly increased by PGPM application. The Kashi Amrit variety showed the highest fruit yield among the four varieties under all the treatments. The PGPM consortium application also improved the soil physico-biological properties and nutrient availability in the soil. The PGPM consortium used in this study can potentially mitigate drought stress on tomato in drought-prone regions and act as a biofertilizer. The present study will open a new avenue of drought stress management in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant health is crucial for maintaining the well‐being of humans, animals and the environment. Plant pathogens pose significant challenges to agricultural production, global food security and ecosystem biodiversity. This problem is exacerbated by the impact of climate change, which is expected to alter the emergence and evolution of plant pathogens and their interaction with their plant hosts. Traditional approaches to managing phytopathogens involved the use of chemical pesticides, but alternative strategies are needed to address their ongoing decline in performance as well as their negative impact on the environment and public health. Here, we highlight the advancement and effectiveness of biocontrol strategies based on the use of antimicrobial‐producing plant‐associated bacteria, anti‐virulence therapy (e.g. quorum quenching) and microbiome engineering as sustainable biotechnological approaches to promote plant health and foster sustainable agriculture. Notably, Enterobacterales are emerging as important biocontrol agents and as a source of new antimicrobials for potential agricultural use. We analysed here the genomes of over 250 plant‐associated enterobacteria to examine their potential to synthesize secondary metabolites. Exploration of the plant microbiome is of major interest in the search for eco‐friendly alternatives for reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signaling systems of microorganisms are responsible for regulating the physiological and metabolic processes and also play vital roles in the communications of cells. Identifying signaling molecules mediating the cross-talks is challenging yet highly desirable for comprehending the microbial interactions. Here, we demonstrate that a pathogenic Gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum exerts significant influence on the morphological differentiation and secondary metabolism of Gram-positive Streptomyces. The physiological metabolisms are directly modulated by three novel cinnamoyl lipids (CVCL1, 2, and 3) from C. violaceum CV12472, whose biosynthesis is under the control of N-acylhomoserine lactone signaling system. Furthermore, a receptor of CVCLs in Streptomyces ansochromogenes 7100 is determined to be SabR1, the cognate receptor of γ-butenolide signaling molecules. This study reveals an unprecedented mode of microbial interactions, and the quorum sensing signaling systems in these two groups of bacteria can be bridged via CVCLs, suggesting that CVCLs can modulate the physiological metabolism of cross-phylum microorganisms. Novel cinnamoyl lipids from Chromobacterium are found to modulate the physiological metabolism of Streptomyces via binding to the γ-butenolide signaling molecule receptor, representing an unprecedented mode of cross-phylum microbial interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating risks of drought and salinization due to climate change and anthropogenic activities are a major global concern. Rhizobium–legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is proposed as an ideal solution for improving soil fertility and rehabilitating arid lands, representing a crucial direction for future research. Consequently, several studies have focused on enhancing legume tolerance to drought and salinity stresses using various techniques, including molecular-based approaches. These methods, however, are costly, time-consuming, and cause some environmental issues. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of soil microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) or plant-associated microbiomes, can play a crucial role in enhancing legume performance and productivity under harsh environmental conditions in arid zones. PGPB can act directly or indirectly through advanced mechanisms to increase plant water uptake, reduce ion toxicity, and induce plant resilience to osmotic and oxidative stress. For example, rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes can enhance legume growth not only by fixing nitrogen but also by solubilizing phosphates and producing phytohormones, among other mechanisms. This underscores the need to further strengthen research and its application in modern agriculture. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the challenges faced by nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants in arid and semi-arid environments, particularly drought and salinity. We highlight the potential benefits of legume–rhizobium symbiosis combined with other PGPB to establish more sustainable agricultural practices in these regions using legume–rhizobium–PGPB partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most traded commodities world-wide. As with 70% of land plants, coffee is associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but the molecular bases of this interaction are unknown. We studied the mycorrhizal phenotype of two commercially important Coffea arabica cultivars ('Typica National' and 'Catimor Amarillo'), upon Funnelliformis mosseae colonisation grown under phosphorus limitation, using an integrated functional approach based on multi-omics, physiology and biochemistry. The two cultivars revealed a strong biomass increase upon mycorrhization, even at low level of fungal colonisation, improving photosynthetic efficiency and plant nutrition. The more important iconic markers of AM symbiosis were activated: We detected two gene copies of AM-inducible phosphate (Pt4), ammonium (AM2) and nitrate (NPF4.5) transporters, which were identified as belonging to the C. arabica parental species (C. canephora and C. eugenioides) with both copies being upregulated. Transcriptomics data were confirmed by ions and metabolomics analyses, which highlighted an increased amount of glucose, fructose and flavonoid glycosides. In conclusion, both coffee cultivars revealed a high responsiveness to the AM fungus along their root-shoot axis, showing a clear-cut re-organisation of the major metabolic pathways, which involve nutrient acquisition, carbon fixation, and primary and secondary metabolism., (© 2023 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation.)

