Search

Multi-utility tunnel (MUT) have received increasing attention as an alternative method for installing subsurface infrastructure for the distribution of electricity, telecommunications, water, sewage and district heating. MUTs are described as a potentially more sustainable technology than conventional open-cut excavation (OCE), especially if the entire life cycle of these cable and pipe networks is taken into account. Based on an extensive review of the academic literature, this article aims to identify and critically examine claims made about the pros and cons of using MUT for the placement of subsurface infrastructure. Identified claims are mapped, and their validity and applicability assessed. These claims are then analyzed from a sustainability perspective, based on the three sustainability dimensions and a life cycle perspective. The results show that a variety of advantages and disadvantages of using MUTs for subsurface infrastructure are highlighted by the articles, but several of these are without any empirical support. When some form of empirical support is presented, it usually comes from case-specific analyses of MUTs, and the applicability in other MUT projects is seldom discussed. Economic performance is the sustainability dimension that has received the most attention, while environmental performance has not been analyzed in the reviewed literature, which is a major limitation of the current knowledge. In summary, the knowledge about the sustainability performance of using MUTs for subsurface infrastructure is still limited and incoherent. In order to increase the knowledge, this article points out the importance of new case studies, in which the sustainability consequences of using MUTs for subsurface infrastructure are mapped and evaluated by combining both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods. Funding: Kamprad Family Foundation for Entrepreneurship, Research Charity; [20180218]

A circular economy creates a policy conflict between increased resource circulation and decreased dispersal of hazardous substances. On the basis of three case studies in the EU, we have therefore identified various regulatory questions that can be posed to address the occurrence of hazardous substances in the use of waste. For each of these questions, we have proposed two possible responses influencing the design of the regulation and analyzed their consequences both from a circularity and from a toxicity perspective. Currently, the regulations focus on reducing the dispersal of hazardous substances rather than stimulating resource circulation. The allowable contamination levels in the waste are typically regulated in relation to its mass rather than its content of valuable resources. The regulation of hazards in waste can be further developed in two general ways, by emphasizing either the risk of exposure to hazards or the total content of hazards. A risk approach is beneficial for short-term circularity and waste producers. A hazard approach is beneficial for long-term circularity and waste users. In order to improve the balancing of the policy conflict in question, values, underlying assumptions, and the effects of hazardous substances and resource circulation need to be better understood. Funding Agencies|Svenska Forskningsradet FormasSwedish Research Council Formas [2017-00219]; Swedish Research Council FORMASSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council Formas [2017-00219]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research

Circular agreements are made between actors in order to increase the circulation of wastebased resources, which specify the conditions under which the resource may be circulated. This report examines the advantages and disadvantages of different types of circular agreements. This is done by discussing challenges and the potential of agreements in relation to a circular economy. The re-port concludes by discussing the potential of implementing circular agreements in Sweden. To study circular agreements, three different European cases were studied; Green deals in the Netherlands, Quality protocols in the UK and Differentiated require-ments in Denmark. These agreements differ, for exam-ple, by regulating different phases of a material's life cycle; such as its origin or intended use. The common denominator for all circular agreements is that it regulates and focuses on the complexity of waste, for example, the presence of hazardous sub-stances. In addition, circular agreements can be used to allocate the costs and benefits between actors, in a way that is better adapted to a circular economy. This fine-tune control of the conditions for circulation, makes agreements suitable for addressing complex waste streams. Both the agreements as such and the negotiation process strengthen and formalize relations between actors. Besides, the long-term focus of agree-ments contribute to more predictability on waste mar-kets. In this way, circular agreements can create trust and value in the market for waste-based resources, which is crucial for the transition to a circular economy. Circular agreements are a tool that can address some of the problems in the transition to a circular economy, but not all. For example, long-term agreements may lock-in politics and technology. In the formulation of the agreements, great consideration must be given to the institutional context, and to the complexity of the specific waste. QC 20210209

