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Nuclear acquisition is a historically rare event driven by a broad range of factors, of which US nonproliferation policy is only one.[61] Nonetheless, the political benefits that nuclear weapons continue to offer the states that possess them, along with the broader geopolitical dynamics that may increase some states' incentives to acquire nuclear weapons, are likely to ensure that proliferation remains plausible.[62] Our argument suggests that the United States will likely become less central to the choices that states make about whether to seek and acquire nuclear weapons. Second, domestic political consensus within the United States has provided long-term credibility to the deals and commitments the United States makes, allowed policymakers to use the full set of nonproliferation tools in tandem, and ensured that nonproliferation policies endure across administrations of varying political stripes. First, US material power - military, economic, and within the civilian nuclear energy sector - has allowed the United States to shift the incentives of states contemplating a decision to pursue or acquire nuclear weapons, enabled the United States to build an international order that supports nonproliferation goals, and reinforced the US motivation to prevent proliferation. Third, US normative legitimacy has helped the United States achieve nonproliferation successes at lower costs, created an international order that states sought to enter even at the cost of eschewing their ability to acquire nuclear weapons, and allowed the United States to paper over some of the tensions within its portfolio of nonproliferation policies. [Extracted from the article]

Over the last 50 years, the Supreme Court has used the term "exacting scrutiny" in a number of contexts. Sometimes "exacting scrutiny" appears to refer to strict scrutiny. Other times, it appears to resemble intermediate review. Other times "exacting scrutiny" appears to represent a standard of review between strict scrutiny and intermediate review. In addition, as least one commentator has compared the term "exacting scrutiny" to Justice Breyer's use in opinions of the term "proportionality" review. This Article intends to clarify the four kinds of "exacting scrutiny" used in Supreme Court majority opinions and discuss the alternative use by Justice Breyer of the term "proportionality" review. The conclusion of this Article is that the Court should drop the terms "exacting scrutiny" and "proportionality" review in favor of explicit adoption of whatever standard of review is intended to be used in the particular case. That would provide lower courts will better guidance on how to resolve each of the cases in which the term "exacting scrutiny" is currently used, particularly in cases involving campaign finance, freedom of association, and commercial speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's standards of review by examining the concerns of Justice Clarence Thomas on the manipulability of the standards. Other topics include the court's principled approach on the application of intermediate review, rational basis and strict scrutiny review, the benefits and drawbacks of single and tiered standards of review, equal protection, due process and free speech.

Today, there are two well-established versions of intermediate review: standard intermediate review, used for cases like gender discrimination or contentneutral regulations of speech in a public forum, and a heightened intermediate review standard used for content-based, subject-matter regulations of commercial speech under Central Hudson. Yet, in actual use, four other kinds of intermediate review tests have been formulated by the Court in some cases. These four should be viewed as "mutations" of the two kinds of intermediate review proper to apply. This Article discusses both the well-established versions of intermediate review, and the four variations on intermediate review applied by the Court. This Article ultimately argues that the four mutated kinds of intermediate review should be rejected--the first three of these mutated anomalies should adopt standard intermediate review, and the fourth should adopt the established heightened intermediate review of Central Hudson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses clarification on viewpoint discrimination in First Amendment free speech doctrine. Topics covered include an overview of free speech doctrine in terms of the various standards of scrutiny when viewpoint discrimination either is or is not occurring, how to make the overall doctrine more predictable in various areas of free speech doctrine, and the distinction between content-based and content-neutral regulations of speech shown in the 1968 case of U.S. v. O'Brien.

