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At issue in the present series of experiments was the ability to prospectively perceive the action-relevant properties of hand-held tools by means of dynamic touch. In Experiment 1, participants judged object move-ability. In Experiment 2, participants judged how difficult an object would be to hold if held horizontally, and in Experiments 3 and 4, participants rated how fast objects could be rotated. In each experiment, the first and second moments of mass distribution of the objects were systematically varied. Manipulations of wielding speed and orientation during restricted exploration revealed perception to be constrained by (a) the moments of mass distribution of the hand-tool system, (b) the qualities of exploratory wielding movements, and (c) the intention to perceive each specific property. The results are considered in the context of the ecological theory of dynamic touch. Implications for accounts of the informational basis of dynamic touch and for the development of a theory of haptically perceiving the affordance properties of tools are discussed. (Contains 5 footnotes, 1 table, and 8 figures.)

Previous work has indicated that there may be a positive relationship between the duration and extent of breath intake and the length of an upcoming utterance. However, none of that work has been free of alternative interpretations. An attempt was made to avoid some of those by forcing subjects to utter single sentences ranging in length from 5 to 82 syllables (mean of 27), after inspiring fully and then expiring down to a set level before uttering the sentence. For three subjects, there was a significant positive relationship between breath intake and utterance length (0.65, 0.50, and 0.29 individually). This was still true without those utterances containing a secondary breath (0.53, 0.54, and 0.29). The two subjects with the higher correlations also exhaled more quickly for the shorter sentences than longer ones. The other subject had no correlation with exhalation rate: He might have been selecting a point within a rather large range of starting lung volumes, with only the longest sentences requiring that the range's lower part be avoided. The individual differences need further investigation, but there is a correlation between the duration of the sentence to be said and the breath before it. [Work supported by NIH Grant No. HD-01994.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work has indicated that there may be a positive relationship between the duration and extent of inspiration and the length of an upcoming utterance. However, none of that work has uniquely implied a role of planning. We attempted to avoid some of the alternative explanations by forcing subjects to utter single sentences ranging in length from 5 to 82 syllables (mean of 27), after inspiring fully and then expiring down to a set level before uttering the sentence. For all 3 subjects, there was a significant positive relationship between utterance length and inspiration duration, regardless of whether inspiration was measured physiologically or acoustically. The 2 subjects with the higher correlations in the articulatory measures also expended air more quickly during the shorter sentences than longer ones, while the other subject had no correlation with exhalation rate. Complexity of the sentence, calculated as the number of clauses in the sentence, did not affect inspiration duration. The individual differences need further investigation, but there is a positive correlation between the duration of the sentence to be said and the inspiration before it when the speaker is required to read sentences while using only one breath.