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In the Russian Federation, industrial civil construction is currently one of the leading places in economic activity. It is one of the major factors of negative impact on the environment. At the construction stage, the most significant negative impacts on the environment are: air pollution by gas and dust emissions; pollution of underground and waste waters; pollution of the environment by construction waste; violation of the natural landscape of the area. One of the means of responding to violations of the rules of environmental protection and encroachment on environmental safety in the course of construction is the application of criminal law measures against subjects of socially dangerous behaviorIn the process of the study, the following legislative problems of regulating environmental crimes were identified: 1) the blanket nature of legal norms providing for liability for their commission; 2) the widespread use of evaluative concepts in characterizing the elements of an environmental crime; 3) the continuing nature of the acts in question; 4) features of the subject of environmental crime. These problems, to one degree or another, reduce the effectiveness of the criminal law impact on those responsible for committing environmental crimes in the construction industry. Based on the results of the study, a proposal was made to improve the norms of criminal legislation providing for liability for environmental crimes that violate the rules of environmental protection. It is proposed to provide for liability for violation of the requirements of environmental expertise. In addition, cases of applying the institute of reasonable risk in construction activities, which is a circumstance precluding the criminality of the act, are highlighted.

Abstract Nonlocal metasurfaces have recently enabled an ultra-compact, low-power and high-speed platform to perform analog image processing. While several computational tasks have been demonstrated based on this platform, most of the previous studies have focused only on spatial operations, such as spatial differentiation and edge detection. Here, we demonstrate that metasurfaces with temporal nonlocalities – that is, with a tailored dispersive response – can be used to implement time-domain signal processing in deeply subwavelength footprints. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate a passive metasurface performing first-order differentiation of input signals with high-fidelity and high-efficiency. We also show that this approach is prone to scalability and cascaded computation. Our work paves the way to a new generation of ultra-compact, passive devices for all-optical computation, with applications in neural networks and neuromorphic computing.

In problems of global hydroelastic ship response in severe seas including the whipping problem, we need to know the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship hull during almost arbitrary ship motions. In terms of ship sections, some of them can enter water but others exit from water. Computations of nonlinear free surface flows, pressure distributions and hydrodynamic forces in parallel with the computations of the ship motions including elastic vibrations of the ship hull are time consuming and are suitable only for research purposes but not for practical calculations. In this paper, it is shown that the slamming forces can be decomposed in two components within three semi-analytical models of water entry. Only heave motion is considered. The first component is proportional to the entry speed squared and the second one to the body acceleration. The coefficients in these two components are functions of the penetration depth only and can be precomputed for given shape of the body. During the exit stage the hydrodynamic force is proportional to the acceleration of the body and independent of the body shape for bodies with small deadrise angles.

This paper presents a numerical analysis of slamming and whipping using a fully coupled hydroelastic model. The coupled model uses a 3-D Rankine panel method, a 1-D or 3-D finite element method, and a 2-D Generalized Wagner Model (GWM), which are strongly coupled in time domain. First, the GWM is validated against results of a free drop test of wedges. Second, the fully coupled method is validated against model test results for a 10,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containership. Slamming pressures and whipping responses to regular waves are compared. A spatial distribution of local slamming forces is measured using 14 force sensors in the model test, and it is compared with the integration of the pressure distribution by the computation. Furthermore, the pressure is decomposed into the added mass, impact, and hydrostatic components, in the computational results. The validity and characteristics of the numerical model are discussed.

Abstract Background Thromboinflammation is caused by mutual activation of platelets and neutrophils. The site of thromboinflammation is determined by chemoattracting agents release by endothelium, immune cells, and platelets. Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis contributes to the pathogenesis of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). In this hereditary disorder, neutrophils are known to have aberrant chemoattractant-induced F-actin properties. Here, we aim to determine whether neutrophil chemotaxis could be analyzed using our previously developed ex vivo assay of the neutrophils crawling among the growing thrombi. Methods Adult and pediatric healthy donors, alongside with pediatric patients with SDS, were recruited for the study. Thrombus formation and granulocyte movement in hirudinated whole blood were visualized by fluorescent microscopy in fibrillar collagen-coated parallel-plate flow chambers. Alternatively, fibrinogen, fibronectin, vWF, or single tumor cells immobilized on coverslips were used. A computational model of chemokine distribution in flow chamber with a virtual neutrophil moving in it was used to analyze the observed data. Results The movement of healthy donor neutrophils predominantly occurred in the direction and vicinity of thrombi grown on collagen or around tumor cells. For SDS patients or on coatings other than collagen, the movement was characterized by randomness and significantly reduced velocities. Increase in wall shear rates to 300–500 1/s led to an increase in the proportion of rolling neutrophils. A stochastic algorithm simulating leucocyte chemotaxis movement in the calculated chemoattractant field could reproduce the experimental trajectories of moving neutrophils for 72% of cells. Conclusions In samples from healthy donors, but not SDS patients, neutrophils move in the direction of large, chemoattractant-releasing platelet thrombi growing on collagen.

