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1. Facial appearance reveals immunity in African men

Author

Khutso G. Phalane, Catherine Tribe, Helen C. Steel, Moloko C. Cholo, and Vinet Coetzee

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Facial appearance is thought to indicate immunity in humans, but very few studies have tested this relationship directly. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between direct measures of immunity, perceived facial health and attractiveness, and facial cues in African men. We show that men with a stronger cytokine response are considered significantly more attractive and healthy. Men with more masculine, heavier facial features (i.e. muscular appearance) have a significantly higher cytokine response and appear significantly healthier and more attractive, while men with a yellower, lighter, “carotenoid” skin colour, have a marginally higher immune response and are also considered significantly more healthy and attractive. In contrast, more symmetrical, skinnier looking men appeared more attractive and healthier, but did not have a stronger cytokine response. These findings also shed new light on the “androgen-mediated” traits proposed by the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) and we propose that facial muscularity serves as a better estimate of an “androgen-mediated” trait than facial masculinity. Finally, we build on previous evidence to show that men’s facial features do indeed reveal aspects of immunity, even better than more traditional measures of health, such as body mass index (BMI).

Published
2017
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2. Differential Expression of Host Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples from Individuals with Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Author

Khutso G. Phalane, Magdalena Kriel, Andre G. Loxton, Angela Menezes, Kim Stanley, Gian D. van der Spuy, Gerhard Walzl, and Novel N. Chegou

Subjects
Pathology, RB1-214
Abstract

The diagnosis of tuberculosis remains challenging in individuals with difficulty in providing good quality sputum samples such as children. Host biosignatures of inflammatory markers may be valuable in such cases, especially if they are based on more easily obtainable samples such as saliva. To explore the potential of saliva as an alternative sample in tuberculosis diagnostic/biomarker investigations, we evaluated the levels of 33 host markers in saliva samples from individuals presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms and compared them to those obtained in serum. Of the 38 individuals included in the study, tuberculosis disease was confirmed in 11 (28.9%) by sputum culture. In both the tuberculosis cases and noncases, the levels of most markers were above the minimum detectable limit in both sample types, but there was no consistent pattern regarding the ratio of markers in serum/saliva. Fractalkine, IL-17, IL-6, IL-9, MIP-1β, CRP, VEGF, and IL-5 levels in saliva and IL-6, IL-2, SAP, and SAA levels in serum were significantly higher in tuberculosis patients (P

Published
2013
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3. Evaluation of cytokine responses against novel Mtb antigens as diagnostic markers for TB disease

Author

Dolapo O. Awoniyi, Andrea Teuchert, Jayne S. Sutherland, Harriet Mayanja-Kizza, Rawleigh Howe, Adane Mihret, Andre G. Loxton, Jacob Sheehama, Desta Kassa, Amelia C. Crampin, Hazel M. Dockrell, Martin Kidd, Ida Rosenkrands, Annemieke Geluk, Tom H.M. Ottenhoff, P.L.A.M. Corstjens, Novel N. Chegou, Gerhard Walzl, Magdalena Kriel, Gian van der Spuy, Kim Stanley, Stephanus Malherbe, Shirley Mcanda, Belinda Kriel, Khutso G. Phalane, Paulin Essone, Olumuyiwa Owolabi, Abdou Sillah, Joseph Mendy, Awa Gindeh, Simon Donkor, Toyin Togun, Martin Ota, Felanji Simukonda, Alemayehu Amberbir, Femia Chilongo, Rein Houben, Atsbeha Gebrezgeabher, Getnet Mesfin, Yohannes Belay, Gebremedhin Gebremichael, Yodit Alemayehu, Marieta van der Vyver, Faustina N. Amutenya, Josefina N. Nelongo, Lidia Monye, Jacob A. Sheehama, Scholastica Iipinge, Ann Ritah Namuganga, Grace Muzanye, Mary Nsereko, Pierre Peters, Yonas Bekele, Bamlak Tessema, Lawrence Yamuah, Kees Franken, Paul L.A.M. Corstjens, Elisa M. Tjon Kon Fat, Claudia J. de Dood, Jolien J. van der Ploeg-van Schip, Claus Aagaard, Stefan H.E. Kaufmann, Maria M. Esterhuyse, Jacqueline M. Cliff, and AE-TBC Consortium