The beneficial symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi leads to a deep reprogramming of plant metabolism, involving the regulation of several molecular mechanisms, many of which are poorly characterized. In this regard, proteomics is a powerful tool to explore changes related to plant-microbe interactions. This study provides a comprehensive proteomic meta-analysis conducted on AM-modulated proteins at local (roots) and systemic (shoots/leaves) level. The analysis was implemented by an in-depth study of root membrane-associated proteins and by a comparison with a transcriptome meta-analysis. A total of 4262 differentially abundant proteins were retrieved and, to identify the most relevant AM-regulated processes, a range of bioinformatic studies were conducted, including functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis. In addition to several protein transporters which are present in higher amounts in AM plants, and which are expected due to the well-known enhancement of AM-induced mineral uptake, our analysis revealed some novel traits. We detected a massive systemic reprogramming of translation with a central role played by the ribosomal translational apparatus. On one hand, these new protein-synthesis efforts well support the root cellular re-organization required by the fungal penetration, and on the other they have a systemic impact on primary metabolism., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Cabbage Fusarium wilt (CFW) is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc). One of the optimal measures for managing CFW is the employment of tolerant/resistant cabbage varieties. However, the interplay between plant genotypes and the pathogen Foc in shaping the rhizosphere microbial community, and the consequent influence of these microbial assemblages on biological resistance, remains inadequately understood. Results: Based on amplicon metabarcoding data, we observed distinct differences in the fungal alpha diversity index (Shannon index) and beta diversity index (unweighted Bray–Curtis dissimilarity) within the rhizosphere of the YR (resistant to Foc) and ZG (susceptible to Foc) cabbage varieties, irrespective of Foc inoculation. Notably, the Shannon diversity shifts in the resistant YR variety were more pronounced following Foc inoculation. Disease-resistant plant variety demonstrate a higher propensity for harboring beneficial microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas, and exhibit superior capabilities in evading harmful microorganisms, in contrast to their disease-susceptible counterparts. Furthermore, the network analysis was performed on rhizosphere-associated microorganisms, including both bacteria and fungi. The networks of association recovered from YR exhibited greater complexity, robustness, and density, regardless of Foc inoculation. Following Foc infection in the YR rhizosphere, there was a notable increase in the dominant bacterium NA13, which is also a hub taxon in the microbial network. Reintroducing NA13 into the soil significantly improved disease resistance in the susceptible ZG variety, by directly inhibiting Foc and triggering defense mechanisms in the roots. Conclusions: The rhizosphere microbial communities of these two cabbage varieties are markedly distinct, with the introduction of the pathogen eliciting significant alterations in their microbial networks which is correlated with susceptibility or resistance to soil-borne pathogens. Furthermore, we identified a rhizobacteria species that significantly boosts disease resistance in susceptible cabbages. Our results indicated that the induction of resistance genes leading to varied responses in microbial communities to pathogens may partly explain the differing susceptibilities of the cabbage varieties tested to CFW. -meKq2qaHpqpKck3NvZ8m1 Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cell and molecular bases of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a crucial plant-fungal interaction for nutrient acquisition, have been extensively investigated by coupling traditional RNA sequencing techniques of roots sampled in bulk, with methods to capture subsets of cells such as laser microdissection. These approaches have revealed central regulators of this complex relationship, yet the requisite level of detail to effectively untangle the intricacies of temporal and spatial development remains elusive. The recent adoption of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques in plant research is revolutionizing our ability to dissect the intricate transcriptional profiles of plant-microbe interactions, offering unparalleled insights into the diversity and dynamics of individual cells during symbiosis. The isolation of plant cells is particularly challenging due to the presence of cell walls, leading plant researchers to widely adopt nuclei isolation methods. Despite the increased resolution that single-cell analyses offer, it also comes at the cost of spatial perspective, hence, it is necessary the integration of