Kilonovae are the electromagnetic transients created by the radioactive decay of freshly synthesized elements in the environment surrounding a neutron star merger. To study the fundamental physics in these complex environments, kilonova modeling requires, in part, the use of radiative transfer simulations. The microphysics involved in these simulations results in high computational cost, prompting the use of emulators for parameter inference applications. Utilizing a training set of 22 248 high-fidelity simulations (composed of 412 unique ejecta parameter combinations evaluated at 54 viewing angles), we use a neural network to efficiently train on existing radiative transfer simulations and predict light curves for new parameters in a fast and computationally efficient manner. Our neural network can generate millions of new light curves in under a minute. We discuss our emulator's degree of off-sample reliability and parameter inference of the AT2017gfo observational data. Finally, we discuss tension introduced by multiband inference in the parameter inference results, particularly with regard to the neural network's recovery of viewing angle.

Based on the analysis of stratigraphic, lithofacies, and geological and geophysical data, consideration is being given to the main stages in the formation of the basement and cover structures of the Alakol sedimentary basin. For this region, there was developed the substantiation of a scheme of tectonic zoning and there were proposed structural characteristics of faults and lithofacies features of the section. Evidence was found of a complex, multi-stage tectonic evolution. There were discovered potentially promising stratigraphic oil and gas complexes of the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The deep-seated structure of the region is illustrated by a geological and geophysical section, spatially coincident with the "Turkestan" seismic profile. Based on the lithological and paleogeographic reconstructions, there were identified four major tectonic boundaries: Cambrian-Ordovician, Devonian-Carboniferous, Permian-Early Triassic, and Middle Triassic-Cretaceous. The correlation of the stratigraphic range of the hydrocarbon potential of the Alakol basin has been carried out. The criteria for forecasting hydrocarbon accumulations were substantiated.

Dispersion and aggregation of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions are important factors for safe and effective application of nanoparticles, for instance, in the oil industry. As conventional oil reserves are depleted, it is necessary to advance chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) techniques to develop unconventional oil reservoirs. Nanoparticles modified by surfactants can be a promising reagent in cEOR. These nanomaterials can reduce interfacial tension and change the wettability of reservoir rock, which leads to an increase in oil recovery. However, the application of nanoparticles is limited by their substantial aggregation in aqueous solutions. The purpose of this work is to select nanoparticles for obtaining stable sols in water in the presence of an anionic surfactant and to optimize the conditions (pH) for further modifying the nanoparticles with the anionic surfactant. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as an anionic surfactant. The aggregation of oxide and carbon nanoparticles in water and anionic surfactant solutions was studied by laser diffraction, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering methods. Most of the studied nanoparticles in water form aggregates with bi-, three- and polymodal particle size distributions. TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by plasma dynamic synthesis form the most stable sols in anionic surfactant solutions. The range of 5–7 pH is defined as optimal for their modification with surfactants. The stability of carbon nanoparticles in aqueous solutions increases significantly in the presence of a surfactant. The obtained results form the basis for further research on the modification of marked nanoparticles in surfactant solutions.

The electromagnetic emission from the nonrelativistic ejecta launched in neutron star mergers (either dynamically or through a disk wind) has the potential to probe both the total mass and composition of this ejecta. These observations are crucial in understanding the role of these mergers in the production of r -process elements in the Universe. However, many properties of the ejecta can alter the light curves and we must both identify which properties play a role in shaping this emission and understand the effects these properties have on the emission before we can use observations to place strong constraints on the amount of r -process elements produced in the merger. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of the velocity distribution (amount of mass moving at different velocities) for lanthanide-rich ejecta on the light curves and spectra. The simulations use distributions guided by recent calculations of disk outflows and compare the velocity-distribution effects to those of ejecta mass, velocity, and composition. Our comparisons show that uncertainties in the velocity distribution can lead to a factor of 2–4 uncertainties in the inferred ejecta mass based on peak infrared luminosities. We also show that early-time UV or optical observations may be able to constrain the velocity distribution, reducing the uncertainty in the ejecta mass.