The traditional mining sector uses resource assessments to estimate the mineability of natural resources. The results are communicated to investors, authorities and corporate management boards in a standardized manner, at least on a country level. The recycling sector also requires estimates of recoverable anthropogenic resources. Evidence-based resource assessment, including the selection of parameters for characterising resources and methods for assessing their recoverability, is essential to obtain comparable estimates over time and across scales. Within this report, the COST Action MINEA presents a practical and user-friendly knowledge base for facilitating anthropogenic resource assessments. The fouces is on extractives industry residues, residues in landfills, residues from municipal solid waste incineration as well as construction & demolition waste flows. The key objectives are: To relate current knowledge levels, gaps and future needs to assessments of viability of anthropogenic resource recovery. To review case studies that demonstrate anthropogenic resource assessment in combination with resource classification in order to communicate the viability of anthropogenic resource recovery. We encourage academics, businesses and government organisations to use this report for: designing and developing case studies, future planning, developing standards for characterizing resource quantities and evaluating their recoverability, and collecting and harmonizing resource statistics. ************* The “Mining the European Anthroposphere” (MINEA) is a pan-European expert network, which received funding from the COST Association between 2016 and 2020. The network pools knowledge for estimating the future recoverability of raw materials from anthropogenic resources.

Detritus : multidisciplinary journal for waste resources & residues 8, 141-156 (2019). doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2019.13884 special issue: "Special Issue: Resource Recovery Through enhanced Landfill Mining / Guest Editors: Enrico Bernardo, Peter Tom Jones, Daniel Vollprecht, Lieven Machiels, Joakim Krook" (9788862650175), Published by CISA, Padova

The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) is an international system for classifying minerals and energy resources. This document specifies the UNFC terminology and principles to enable its application to Anthropogenic Resources. Anthropogenic Resources can be found in a variety of sources, including: mine tailings, buildings, infrastructure, consumer goods, and from all the material life cycle stages, including production, use and end-of-life. Therefore, the Specifications will help to manage recovery projects in the circular economy. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Expert Group on Resource Classification encourage governments, regulators, industry and universities to apply these Specifications for developing case studies. The Expert Group will welcome a fruitful cooperation to boost circular economy in alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This document was approved by the Expert Group on Resource Classification at its ninth session, 24-27 April 2018 and endorsed by the ECE Committee on Sustainable Energy at its twenty-seventh session, 27 September 2018. The document has been prepared by the Working Group on Anthropogenic Resources, as mandaded by the UNECE Expert Group on Resource Classification in cooperation with the COST Action Mining the European Anthroposphere.

The shift from linear to circular economy has steered the change in perception about landfills. From final to temporary waste storage, landfills are considered as technospheric stocks of resources that can be recovered through innovative technologies in the concept of enhanced landfill mining (ELFM). At present, most ELFM projects are in pilot-scale and it remains as a proof of concept. Economic feasibility is one of the primary considerations that must be satisfied prior to its full-scale realization. Several economic assessments were conducted in recent years but there is no systematic synthesis of these studies to date. The aim of this review is to compile various empirical insights of previous economic assessments of ELFM in relation to the employed methodological choices. With pre-defined exclusion criteria, 15 studies were selected in this review. For the empirical part, the identified main economic drivers for costs are separation and sorting, thermal treatment and transportation, while for benefits are material sales, recovered land and energy sales. In more than half of the studies, the costs exceeded the benefits concluding that ELFM is not profitable. The few potentially profitable cases mainly depend on varying the system conditions defined by market prices and regulations. These require changes that are more radical, if not impossible. For the method part, costs and benefits are accounted at different levels of aggregation, scope and scale—that is from process to sub-process level, from private to societal economics, and from laboratory to pilot scale, respectively. As most studies are based on pilot scale, if not purely conceptual, data estimation mainly depends on extrapolation from these pilot projects or on direct adoption of secondary data. In spite of the expected uncertainties in model, scenario and parameter, less than half of the studies employed sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. With it being neglected, their results can be considered to have a weak reliability for practical use in a full-scale ELFM project implementation. A need for systematic framework for early-stage assessment is highlighted to capture both stochastic and epistemic uncertainties. Process and system upscaling with exploratory scenario development, and participatory data collection in ranges rather than in absolute terms are some of the suggested approaches to generate results with a certain level of confidence. In this way, the future economic assessments of ELFM can veer away from simple profitability assessments. Instead, it focuses on knowledge development despite the limited information that is inherent to emerging concepts. Most importantly, it provides reliable information that can be used as a decision-support for various stakeholders such as project managers, technology developers, and policy makers towards the advancement of ELFM.