Subjects
Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_treatment, 030106 microbiology, HIV Infections, Disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, medicine, Humans, Multiplex, Prospective Studies, Biosignature, Prospective cohort study, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Whole blood, Antigens, Bacterial, biology, business.industry, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Ferritin, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, Host markers, Immunology, biology.protein, Cytokines, Female, business, Biomarkers
Abstract

Objective:\ud \ud We investigated the accuracy of host markers detected in Mtb antigen-stimulated whole blood culture supernatant in the diagnosis of TB.\ud Methods:\ud \ud Prospectively, blood from 322 individuals with presumed TB disease from six African sites was stimulated with four different Mtb antigens (Rv0081, Rv1284, ESAT-6/CFP-10, and Rv2034) in a 24 h whole blood stimulation assay (WBA). The concentrations of 42 host markers in the supernatants were measured using the Luminex multiplex platform. Diagnostic biosignatures were investigated through the use of multivariate analysis techniques.\ud Results:\ud \ud 17% of the participants were HIV infected, 106 had active TB disease and in 216 TB was excluded. Unstimulated concentrations of CRP, SAA, ferritin and IP-10 had better discriminating ability than markers from stimulated samples. Accuracy of marker combinations by general discriminant analysis (GDA) identified a six analyte model with 77% accuracy for TB cases and 84% for non TB cases, with a better performance in HIV uninfected patients.\ud Conclusions:\ud \ud A biosignature of 6 cytokines obtained after stimulation with four Mtb antigens has moderate potential as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary TB disease individuals and stimulated marker expression had no added value to unstimulated marker performance.

Published
2016

4. Differential Expression of Host Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples from Individuals with Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Author

Andre G. Loxton, Khutso G. Phalane, Angela Menezes, Novel N. Chegou, Gian D. van der Spuy, Magdalena Kriel, Gerhard Walzl, and Kim Stanley

Subjects
Adult, Male, Saliva, Tuberculosis, Article Subject, Immunology, Pilot Projects, Biology, Sputum culture, Pulmonary tuberculosis, lcsh:Pathology, medicine, Humans, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Immunoassay, medicine.diagnostic_test, Host (biology), Gene Expression Profiling, Reproducibility of Results, Cell Biology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Gene Expression Regulation, ROC Curve, Biomarker (medicine), Sputum, Female, medicine.symptom, Biomarkers, lcsh:RB1-214, Research Article
Abstract

The diagnosis of tuberculosis remains challenging in individuals with difficulty in providing good quality sputum samples such as children. Host biosignatures of inflammatory markers may be valuable in such cases, especially if they are based on more easily obtainable samples such as saliva. To explore the potential of saliva as an alternative sample in tuberculosis diagnostic/biomarker investigations, we evaluated the levels of 33 host markers in saliva samples from individuals presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms and compared them to those obtained in serum. Of the 38 individuals included in the study, tuberculosis disease was confirmed in 11 (28.9%) by sputum culture. In both the tuberculosis cases and noncases, the levels of most markers were above the minimum detectable limit in both sample types, but there was no consistent pattern regarding the ratio of markers in serum/saliva. Fractalkine, IL-17, IL-6, IL-9, MIP-1β, CRP, VEGF, and IL-5 levels in saliva and IL-6, IL-2, SAP, and SAA levels in serum were significantly higher in tuberculosis patients (P<0.05). These preliminary data indicate that there are significant differences in the levels of host markers expressed in saliva in comparison to those expressed in serum and that inflammatory markers in both sample types are potential diagnostic candidates for tuberculosis disease.

Published
2013

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