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The paper considers the current condition and problems of territorial planning of extra-urban transport in Russia. The paper analyzes the key parameters of improving the transport system of Russia as one of the most important elements of the economic system. The main social and economic requirements for documents of territorial planning of transport in Russia at the regional level are contained in the regional standards of urban planning design. They set the time limits for maximum transport accessibility from places where people live to places where important social and economic objects and service institutions are located. The paper provides examples of the most important promising projects in the construction of extra-urban transport infrastructure. Similarities and differences between general layouts and master plans in terms of territorial planning of transport infrastructure are shown. The problems of planning transport systems of urban agglomerations are considered. Recommendations are given for changing the methodology of territorial planning of extra-urban transport in Russia.

The author’s definition of marginal territories is based on the principle of their uniqueness, specificity, and isolation. Marginal territories mean closed border areas located on the edge of districts or isolated areas in the center under the influence of factors and released a higher diversity and number of species, characterized by isolation from the center, which are based on the isolation of life of the population of the district. The assessment of the quality of the environment for the comfort of living in marginal territories was carried out in comparison with the control areas related to the lands of localities and recreational territories. It is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the habitat of groups of organisms sensitive to environmental degradation, belonging to the department of Lichens. The assessment of the condition of marginal territories was carried out by methods of determining the degree of lichen cover and the air pollution level parameter, the biotic index parameter, and the poleo-tolerance index in comparison with control territories related to the lands of settlements and recreational territories.

The paper considers the ratio of the transport factor and the types of development of settlements in the suburban area of the Moscow capital region. The purpose of this research is to study the specific features of the development of settlements in various radial directions from the node (core) of Moscow capital region – the Moscow city. Data from publicly available electronic maps were used, including data from the public cadastral map. Historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the formation of various types of development along radial transport axes (public roads of regional and federal significance connecting Moscow with the territory of the Moscow region and other regions of Russia) are considered. Conclusions about the general and specific features of development along different directions at different distances from Moscow are drawn. The research confirms the hypothesis that the ratio of certain types of residential development along various highways differs from place to place depending on the time of the origin of the transport routes themselves, on the economically determined choice of investors, and in recent years – on the environmentally determined choice of the population.

In accordance with the standards of education for the development of cognitive activity and creative abilities, to work with a large amount of information and interact in a group, the paper suggests using the possibilities of a demonstration experiment in all courses of physical geography. In accordance with the standards of education for improving the quality of students’ knowledge, developing their cognitive activity, creative abilities, the mechanism of forming positive motivation in the process of independent activity in the acquisition of new knowledge and creative approach to the learning process is shown. The conducted pedagogical research on the selection of the content and forms of organization of the demonstration experiment showed the possibility of forming critical thinking in students on the basis of experimental activities in geography lessons. A wide introduction of a demonstration experiment that brings the quality of the lesson and extracurricular work to a new level with the provision of differentiation and individualization of the learning process is proposed.

The aim of the research is to study the current state of territorial planning of urban agglomerations in Russia. The authors have considered the peculiarities of agglomerations in Russia, their boundaries and constituent elements. On the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan the differences in the allocation of urban agglomerations while using modern scientific methods are shown. The peculiarities of Ufa and South Bashkortostan agglomerations from the standpoint of territorial planning are highlighted. Insufficient quantity and quality of the sought data does not allow us to apply some of the scientifically based methods for identifying urban agglomerations both in Russia as a whole and on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In particular, due to the lack of information on pendular migration, the use of data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020 (2021) is possible only in the case of urban agglomerations. (2021) Population census data can be used only in a very general way. The application of the UN Habitat methodology is possible only for international comparisons and is not applicable in the conditions of the Russian reality, taking into account the prevalence of poorly connected and small in terms of population density urban and rural settlements.

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Background H9 N2 avian influenza viruses continue to spread in poultry and wild birds throughout Eurasia. Objectives To characterize H9 N2 influenza viruses from pheasants, quail, and white-bellied bustards ( WBBs) used to train falcons in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE). Methods Four H9 N2 viruses were isolated from pheasants, quail, and WBB used for falconry in the UAE, and antigenic, molecular, phylogenetic analysis, and invivo characterization of H9 N2 viruses were performed. Results and conclusions The pheasant and WBB isolates were antigenically and molecularly clearly related and along with the quail isolates contained multiple 'avian-human' substitutions. The release of smuggled H9 N2-infected birds for falconry may contribute to the spread of these viruses to wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) influenza A viruses have caused sporadic human infections since 2005, but human-to-human transmission has not been documented. These viruses have six gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, and NS) closely related to those of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. Therefore, understanding of these viruses' pathogenicity and transmissibility may help to identify determinants of virulence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses and to elucidate potential human health threats posed by the TRS viruses. Here we evaluated in a ferret model the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three groups of North American TRS viruses containing swine-like and/or human-like HA and NA gene segments. The study was designed only to detect informative and significant patterns in the transmissibility and pathogenicity of these three groups of viruses. We observed that irrespective of their HA and NA lineages, the TRS viruses were moderately pathogenic in ferrets and grew efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. All North American TRS viruses studied were transmitted between ferrets via direct contact. However, their transmissibility by respiratory droplets was related to their HA and NA lineages: TRS viruses with human-like HA and NA were transmitted most efficiently, those with swine-like HA and NA were transmitted minimally or not transmitted, and those with swine-like HA and human-like NA (N2) showed intermediate transmissibility. We conclude that the lineages of HA and NA may play a crucial role in the respiratory droplet transmissibility of these viruses. These findings have important implications for pandemic planning and warrant confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have become widespread and evolved into several clades. In our previous studies, the antigenic sites of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) were characterized by selection and sequencing of escape mutants. In the present studies we analyzed the antigenic epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza A/Duck/Novosibirsk/56/05 (H5N1) virus isolated in western Siberia and belonging to subclade 2.2 of the H5N1 viruses. The analysis revealed several antigenically relevant positions of amino acid residues in the globular head of the HA not encountered earlier in the escape mutants of the H5 subtype. The newly recognized positions (113, 117, 118, 120, and 123, mature H5 numbering) are concentrated in an area adjacent to the region described in earlier studies as corresponding to site B in H3 HA, but extending far beyond this area. The amino acid positions recognized by the monoclonal antibodies against A/Duck/Novosibirsk/56/05 (H5N1) virus differ from the positions recognized by the monoclonal antibodies against H5N2 influenza viruses. The data suggest that the evolution of the HA of H5 avian influenza viruses is associated not only with the changes of antigenic epitopes recognized by antibodies, but also with a change in the dominance of the immunogenicity of different sites in the HA.