Shredder fines is a residue of the shredding industry and is currently landfilled or used as landfill cover in Sweden. Throughout the time, the heterogeneity and small particle size have rendered resource recovery and recycling of it challenging. In spite of that, European policies envisioning circular economy, in concomitance with stringent resource recovery requirements and increased landfill taxes are challenging the current disposal practices of the shredding industry. As an attempt to address this issue, the present study has developed a systematic approach for performing an initial assessment of the feasibility of several selected mainstream applications for valorisation of shredder fines. First, sampling of shredder fines from a major shredding plant was obtained twice a week over a 10 weeks period. The main focus of the sampling program was to encompass the variation in the material’s physical and chemical composition. The two samples from each week were then mixed and divided into six subsamples. That is, one original fraction and five size fractions; ZA (7.10-5.00 mm), ZB (5.00-3.35 mm), ZC (3.35-2.00 mm), ZD (2.00-0.25 mm), and ZE (0.25-0.063 mm). These sub-samples were subsequently sent for laboratory analysis for characterisation of contaminants, potentially valuable metals and energy recovery related properties. Second, three potential main stream applications for shredder fines were identified based on existing research on similar industrial residues (e.g. municipal waste incineration bottom ash) and current practices of the Swedish shredding industry. The selected applications are; Smelting for copper, Energy recovery in cement kilns and municipal solid waste incinerators, and Substitution of aggregates in concrete making and road construction. Third, the gate requirements of potential users and legislative requirements with regards to the identified applications were established, and the characteristics of shredder fines were benchmarked against them. As far as copper smelting is concerned, the presence of high concentrations of lead and chromium is the biggest challenge. Otherwise, the fractions; ZA, ZB, and ZD show some potential due to manageable concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. Concerning energy recovery, the calorific value apparently narrows down the options to municipal waste incinerators. There, the chlorine concentration only allows utilisation of the ZC fraction whereas heavy metal concentrations are too high with regards to all the fractions. With regards to the use as substitute material in construction, legislative requirements in Sweden for total content and leachate content of metals are too strict for shredder fines. In conclusion, the benchmarking reveals the need for prior upgrading of shredder fines with respect to the different applications. Thus, integrated upgrading processes that could handle the complexity of the material in terms of contaminants and valuable recoverables is needed in order to achieve holistic valorisation of the material.

The EU Commission’s circular economy strategy pushes for a higher recycling rate and a more long-term waste management practice.1 Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) can contribute to this agenda as a better landfill management option, by shifting the landfill paradigm from dumping or as end-storage of waste to resource recovery or as temporary storage of resources.2-4 Through ELFM, landfills becomes a secondary source of both material (Waste-to-Material, WtM) and energy (Waste-to-Energy, WtE) with the use of innovative technologies.3,4 Several studies explored the environmental and/or economic aspects of ELFM having different scopes and objectives. Some cover the entire process value chain while others additionally focused on comparing technological choices for WtE,5–7 WtM,8,9 and even ELFM waste valorisation.10 Furthermore, for the economic assessment, regulation-related costs and benefits as landfill taxes, gate fees and green certificates5,11,12 are also accounted for. Regarding the identification of economic hotspots, many of these studies concluded similar processes to be important. However, most of these studies were based on either hypothetical cases, or real cases but with small-scale excavation and separation using non-sophisticated set-ups, which are not likely to be used for large-scale processing. Hence, more uncertainty is expected from the lack of actual ELFM demonstration projects. The aim of this study is to analyse the main contributing factors that influence environmental and economic performance of ELFM, considering the landfill owner’s viewpoint. The study is based on a real case of excavation and subsequent separation in an existing stationary facility. Specifically, the influence of the prevailing system conditions is investigated as defined by the current legislation and the market situation.

Landfill mining has been proclaimed as an alternative strategy to address unwanted impacts of waste deposits. In real-life projects, such excavation and processing of deposited waste has mainly been used to facilitate traditional objectives such as remediation, land reclamation or creation of landfill airspace. A key target of recent landfill mining research is, however, to go beyond this type of local motives and enhance the recovery of materials and energy resources by developing advanced processing technologies. Although such an ambitiousapproach clearly displays a wider societal potential, it also adds complexity to the implementation and assessment of pros and cons of landfill mining.