This article describes a direct comparison between two symmetrical airfoils undergoing dynamic stall at high, unsteady reduced frequencies under otherwise identical conditions. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was performed to distinguish the differences in flow structure between a NACA 0021 and a NACA 0012 airfoil undergoing dynamic stall. In addition, surface pressure measurements were performed to evaluate aerodynamic load and investigate the effect of laminar separation bubbles and vortex structures on the pressure fields surrounding the airfoils. Airfoil geometry is shown to have a significant effect on flow structure development and boundary layer separation, with separation occurring earlier for thinner airfoil sections undergoing constant pitch-rate motion. Inertial forces were identified to have a considerable impact on the overall force generation with increasing rotation rate. Force oscillation was observed to correlate with multiple vortex structures shedding at the trailing-edge during high rotation rates. The presence of laminar separation bubbles on the upper and lower surfaces was shown to dramatically influence the steady-state lift of both airfoils. Poststall characteristics are shown to be independent of airfoil geometry such that periodic vortex shedding was observed for all cases. However, the onset of deep stall is delayed with increased nondimensional pitch rate due to the delay in initial dynamic-stall vortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-stall flow structure and surface pressures are evaluated to determine the effects of large angles of attack, perching like manoeuvres on the flow about a NACA 0021 airfoil exposed to dynamic stall. Phase-averaged particle image velocimetry was performed to assess the load development during the constant angular velocity pitch-up motion and in post-stall conditions. Evaluation of the resultant aerodynamic loads indicates that initial airfoil rotation generates significant delays in force response. Furthermore, the reduced frequency is shown to influence the angle of attack at which deep stall is initiated, to the extent that fully separated flows are delayed to an angle of attack of 60°. Vortex structures are linked to lower surface pressures with increased angle of attack and also for post-stall flow conditions. Likewise, the presence of the vortex structures shifts the centre of pressure significantly along the airfoil chordline immediately after cessation of the airfoil rotation. At the maximum angle of attack, the centre of pressure is shown to move aft for fully separated flow conditions. The variation in location of the centre of pressure, not only changes the moment generation and aero-elastic characteristics of the airfoil, but also increases structural torsional loading and fluctuations that result in increased fatigue of helicopter rotor shafts and horizontal-axis wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two main approaches appear in the popular literature on constitutional interpretation: originalism and nonoriginalism. An originalist approach refers back to some aspect of the framers' and ratifiers' intent or action to justify a decision. A non-originalist approach bases the goal of constitutional interpretation in part on consideration of some justification independent of the framers' and ratifiers' intent or action. What is often unappreciated in addressing the question of whether to adopt an originalist or non-originalist approach to constitutional interpretation is the complication that emerges if one concludes that the framing and ratifying generation believed in the model of a living Constitution. Under such a model, later legislative, executive, or social practice, or judicial precedents, can change the meaning of a constitutional provision. Thus, while standard originalist supporters share the premise that the original meaning of constitutional text is fixed at the time each provision is framed and ratified, interpretation according to originalism actually does not commit the interpreter to a static or fixed interpretation of the Constitution. Instead, a true originalist form of interpretation can incorporate the principle that the provision was capable of evolution over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses structure of modern free speech doctrine, and talks of regulation of free speech in public and non public forum, scrutiny by the court for view-point discrimination in speech related to defamation, and chart on levels of review for protected speech.

Wings with tubercles have been shown to display advantageous loading behavior at high attack angles compared to their unmodified counterparts. In an earlier study by the authors, it was shown that an undulating leading-edge configuration, including but not limited to a tubercled model, induces a cyclic variation in circulation along the span that gives rise to the formation of counter-rotating streamwise vortices. While the aerodynamic benefits of full-span tubercled wings have been associated with the presence of such vortices, their formation mechanism and influence on wing performance are still in question. In the present work, experimental and numerical tests were conducted to further investigate the effect of tubercles on the flow structure over full-span modified wings based on the NACA 0021 profile, in the transitional flow regime. It is found that a skew-induced mechanism accounts for the formation of streamwise vortices whose development is accompanied by flow separation in delta-shaped regions near the trailing edge. The presence of vortices is detrimental to the performance of full-span wings pre-stall, however renders benefits post-stall as demonstrated by wind tunnel pressure measurement tests. Finally, primary and secondary vortices are identified post-stall that produce an enhanced momentum transfer effect that reduces flow separation, thus increasing the generated amount of lift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Justice Kennedy's views against the backdrop of the Court's separation-of-powers and federalism jurisprudence. Topics discussed include the most notable statements on the doctrine of separation of powers, an alternative approach focusing on the literal text of the Constitution and Justice Kennedy's concurrence that the Constitution's structure requires stability.

The article examines the rights review in the U.S. against the international standards of proportionality. It describes that rights review in the U.S. is based on two distinct lines of authority including tier review and reasonableness balancing review. It discusses the international proportionality analysis in light of civil law and common law decision making styles.

The article offers information related to the jurisprudence of Justice Anthony M. Kennedy of the U.S. Supreme Court. It mentions the influence of moderate civil-libertarian approach of Kennedy on several areas of the court jurisprudence including due process and equal protection clause analysis, freedom of speech doctrine and criminal defendants' constitutional rights. It further discusses how his political positions influence his decision making.