The interaction of β -particles with the weakly ionized plasma background is an important mechanism for powering the kilonova (KN) transient signal from neutron star mergers. For this purpose, we present an implementation of the approximate fast-particle collision kernel, described by Inokuti following the seminal formulation of Bethe, in a spectral solver of the Vlasov–Maxwell–Boltzmann equation. In particular, we expand the fast-particle plane-wave atomic excitation kernel into coefficients of the Hermite basis, and derive the relevant discrete spectral system. In this fast-particle limit, the approach permits the direct use of atomic data, including optical oscillator strengths, normally applied to photon–matter interaction. The resulting spectral matrix is implemented in the MASS-APP spectral solver framework, in a way that avoids full matrix storage per spatial zone. We numerically verify aspects of the matrix construction, and present a proof-of-principle 3D simulation of a 2D axisymmetric KN ejecta snapshot. Our preliminary numerical results indicate that a reasonable choice of Hermite basis parameters for β -particles in the KN is a bulk velocity parameter u = 0, a thermal velocity parameter α = 0.5 c , and a 9 × 9 × 9 mode velocity basis set (Hermite orders of 0–8 in each dimension). For interior-ejecta sample zones, we estimate that the ratio of thermalization from large-angle (≳2.°5) bound excitation scattering to total thermalization is ∼0.002–0.003.

In this paper, we present a simple interpolation methodology for spectroscopic time series based on conventional interpolation techniques (random forests) implemented in widely available libraries. We demonstrate that our existing library of simulations is sufficient for training, producing interpolated spectra that respond sensitively to varied ejecta parameter, postmerger time, and viewing angle inputs. We compare our interpolated spectra to the AT2017gfo spectral data and find parameters similar to our previous inferences using broadband light curves. However, the spectral observations have significant systematic short-wavelength residuals relative to our models, which we cannot explain within our existing framework. In line with previous studies, we consider the contribution of a third component as a radioactive heating source characterized by light, slow-moving, lanthanide-free ejecta with M_{th}=0.003M_{⊙}, v_{th}=0.05c, and κ_{th}=1cm^{2}/g. When included as part of our radiative transfer simulations, our choice of third component reprocesses blue photons into lower energies, having the opposite effect and further accentuating the blue-underluminosity disparity in our simulations. As such, we are unable to overcome short-wavelength deficits at later times using an additional radioactive heating component, indicating the need for a more sophisticated modeling treatment.

The electromagnetic emission resulting from neutron star mergers have been shown to encode properties of the ejected material in their light curves. The ejecta properties inferred from the kilonova emission has been in tension with those calculated based on the gravitational wave signal and numerical relativity models. Motivated by this tension, we construct a broad set of surrogate light curve models derived for kilonova ejecta. The four-parameter family of two-dimensional anisotropic simulations and its associated surrogate explore different assumptions about the wind outflow morphology and outflow composition, keeping the dynamical ejecta component consistent. We present the capabilities of these surrogate models in interpolating kilonova light curves across various ejecta parameters and perform parameter estimation for AT2017gfo both without any assumptions on the outflow and under the assumption that the outflow must be representative of solar r-process abundance patterns. Our parameter estimation for AT2017gfo shows these surrogate models help alleviate the ejecta property discrepancy while also illustrating the impact of systematic modeling uncertainties on these properties, urging further investigation.

Detailed radiative transfer simulations of kilonovae are difficult to apply directly to observations; they only sparsely cover simulation parameters, such as the mass, velocity, morphology, and composition of the ejecta. On the other hand, semianalytic models for kilonovae can be evaluated continuously over model parameters, but neglect important physical details which are not incorporated in the simulations, thus introducing systematic bias. Starting with a grid of two-dimensional anisotropic simulations of kilonova light curves covering a wide range of ejecta properties, we apply adaptive learning techniques to iteratively choose new simulations and produce high-fidelity surrogate models for those simulations. These surrogate models allow for continuous evaluation across model parameters while retaining the microphysical details about the ejecta. Using a code formultimessenger inference developed by our group, we demonstrate how to use our interpolated models to infer kilonova parameters. Comparing to inferences using simplified analytic models, we recover different ejecta properties. We discuss the implications of this analysis which is qualitatively consistent with similar previous work using detailed ejecta opacity calculations and which illustrates systematic challenges for kilonova modeling. An associated data and code release provides our interpolated light-curve models, interpolation implementation which can be applied to reproduce our work or extend to new models, and our multimessenger parameter inference engine.