Residue products often pose a huge challenge to material recycling industry. Especially heterogenic and fine granular residues. It increases the cost and reduces the efficiency of material separation and recovery. Currently, the most common practice is to landfill such residue products. However, decreasing availability of landfills, increasing landfill costs, and new policy instruments require higher rates of resource recovery. In spite of that, business initiatives for recovering secondary raw material from residue products are often deterred by stringent environmental legislation emphasizing human toxicity concerns. Shredding industry plays a huge role in the context of circular economy via recycling important waste streams such as end-oflife vehicles (ELVs), municipal white goods, construction and demolition waste, and different industrial wastes. The core business model of industrial shredding is driven by recovering different metals while a variety of residue products including plastics, rubber, foam, wood, glass, and sand are generated. Shredder fine residue (also called shredder fines) is a fine granular residue product with intrinsic heterogeneity, which is produced by the shredding industry. A share of 15-20% of the input would end up as shredder fines in a typical plant. The overall aim of this study is to draw technical, market and regulatory boundary conditions for improved material recovery from shredder fines. Thereby to build a framework of principal guidelines to support systematic identification, development, and evaluation of different valorization options for shredder fines. The outcome of this study is also envisioned to provide generic conclusions to the valorization of heterogenic residue products in general. The study is performed in collaboration with a major shredding company in Sweden. The methodology reflects the Swedish context and consists of two phases. During the initial phase, firstly, the overall shredding industry structure of Sweden is studied to understand the governing regulatory framework, level of competition, and the scale of operation. Secondly, the collaborating company is studied to gain knowledge on technical feasibility of implementing recovery processes, economic, business and market aspects, and implications of national and local legislation, from the shredding company perspective. Empirical methods such as interviews and study of documentation are used in this phase. During the second phase, detailed material and elemental characterization tests are performed on shredder fine samples. Thereby the distribution of basic elements, metals, heating value, and ash, in shredder fines as well as across different size fractions of shredder fines is established. The results are compared and contrasted against literature values. An extensive survey is also carried out to identify potential users for different materials which are possibly recoverable from shredder fines. Such potential users are then mapped against materials. Leaching tests are also performed to assess the mobility of heavy metals and thereby the potential environmental risk and human toxicity. As the main contribution of this study, knowledge is developed and synthesized, boundary conditions are set, and principal guidelines of general relevance are drawn in order to facilitate improved valorization of fine granular residue products.

This paper examines the market potential of disposed waste, a resource that is increasingly emphasized as a future mine. A framework with gate requirements of various outlets was developed and contrasted with excavated waste sorted in an advanced recycling facility. Only the smallest fraction by percentage had an outlet, the metals (8%), which were sold according a lower quality class. The other fractions (92%) were not accepted for incineration, construction materials or even re-deposition. Previous studies have shown similar lack of marketability. This means that even if one fraction can be recovered, the outlet of the other material is often unpredictable, resulting in a waste disposal problem, which easily prevents a landfill mining project altogether. However, the potential in landfills could better be exploited if technology and regulations adapts to disposed garbage. Deponier som gruvor

E-waste includes components with economic and environmental importance, thus the need for their sound end-of-life management. This study provides fundamentals regarding the amounts, flows, and handling practices of e-waste in Gaborone, Botswana. A number of relevant stakeholder organisations were interviewed and an in situ waste composition study was conducted. The concentration of e-waste arriving at the municipal landfill is less than 1 weight per cent, corresponding to about 1.9 kg/capita/year, far less compared to the estimated 8 weight per cent for European Union countries. However, obsolete electr(on)ics are in urban storages primarily due to a lack of tapping mechanisms. Among several inadequacies of the current handling practices is the absence of an e-waste management framework. Improvement routes discussed include public sensitisation and engagement, capacity building, and future exploitation of potentially suitable end-of-life treatment options including the novel phenomenon of enhanced landfill mining. GTARS

In theory, ‘urban mining’ has a huge potential for enabling more efficient resource use and offering new business opportunities for the cleantech and recycling industries. This concept involves recovering technospheric stocks of previously employed natural resources that have been taken out of use without being collected for waste management. Such hibernating material stocks can be found in old water supply, sewage and power distribution networks – urban structures rich in for example iron and copper. This paper aims to analyze the potential for urban mining of the metals copper and aluminum from hibernating power and communication cables in Sweden. Emphasis is on the economic feasibility of two different approaches for realizing such initiatives. The results indicate that separate extraction of obsolete cables situated below ground in a city is not yet likely to be economically justified for power grid managers. Even in case of integrated recovery during other maintenance work on the grids, additional project costs often exceed potential revenues for the cables. In rural areas, however, both separate and integrated recovery of hibernating cables seem straightforwardly profitable, especially for obsolete copper cables belonging to the regional communication network. It is concluded however that the viability of urban mining is not only a matter of economics. Research aiming to analyze technical, economic, environmental and other institutional conditions for realization of urban mining is therefore strongly encouraged.