The article discusses the U.S. constitutional jurisprudence of Justice Anthony Kennedy with respect to freedom of speech. It mentions the basic principles that make Kennedy to take protective stance towards freedom of speech. It also includes the majority, concurring and dissenting opinions of Kennedy regarding freedom of speech.

The jetting characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuators make these devices suitable for augmenting boundary layer flows. The associated change to the hydrodynamic stability of the fluid arising from the actuator provides a mechanism through which a DBD-based laminar flow control (LFC) system can be developed. Historically, DBD actuators with electrodes arranged parallel to each other have been used for LFC with mixed results. An alternative is to use an actuator with electrodes placed orthogonally to each other. Orthogonally arranged actuators exhibit different jetting characteristics to conventional ones, and as such understanding the effect that these actuators have on the mean velocity profile within a flat plate boundary layer is of significant interest to the development of DBD-based LFC technology. In this investigation, the velocity distribution within a flat plate boundary layer in a zero pressure gradient is measured in response to the operation of an orthogonally arranged actuator. The results suggest that significant thinning of the boundary layer can be realized with an orthogonally arranged actuator, over a short distance downstream of the device, and used in conjunction with a subtle suction effect, this thinning can be exacerbated. However, further downstream, rapid thickening of the layer, supported by a decrease in the shape factor of the flow suggests that the layer becomes unstable, in an accelerated fashion, to the presence of the actuator. Hence the stability of the layer is found to be significantly altered by the presence of the orthogonally arranged actuator, a requisite for a LFC system. However, since the actuator produces a destabilizing effect, the development of a successful LFC system based on orthogonal actuators will require further work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the moral reasoning employed in constitutional courts and other legal actors around the world. It explores the different views on the morality of egocentric and non-egocentric modes of decision-making. Moreover, it describes the emerging trend among these courts to prefer the non-egocentric thought as the basis for their decisions.

Objective: To determine the influence of computed tomography (CT) scans on diagnosis and management of patients with suspected appendicitis. Methods: Retrospective 2-year review of 1,630 patients with suspected appendicitis, categorized into three groups based on the likelihood (Alvarado scores) of having appendicitis. Group 1: low likelihood (Alvarado score ≤4); group 2: intermediate likelihood (Alvarado scores 5–7), and group 3: high likelihood (Alvarado score ≥ 8). CT scan utilization, hospital course, and final pathology were retrospectively reviewed. Results: More patients received a CT scan in 2006 as compared with 2005 (60 vs. 52%; p = 0.001). The overall appendectomy rate was similar between the 2 years (57% in 2005 vs. 57% in 2006; p = 0.995). The overall appendectomy rate in patients with a CT was significantly higher as compared with those without (60 vs. 53%; p = 0.002). The appendectomy rate in patients with Alvarado scores ≤4 and no CT scan was significantly lower than in those with a CT scan (12 vs. 48%; p < 0.0001). The overall negative appendectomy rate in patients with a CT scan was similar to that in those without: 31/546 (6%) vs. 23/383 (6%). Conclusions: CT scan utilization increased the appendectomy rate only in patients with a low clinical suspicion for appendicitis. Preoperative CT scans did not decrease the negative appendectomy rate. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The induced and profile drag coefficients of a wing are typically determined through a complex experimental technique, such as wake surveying. Such a technique requires measurement of all three orthogonal components of the downstream velocity to find the components of drag, which results in the necessary usage of a sophisticated and costly measurement device, such as multi-hole pressure probe. However, in this paper data is presented which demonstrate that the relative changes in the induced and profile drag coefficients can largely be determined through the sole measurement of the downstream, streamwise velocity. To demonstrate this, the induced and profile drags of two NACA 0021 wings, one with a smooth leading edge and the other wing a tubercled leading edge for comparison, are determined through the measurement of the three orthogonal velocities. The downstream, streamwise velocity distribution of each wing is then constructed and relationships can be determined. The wings were surveyed at 3°, 9°, and 12°. It has been found that the relative magnitude of the profile drag coefficient can be found for all considered angles of attack, while the relative magnitude of the induced drag coefficient can be found at 9° and 12°. These findings produce an innovative, simpler, and more cost effective experimental technique in determining the components of drag of a wing, and reduces the burdensome requirement of a sophisticated measurement device for such an experiment. Further investigation is required to determine the induced drag at 3°.