these approaches with spatial transcriptomics to obtain a comprehensive overview. To date, few single-cell studies on plant-microbe interactions have been published, most of which provide high-resolution cell atlases that will become crucial for fully deciphering symbiotic interactions and addressing future questions. In AM symbiosis research, key processes such as the mutual recognition of partners during arbuscule development within cortical cells, or arbuscule senescence and degeneration, remain poorly understood, and these advancements are expected to shed light on these processes and contribute to a deeper understanding of this plant-fungal interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory sensitization is a complex immunological process eventually leading to hypersensitivity following re-exposure to the chemical. A frequent consequence is occupational asthma, which may occur after long latency periods. Although chemical-induced respiratory hypersensitivity has been known for decades, there are currently no comprehensive and validated approaches available for the prospective identification of chemicals that induce respiratory sensitization, while the expectations of new approach methodologies (NAMs) are high. A great hope is that due to a better understanding of the molecular key events, new methods can be developed now. However, this is a big challenge due to the different chemical classes to which respiratory sensitizers belong, as well as because of the complexity of the response and the late manifestation of symptoms. In this review article, the current information on respiratory sensitization related processes is summarized by introducing it in the available adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. Potentially useful models for prediction are discussed. Knowledge gaps and gaps of regulatory concern are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread obligate symbionts of plants. This dynamic symbiosis plays a large role in successful plant performance, given that AMF help to ameliorate plant responses to abiotic and biotic stressors. Although the importance of this symbiosis is clear, less is known about what may be driving this symbiosis, the plant's need for nutrients or the excess of plant photosynthate being transferred to the AMF, information critical to assess the functionality of this relationship. Characterizing the AMF community along a natural plant productivity gradient is a first step in understanding how this symbiosis may vary across the landscape. We surveyed the AMF community diversity at 12 sites along a plant productivity gradient driven by soil nitrogen availability. We found that AMF diversity in soil environmental DNA significantly increased along with the growth of the host plants Acerrubrum and A. saccharum., a widespread tree genus. These increases also coincided with a natural soil inorganic N availability gradient. We hypothesize photosynthate from the increased tree growth is being allocated to the belowground AMF community, leading to an increase in diversity. These findings contribute to understanding this complex symbiosis through the lens of AMF turnover and suggest that a more diverse AMF community is associated with increased host–plant performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the rapid development of single-cell sequencing technology, histological studies are no longer limited to conventional homogenized tissues. Laser microdissection enables the accurate isolation of specific tissues or cells, and when combined with next-generation sequencing, it can reveal important biological processes at the cellular level. However, traditional laser microdissection techniques have often been complicated and time-consuming, and the quality of the RNA extracted from the collected samples has been inconsistent, limiting follow-up studies. Therefore, an improved, simple, and efficient laser microdissection method is urgently needed. Results: We omitted the sample fixation and cryoprotectant addition steps. Instead, fresh samples were embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature medium within 1.5 ml centrifuge tube caps, rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen, and immediately subjected to cryosectioning. A series of section thicknesses of citrus rind were tested for RNA extraction, which showed that 18 μm thickness yielded the highest quality RNA. By shortening the dehydration time to one minute per ethanol gradient and omitting the tissue clearing step, the resulting efficient dehydration and preserved morphology ensured high-quality RNA extraction. We also propose a set of laser microdissection parameters by adjusting the laser power to optimal values, reducing the aperture size, and lowering the pulse frequency. Both the epidermal and subepidermal cells from the citrus rind were collected, and RNA extraction was completed within nine hours. Using this efficient method, the transcriptome sequencing of the isolated tissues generated high-quality data with average Q30 values and mapping rates exceeding 91%. Moreover, the transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences between the cell layers, further confirming the effectiveness of our isolation approach. Conclusions: We developed a simple and rapid laser microdissection method and demonstrated its effectiveness through a study based on citrus rind, from which we generated high-quality transcriptomic data. This fast and efficient method of cell isolation, combined with transcriptome sequencing not only contributes to precise histological studies at the cellular level in citrus but also provides a promising approach for cell-specific transcriptome analysis in a broader range of other plant tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA N6-adenine methylation (6mA) has recently