The aim of the paper is to introduce an approach for evaluating integrated remediation and landfill mining scenarios. Since completed projects with similar scope and goals mostly have been pilot studies or projects with little emphasis on resource extraction, there is very little real case data to access. Thus, scenarios for three different routes have been established: Remediation only; Remediation combined with resource extraction using a mobile separation plant; and finally Remediation combined with resource extraction using a large stationary separation plant. Furthermore, the approach uses Monte Carlo simulations to address the uncertainties attached to each of the different steps of the scenarios, such as separation efficiencies, transport distances and recycling benefits. The approach can be used to assess the probability of results for the different scenarios, as well to study the influences of major parameters. In the future, the approach will be broadened to include economic parameters, and a large effort will be put on validating and analyzing the model parameters and assumptions. For instance, there is a need to study the dependency between different parameters to see if they are positively correlated; otherwise, the uncertainty could be overestimated. Furthermore, scenario uncertainties need to be added and studied.

This thesis aims to assess the environmental consequences of management strategies for wood waste in Sweden. There is a special focus on separation strategies and in what way such measures influence environmental aspects such as the presence of heavy metals in the waste. Actors’ incentives and capacity to influence wood waste management are analysed, emphasising the importance of driving forces such as governmental regulation and market interactions. The results show that, in comparison to present dilution practice, separation of contaminants would lead to decreased heavy metal emissions during combustion of wood waste while still recovering a similar energy yield from the waste. Such measures would also increase possibilities for resource-saving reuse of the generated ash. For most metals, however, long-term pollution concerns related to accumulations in landfills and unintentional co-recycling are difficult to address, regardless of separation strategy. An exception is industrial preservative-treated wood waste that according to regulation is to be separately handled as hazardous, for which separation measures also would address such future concerns. This indicates that governments could play an important role in environmental policy by, for instance, stimulating separate handling of certain discarded products. Actors in the energy sector involved in fuel and heat production have quite restricted capacities for separation of contaminants in wood waste. Instead, achieving substantially less contaminated wood waste seems to require actors in the waste and construction sectors to develop source separation measures. The fact that such measures often involve actors lacking professional standards for waste management constitutes a fundamental obstacle to efficient separation. Perhaps even more hampering is that source separation at present leads to increased waste disposal costs for actors in the construction sector. Such economic outcomes of source separation are unfavourable, since these actors consider wood waste as a disposal problem for which the costs should be minimised. Despite these obstacles, however, the results show that some actors have proved capable of achieving relatively efficient separation. At present, only a minor share of industrial preservative–treated wood waste is separately handled as hazardous. For actors in the energy, waste and construction sectors, the incentives for such measures appear low even though introduced regulations potentially could have created such incentives. It appears as if a lack of steering mechanisms such as communication and supervision have neutralised the inherent pressure from regulation in many cases. Quality requirements, on the other hand, can be concluded to be of outmost importance for motivating separation measures. Unfortunately, market forces encourage actors in the energy sector to practice inconsistent enforcement of quality requirements. As a consequence, actors in the waste and construction sectors do not experience any strong pressure for separation of contaminants from their customers. In fact, such an inconsistent enforcement of quality requirements seems to have counteracted legal pressures for separation, due to present customer-oriented business management. Avhandlingens mål är att utifrån ett miljöperspektiv analysera strategier för hantering av träavfall i Sverige. Fokus är på strategier för separering och hur såna åtgärder påverkar miljöaspekter relaterade till förekomst av tungmetaller i avfallet. Vidare studeras aktörers incitament och kapacitet att påverka hanteringen med tonvikt på betydelsen av drivkrafter såsom lagstiftning och kundkrav. I jämförelse med dagens hantering där föroreningar ofta späds ut, visar resultaten på att utökad separering skulle leda till minskade emissioner av tungmetaller vid förbränning av träavfall samtidigt som samma mängd energi utvinns. Vidare skulle såna åtgärder öka möjligheterna att återanvända de askor som bildas vid förbränningen. Oavsett om föroreningar separeras eller späds ut är det dock svårt att minska risken för framtida emissioner av tungmetaller till miljön från deponerade och/eller återvunna askor. Ett undantag är impregnerat trä, som enligt rådande lagstiftning ska hanteras som farligt avfall, för vilket separeringsåtgärder även förbättrar möjligheterna att kontrollera framtida föroreningsproblem. Rådande lagstiftning har stark påverkan på miljökonsekvenserna av separeringsåtgärder. Myndigheter kan således spela en viktig roll i att nå ett kretsloppsanpassat samhälle, till exempel, genom att stimulera separat hantering av uttjänta produkter såsom impregnerat trä. Andra faktorer som påverkar miljökonsekvenserna av att införa separeringsåtgärder i hanteringen av träavfall är ett väl utbyggt fjärrvärmesystem och tillgång på sofistikerade anläggningar där förorenat material kan energiutvinnas. Resultaten visar på att aktörer i energisektorn, som förädlar träavfall till ett biobränsle och använder detta till fjärrvärmeproduktion, har begränsade möjligheter att få bort föroreningar. Att åstadkomma en effektiv separering av förorenat material bygger istället på att aktörer i avfalls- och byggsektorn utvecklar metoder för källsortering. Det faktum att många av dessa aktörer inte har tillräcklig kunskap för att åstadkomma en effektiv sortering utgör ett fundamentalt hinder för såna åtgärder. Vidare leder ofta källsortering av träavfall till ökade avfallskostnader för aktörer i byggsektorn. Detta är problematiskt eftersom dessa aktörer i huvudsak ser träavfall som ett kvittblivningsproblem för vilket kostnaderna ska minimeras. Trots dessa hinder visar resultaten på att det redan idag finns aktörer som åstadkommit en relativt effektiv separering av förorenat träavfall. I dagsläget sorteras endast en liten andel av impregnerat trä ut och hanteras som farligt avfall. De studerade aktörerna i energi-, avfalls- och byggsektorn har svaga incitament för utökad separering trots att styrmedel införts som potentiellt kunnat stimulera såna åtgärder. I många fall har brist på kommunikation och tillsyn lett till att den avsedda effekten med lagstiftningen uteblivit. Kundkrav har, å andra sidan, stor betydelse för aktörers intressen av att utveckla metoder för separering. I nuläget uppmuntrar dock marknadskrafter ofta aktörer i energisektorn att inte fullt ut följa upp sina kvalitetskrav. Följaktligen upplever inte aktörerna i avfalls- och byggsektorn några större påtryckningar från sina kunder att förbättra sin sortering av träavfall. Beroende på att många aktörer tenderar att fokusera på kundkrav leder en bristfällig uppföljning av dessa till att de drivkrafter för separering som avsågs med lagstiftningen motverkas.

