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Objective: This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of non‐suicidal self‐injury across eating disorders (EDs) and within diagnostic categories through systematic review and proportional, or so‐called prevalence, meta‐analysis. Method: Included studies had to contain individuals with a verified diagnosis of an ED. The last literature search was conducted on September 11, 2023, for studies published on or before September 2023 without a restriction on earliest publication year. Results were synthesized and analyzed using the "metaprop" package in R and presented using forest plots. Bias was assessed by a Peters' regression test and funnel plot. Results: 79 studies published between 1985 and 2023 were included encompassing 32,334 individuals with an ED. Importantly, 42 studies were not included in any other meta‐analyses on self‐injury in EDs to date. Overall prevalence of non‐suicidal self‐injury was 34.59% (95%CI = 30.49–38.81). Prevalence in anorexia nervosa restrictive type, binge/purge type, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other specified feeding/eating disorder were 23.19% (95%CI = 16.96–30.03%), 41.98% (95%CI = 32.35–51.91%), 36.97% (95%CI = 30.69–43.46%), 21.21% (95%CI = 14.93–28.12%) and 37.65% (95%CI = 28.59–47.09%), respectively. Prevalence estimations could not be estimated for other ED categories due to lack of a sufficient number of studies. Discussion: Non‐suicidal self‐injury is prevalent across both binge/purge and restrictive EDs. Considering the transdiagnostic nature of self‐injurious behaviors in ED, the results highlight the importance of assessment and monitoring of self‐injury in people with ED, irrespective of specific diagnoses. The method of determining self‐injury varied across studies and may limit this study. Public Significance: This study highlights the prevalence of self‐injury across eating disorders irrespective of diagnosis and within specific EDs. While diagnoses known to exhibit self‐injurious behaviors (e.g., bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype) demonstrated the highest prevalence of self‐injury, all diagnoses were found to have a prevalence greater than 20%. These findings suggest the importance of assessing and monitoring all individuals with an eating disorder for the presence of self‐injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity for inhibitory control is an important cognitive process that undergoes dynamic changes over the course of the lifespan. Robust characterization of this trajectory, considering age continuously and using flexible modeling techniques, is critical to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms that differ in healthy aging and neurological disease. The interleaved pro/anti-saccade task (IPAST), in which pro- and anti-saccade trials are randomly interleaved within a block, provides a simple and sensitive means of assessing the neural circuitry underlying inhibitory control. We utilized IPAST data collected from a large cross-sectional cohort of normative participants (n = 604, 5–93 years of age), standardized pre-processing protocols, generalized additive modeling, and change point analysis to investigate the effect of age on saccade behavior and identify significant periods of change throughout the lifespan. Maturation of IPAST measures occurred throughout adolescence, while subsequent decline began as early as the mid-20s and continued into old age. Considering pro-saccade correct responses and anti-saccade direction errors made at express (short) and regular (long) latencies was crucial in differentiating developmental and aging processes. We additionally characterized the effect of age on voluntary override time, a novel measure describing the time at which voluntary processes begin to overcome automated processes on anti-saccade trials. Drawing on converging animal neurophysiology, human neuroimaging, and computational modeling literature, we propose potential frontal-parietal and frontal-striatal mechanisms that may mediate the behavioral changes revealed in our analysis. We liken the models presented here to "cognitive growth curves" which have important implications for improved detection of neurological disease states that emerge during vulnerable windows of developing and aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the separate roles of physicians and scientists are well defined, the role of a physician scientist is broad and variable. In today’s society, physician scientists are seen as a hybrid between the two fields and they are, therefore, expected to be key to the translation of biomedical research into clinical care. This article offers a narrative review on physician scientists and endeavours to answer whether there is an ongoing need for physician scientists today. The historical role of physician scientists is discussed and compared with physician scientists of the 21st century. Fundamental differences and similarities between the separate roles of physicians and scientists are examined as well as the current state of bench to bedside research. Finally, the ability of 21st century physician scientists to impact their respective medical and scientific fields in comparison to non-physician scientists will be discussed. This paper speculates as to why numbers of physician scientists are dwindling and uses the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of rapid translational research. Ultimately, we suggest that physician scientists are important and may have the most impact on their field by working to connect bedside and bench rather than simply working separately in the bedside and bench. To do this, physician scientists may need to lead clinical research teams composed of individuals from diverse training backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the efficacy of two interventions on suicide risk assessment within emergency departments (EDs) on improving the documentation of suicide risk factors by emergency medicine and psychiatric physicians during suicide risk assessment. Method An educational intervention on suicide was provided to all emergency medicine and psychiatry physicians and was followed by the placement of a suicide risk assessment prompt within local EDs. The medical charts of all ED patients presenting with suicidal ideation or behaviours were reviewed immediately and six months after the interventions and compared to pre-intervention. Differences in the documentation of 40 biopsychosocial suicide risk factors between specialties and after the interventions were determined. Results The documentation of 34/40 ( p  ≤ 0.008) and 33/40 ( p  ≤ 0.009) suicide risk factors was significantly improved by emergency medicine and psychiatry physicians, respectively, after the interventions and maintained six months later. Immediately and six months after the interventions, the documentation of 8/40 ( p  ≤ 0.041) and 14/40 ( p  ≤ 0.048) suicide risk factors, respectively, significantly differed between specialties. Conclusion This suggests that providing a brief educational intervention on suicide to emergency medicine and psychiatry physicians followed by placing a prompt for important, yet commonly undocumented risk factors within the ED is a low-cost and effective intervention for improving documentation of suicide risk assessments within the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]