gained importance as an epigenetic modification in eukaryotes. Its function in lineages with high levels, such as early-diverging fungi (EDF), is of particular interest. Here, we investigated the biological significance and evolutionary implications of 6mA in EDF, which exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns in 6mA usage. The analysis of two Mucorales species displaying extreme 6mA usage reveals that species with high 6mA levels show symmetric methylation enriched in highly expressed genes. In contrast, species with low 6mA levels show mostly asymmetric 6mA. Interestingly, transcriptomic regulation throughout development and in response to environmental cues is associated with changes in the 6mA landscape. Furthermore, we identify an EDF-specific methyltransferase, likely originated from endosymbiotic bacteria, as responsible for asymmetric methylation, while an MTA-70 methylation complex performs symmetric methylation. The distinct phenotypes observed in the corresponding mutants reinforced the critical role of both types of 6mA in EDF. Here, Lax et al characterise the role and distribution of an epigenetic mark, adenine methylation (6mA), in the genomes of early diverging fungi and find the enzymes that write symmetric and asymmetric 6mA in their DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial populations play a very important role to optimize the turnover and recycling of nutrients. Mutualistic symbionts like arbusular mycorrhizal fungi living at the root-soil interfaces, rhizosphere, or may be in the plant-associated soil, are acknowledged as crucial drivers of nutrient cycling. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as natural root symbionts, supply essential plant inorganic nutrients to host plants, enhancing plant growth and yield under both normal and stressed conditions. AMF colonize the roots of agricultural crops and act as 'biofertilizers and bioprotectors' in environmentally friendly farming. Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonize a smaller number of plant species but play an important role in forest ecosystems as symbiotic partners of tree and shrub species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is currently the greatest threat to the environment as we know it today. The present study aimed to highlight the changes in the main climatic elements during the last five decades (1971–2020) in northeastern Romania (Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center) and their impact on grape quality, as part of precision viticulture strategies and efficient management of grapevine plantations. Data analysis revealed a constant and significant increase in the average air temperature in the last 50 years (+1.70 °C), more pronounced in the last 10 years (+0.61 °C), with a number of days with extreme temperatures (>30 °C) of over 3.5-fold higher, in parallel with a fluctuating precipitation regime. The increase in average temperatures in the last 40 years was highly correlated with the advancement of the grape harvest date (up to 12 days), a significant increase in Vitis vinifera L. white grape sugar concentration (+15–25 g/L), and a drastic decrease in total acidity (−2.0–3.5 g/L tartaric acid). The significant increase in the values of the bioclimatic indices require the reclassification of the wine-growing area in higher classes of favorability, raising the opportunity to grow cultivars that are more suited to warmer climates, ensuring the efficiency of the plantation, and meeting current consumer expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In vitro study is to evaluate the effect of chewing simulation in different ph solutions on flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Patients and methods: Forty zirconia bars (N = 40) were cut off zirconia disc using IsoMet. Each bar was 2 mm thickness, 25 mm length and 5 mm width. Specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10). The first group (control) was ready for universal test of flexural strength. Second, third, and fourth group were ready for chewing simulation but in different PH solutions acidic, neutral, and alkaline respectively. These solutions were collected from the lab (acidic-PH = 4, alkaline PH = 10). Twenty extracted human premolars (divided vertically into two halves by IsoMet) were collected for study as antagonist material for chewing simulation. After chewing simulation of these groups, the flexural strength was measured for them and SEM. Results: Group 1 (control) showed the highest flexural strength with the mean value (745.21 ± 69.47) followed by group 3 (neutral) (720.40 ± 92.47), then group 2 (acidic) (507.56 ± 111.99), and finally group 4 (alkaline) (497.26 ± 172.90) with the least flexure of strength. There was significance between group 1 (control) and group 2 (acidic) and highly significant with group 4 (alkaline). There was no significance with group 3 (neutral). SEM showed that no cracks in control group. Group (2) surfaces were very smooth with amorphous structure showing disperessed small pores. Group (3) air voids were found entrapped between zirconia grains. Group (4) the surface was rough showing large compact flacks' fragmentation and branched cracks. Conclusions: This study clearly illustrates the significance of flexural strength in different pH of an aqueous solution in terms of the chewing of zirconia ceramics. Cyclic loading decreases flexural strength of 4% yttrium zirconia in neutral but not significantly. In alkaline and in neutral there were significant decrease in flexural strength with chewing due to degradation of stabilizers and transformation tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase. This degradation was in alkaline group more than in acidic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization process, which began with the