Europe has somewhere between 150,000 and 500,000 landfill sites, with an estimat-ed 90% of them being “non-sanitary” landfills, predating the EU Landfill Directive of 1999/31/EC. These older landfills tend to be filled with municipal solid waste and often lack any environmental protection technology. “Doing nothing”, state-of-the-art aftercare or remediating them depends largely on technical, societal and eco-nomic conditions which vary between countries. Beside “doing nothing” and land-fill aftercare, there are different scenarios in landfill mining, from re-landfilling the waste into “sanitary landfills” to seizing the opportunity for a combined resource-re-covery and remediation strategy. This review article addresses present and future issues and potential opportunities for landfill mining as an embedded strategy in current waste management systems through a multi-disciplinary approach. In par-ticular, three general landfill mining strategies are addressed with varying extents of resource recovery. These are discussed in relation to the main targets of land-fill mining: (i) reduction of the landfill volume (technical), (ii) reduction of risks and impacts (environmental) and (iii) increase in resource recovery and overall profit-ability (economic). Geophysical methods could be used to determine the charac-teristics of the landfilled waste and subsurface structures without the need of an invasive exploration, which could greatly reduce exploration costs and time, as well as be useful to develop a procedure to either discard or select the most ap-propriate sites for (E)LFM. Material and energy recovery from landfilled waste can be achieved through mechanical processing coupled with thermochemical valori-zation technologies and residues upcycling techniques. Gasification could enable the upcycling of residues after thermal treatment into a new range of eco-friendly construction materials based on inorganic polymers and glass-ceramics. The mul-ti-criteria assessment is directly influenced by waste- and technology related fac-tors, which together with site-specific conditions, market and regulatory aspects, influence the environmental, economic and societal impacts of (E)LFM projects., Detritus, 8