In spite of its mammoth physical size, the humpback whale's manoeuvrability in hunting has captured the attention of biologists as well as fluid mechanists. It has now been established that the protrusions on the leading-edges of the humpback's pectoral flippers, known as tubercles, account for this species' agility and manoeuvrability. In the present work, Prandtl's nonlinear lifting-line theory was employed to propose a hypothesis that the favourable traits observed in the performance of tubercled lifting bodies are not exclusive to this form of leading-edge configuration. Accordingly, a novel alternative to tubercles was introduced and incorporated into the design of four airfoils that underwent wind tunnel force and pressure measurement tests in the transitional flow regime. In addition, a Computation Fluid Dynamics study was performed using the Shear Stress Transport transitional model in the context of unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes at several attack angles. The results from the numerical investigation are in reasonable agreement with those of the experiments, and suggest the presence of features that are also observed in flows over tubercled foils, most notably a distinct pair of streamwise vortices for each wavelength of the tubercle-like feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of cell physiology depends largely upon interactions of functionally distinct proteins and cellular components. These interactions may be transient or long-lived, but often affect protein motion. Measurement of protein dynamics within a cellular environment, particularly while perturbing protein function with small molecules, may enable dissection of key interactions and facilitate drug discovery; however, current approaches are limited by throughput with respect to data acquisition and analysis. As a result, studies using super-resolution imaging are typically drawing conclusions from tens of cells and a few experimental conditions tested. We addressed these limitations by developing a high-throughput single-molecule tracking (htSMT) platform for pharmacologic dissection of protein dynamics in living cells at an unprecedented scale (capable of imaging >10 6 cells/day and screening >10 4 compounds). We applied htSMT to measure the cellular dynamics of fluorescently tagged estrogen receptor (ER) and screened a diverse library to identify small molecules that perturbed ER function in real time. With this one experimental modality, we determined the potency, pathway selectivity, target engagement, and mechanism of action for identified hits. Kinetic htSMT experiments were capable of distinguishing between on-target and on-pathway modulators of ER signaling. Integrated pathway analysis recapitulated the network of known ER interaction partners and suggested potentially novel, kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms. The sensitivity of htSMT revealed a new correlation between ER dynamics and the ability of ER antagonists to suppress cancer cell growth. Therefore, measuring protein motion at scale is a powerful method to investigate dynamic interactions among proteins and may facilitate the identification and characterization of novel therapeutics., Competing Interests: DM, HL, RT, SA, LA, RB, MB, HC, XD, KF, RG, EG, AH, AH, JH, SJ, RK, AK, RK, JL, KL, BM, PM, LM, SP, AS, CS, YT, DA, HB Employee of Eikon Therapeutics Inc, (© 2023, McSwiggen et al.)

The studded outsole of a soccer boot provides additional traction to players to minimise the risk of slipping while performing high-speed manoeuvres. As excessive traction can lead to foot fixation and injury risk, there has been significant research surrounding the influence of stud configuration on the level of traction generated. This previous research, however, has predominately focused on the stud patterns, foot morphology and lower limb loading patterns of male players. As the popularity of women's soccer increases, the aim of this investigation was to examine the differences in translational traction of female-specific soccer boots and male soccer boots currently available. A custom-built apparatus was used to determine the translational traction on both natural and artificial grass for four different movement directions. It was hypothesised that the female-specific boot in each pair would produce lower levels of translational traction as they are designed to be safer for female players who are more at risk of lower limb fixation injuries compared to males. An independent samples T-test showed that while there were some loading conditions where female boots produced lower translational traction compared to male boots, across all loading scenarios there was no significant difference between male and female boots ( p  = 0.818), thus the null hypothesis was rejected.

Sexual abuse scandals in recent years have eroded some of the trust that is foundational for the physician-patient relationship. A closer analysis of some of these stories of abuse from the standpoint of medical professionalism, primarily utilizing the example of Larry Nassar, DO, yields potential ways in which instances of abuse may be reduced or eliminated. The goal of this paper is to elicit lessons that can be learned from these tragic sequences of events so that physicians, healthcare institutions, physician practices, medical boards, and even patients themselves can introduce measures that help prevent future stories like these., (© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.)