The axisymmetric problem of a conical shell impact onto an inviscid and incompressible liquid of infinite depth is studied. The shell is thin, and its deadrise angle is small. The problem is inertia dominated. Gravity, surface tension and viscous effects are not taken into account. The hydrodynamic loads acting on the shell and the shell displacements are determined at the same time. The model by Scolan (J. Sound Vib., vol. 277, issue 1-2, 2004, pp. 163-203) is used to find the flow and hydrodynamic pressure caused by the shell impact. This model is based on the Wagner theory of water impact, which was generalised to axisymmetric problems of hydroelastic slamming. Dry and wet modes of the conical shell, as well as the corresponding frequencies, are calculated. It is shown that a conical shell can be approximated by a circular plate only for a very small deadrise angle. Deflections and strains in the conical shell during the impact stage, when the wetted part of the shell increases at high rate, as well as the hydrodynamic loads, are determined and analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compact binary mergers involving neutron stars can eject a fraction of their mass to space. Being extremely neutron rich, this material undergoes rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis, and the resulting radioactivity powers fast, short‐lived electromagnetic transients known as kilonova or macronova. Such transients are exciting probes of the most extreme physical conditions and their observation signals the enrichment of the Universe with heavy elements. Here the current understanding of the mass ejection mechanisms, the properties of the ejecta, and the resulting radioactive transients are reviewed. The first well‐observed event in the aftermath of GW170817 delivered a wealth of insights, but much of today's picture of such events is still based on a patchwork of theoretical studies. Apart from summarizing the current understanding, questions where no consensus has been reached yet are also pointed out, and possible directions for the future research are sketched. In an appendix, a publicly available heating rate library based on the WinNet nuclear reaction network is described, and a simple fit formula to alleviate the implementation in hydrodynamic simulations is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic emission from the nonrelativistic ejecta launched in neutron star mergers (either dynamically or through a disk wind) has the potential to probe both the total mass and composition of this ejecta. These observations are crucial in understanding the role of these mergers in the production of r -process elements in the Universe. However, many properties of the ejecta can alter the light curves and we must both identify which properties play a role in shaping this emission and understand the effects these properties have on the emission before we can use observations to place strong constraints on the amount of r -process elements produced in the merger. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of the velocity distribution (amount of mass moving at different velocities) for lanthanide-rich ejecta on the light curves and spectra. The simulations use distributions guided by recent calculations of disk outflows and compare the velocity-distribution effects to those of ejecta mass, velocity, and composition. Our comparisons show that uncertainties in the velocity distribution can lead to a factor of 2–4 uncertainties in the inferred ejecta mass based on peak infrared luminosities. We also show that early-time UV or optical observations may be able to constrain the velocity distribution, reducing the uncertainty in the ejecta mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the proposed article brief assessment of current state of retail trade of the Republic of Belarus is carried out with the use of state statistical monitoring materials, as well as, tendencies and perspective directions of its development are defined. Research starts with determination of internal trade development tendencies at the beginning of the 21st century under the conditions of world consumer market globalization, the main of which are state regulation growth of food safety and quality of goods; increasing role of trade in formation of manufactured goods assortment; further differentiation of trade forms; expansion of distribution channels by trade companies, including Internet trading; strengthening importance of innovation in trade; increasing role of trade as a factor of region's investment prospects. Estimation of dynamics of retail trade volumes of the Republic of Belarus from 1990 till 2016 at current and comparable prices was made. The main part of the article concentrates on study of current state of trade of the Republic of Belarus over recent years. Tendencies of actual change in its volumes are revealed, as well as, under the influence of price factor. Cost indicators of trade volumes are shown both in national currency of the Republic of Belarus and in US dollars for perception convenience of a foreign reader. The article examines goods and organizational structure of trade volumes, structure of trade according to forms of ownership and volumes of trade organizations. Tendencies of domestic and imported goods sales, electronic trading development, as well as, sales with the use of bank cards have been identified. Separate section of the article explores retail trade of consumer cooperatives, which is currently one of the most significant trading systems of the Republic of Belarus. In addition, the article provides a brief state analysis of retail trade network and wholesale trade. In conclusion of the article the main trends in development of internal trade of the Republic of Belarus are revealed, as well as, perspective directions of its development are determined, the main of which are growth of private property ratio in number of trade organizations of both retail and wholesale trade; in number of retail facilities and sales volumes; growth of retail sales in current prices and its decline in comparable prices; growth of sales share of food products in total sales volumes; increase of electronic trading and trade with the use of bank cards ratio; increase of ratio of employment in trade; improving of trading network typification and specialization; improving of assortment policy; further development of discounters; development of network trading in district centers and rural areas; growth of electronic trading volumes.