Industrial Revolution, has undergone a considerable increase over the past few decades. Urbanization strongly affects ecological processes, often deleteriously, because it is associated with a decrease in green spaces (areas of land covered by vegetation), loss of natural habitats, increased rates of species extinction, a greater prevalence of invasive and exotic species, and anthropogenic pollutant accumulation. In urban environments, green spaces play a key role by providing many ecological benefits and contributing to human psychophysical well-being. It is known that interactions between plants and microorganisms that occur in the rhizosphere are of paramount importance for plant health, soil fertility, and the correct functioning of plant ecosystems. The growing diffusion of DNA sequencing technologies and "omics" analyses has provided increasing information about the composition, structure, and function of the rhizomicrobiota. However, despite the considerable amount of data on rhizosphere communities and their interactions with plants in natural/rural contexts, current knowledge on microbial communities associated with plant roots in urban soils is still very scarce. The present review discusses both plant–microbe dynamics and factors that drive the composition of the rhizomicrobiota in poorly investigated urban settings and the potential use of beneficial microbes as an innovative biological tool to face the challenges that anthropized environments and climate change impose. Unravelling urban biodiversity will contribute to green space management, preservation, and development and, ultimately, to public health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is recognized as an environmentally friendly technique. However, the low biomass production, high time consumption, and exposure to combined toxic stress from contaminated media weaken the potential of phytoremediation. As a class of plant-beneficial microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote plant nutrient uptake, improve plant habitats, and regulate abiotic stresses, and the utilization of AMF to enhance phytoremediation is considered to be an effective way to enhance the remediation efficiency. In this paper, we searched 520 papers published during the period 2000–2023 on the topic of AMF-assisted phytoremediation from the Web of Science core collection database. We analyzed the author co-authorship, country, and keyword co-occurrence clustering by VOSviewer. We summarized the advances in research and proposed prospective studies on AMF-assisted phytoremediation. The bibliometric analyses showed that heavy metal, soil, stress tolerance, and growth promotion were the research hotspots. AMF–plant symbiosis has been used in water and soil in different scenarios for the remediation of heavy metal pollution and organic pollution, among others. The potential mechanisms of pollutant removal in which AMF are directly involved through hyphal exudate binding and stabilization, accumulation in their structures, and nutrient exchange with the host plant are highlighted. In addition, the tolerance strategies of AMF through influencing the subcellular distribution of contaminants as well as chemical form shifts, activation of plant defenses, and induction of differential gene expression in plants are presented. We proposed that future research should screen anaerobic-tolerant AMF strains, examine bacterial interactions with AMF, and utilize AMF for combined pollutant removal to accelerate practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), an important economic crop in China, is highly favored by the population. Microorganisms can help plants acquire soil nutrients and cope with various stresses, and the diversity and structural composition of the rhizosphere microbial community of tea plants are crucial for ensuring the growth and quality of tea leaves. Therefore, we studied the differences in soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial communities between two different tea gardens (a tableland tea garden and an ancient tea plantation) in different ecological niches (rhizosphere and bulk soil), as well as the impacts they experienced. The results show that the soil pH levels in the ancient tea plantation were within the optimal range (4.5–5.5), and both rhizosphere and bulk soil nutrients in the ancient tea plantation were higher than those in the tableland tea garden, except for TP; the nutrients in the rhizospheres of ancient tea trees were more abundant. Moreover, higher enzyme activities were observed in the rhizosphere soil than those in the bulk soil in both tea gardens, and both the tableland and ancient tea garden soils were subjected to a certain degree of C&N limitations. The microbial communities of the two tea gardens were dominated by bacteria, but the α-diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of the tableland tea garden was higher than that in the ancient tea plantation. The bacterial communities were largely dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota, and the fungal communities were largely dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the two tea gardens. The structure and composition of soil bacterial communities in the two tea gardens were similar, whereas significant differences were observed in the fungal communities. In addition, soil pH and SWC were the key factors influencing the fungal community in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the two tea gardens, whereas the bacterial community was more significantly affected by soil TN, NH4+-N, SWC and DON. These findings provide essential foundational information for the preservation of ancient tea plantations, the ecological adaptability of ancient tea trees and the management of tableland tea gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]