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The inconsistent findings about learning outcomes in VR (virtual reality) learning necessitate further robustness of empirical data. This article addressed this gap by comparing the learning outcomes across VR, phone, and mobile learning on two dimensions: recall accuracy and recall speed, as well as learners' attitudes. Additionally, this paper attempted to investigate the differences between 5 and 10 min time duration. By inviting a total of 28 participants to the lab experiments on English vocabulary acquisition, this study yielded no statistically significant difference in vocabulary recall accuracy between VR, computer, and mobile learning. Nonetheless, the significant difference in vocabulary recall speed was generated. Besides, the time spent on vocabulary acquisition was significantly shorter in VR than in computer and mobile learning. Additionally, pairwise comparisons revealed that learners' perceptions and attitudes toward SUS resulted in significantly lower scores in VR than in computer- and mobile-based learning. Further, merely two of the nine items on the VR sickness scale demonstrated a significant raise in visual fatigue as well as significant decline in headache between 5 and 10 min learning duration. Future research should anticipate a larger sample size to ensure the validity of research findings and further construct a 3D modeling for the same language learning settings for non-college, primary, as well as secondary school students.

A standalone literature review was conducted to ascertain the extent and status of research on the practical inclusion of Chinese music in Western educational contexts. The study identified a body of journal articles and postgraduate theses on the topic. The papers were analysed to discern what might constitute best practice classroom approaches to teaching and learning Chinese music. Based on the review's criteria for inclusion -- papers were in English, praxis-oriented, peer-reviewed and published over the past three decades -- the study found that the number of publications was limited (19) and that in terms of established pedagogical approaches they engaged, some gaps existed, certain pedagogies were minimally represented and some were perhaps too recent to have been trialled. Even so, the study concluded that while best practice is an elusive notion, Chinese music forms and styles appear to be compatible with a range of educational settings and Western-oriented music teaching and learning approaches.

The addition of Ca could enhance the ignition point of magnesium alloys but impairing their workability, so it is essential to study the hot deformation behavior of new Ca-containing ignition resistance magnesium alloys. The hot deformation behavior of a new ignition resistance Mg–6Zn-0.6Zr-1.2Ca alloy was investigated by compression experiment in the temperature range of 240 °C–360 °C, strain rates of 10−3 s−1-1 s−1 and height reduction of 10%–60%. The true stress-strain curves show that flow stress decreases as the deformation temperature increases or the strain rate decreases. Microstructure analysis shows that higher temperatures and lower strain rates are favorable for DRX, while higher strain rates promote the fragmentation of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase. Meanwhile, the existence of Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase make the DRX process be dominated by the particle-induced subgrain nucleation mechanism. By superposition of the power dissipation map and the instability map, a hot processing map of true strain of 0.6 is generated. According to analyses on the processing map and microstructure evolution, the instability of processing map can be attributed to the greater dislocation motion resistances, insufficient DRX, and Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase with low-melting point. Conversely, the optimal processing parameters for the alloy were determined as 280–360 °C/0.001–0.01 s−1 in safe zone with a high η above 0.3, which can be due to the apparent DRX and good deformation coordination.

Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic disease that increases bone fragility and, leads to severe osteoporotic fractures. In recent years, the use of high-throughput omics to explore physiological and pathological biomarkers related to bone metabolism has gained popularity. In this review, we first briefly review the technical approaches of proteomics. Additionally, we summarize the relevant literature in the last decade to provide a comprehensive overview of advances in human proteomics related to osteoporosis. We describe the specific roles of various proteins related to human bone metabolism, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for risk assessment, early diagnosis and disease course monitoring in osteoporosis. Finally, we outline the main challenges currently faced by human proteomics in the field of osteoporosis and offer suggestions to address these challenges, to inspire the search for novel osteoporosis biomarkers and a foundation for their clinical translation. In conclusion, proteomics is a powerful tool for discovering osteoporosis-related biomarkers, which can not only provide risk assessment, early diagnosis and disease course monitoring, but also reveal the underlying mechanisms of disease and provide key information for personalized treatment. The translational potential of this article: This review provides an insightful summary of recent human-based studies on osteoporosis-associated proteomics, which can aid the search for novel osteoporosis biomarkers based on human proteomics and the clinical translation of research results.

High-field strain and its temperature stability of (1–x) K0.48Na0.52Nb0.96Ta0.04O3-xBaZrO3+8%MnO+3%ZrO2 (in mole, KNNT-xBZ+8Mn) ceramics sintered in reducing atmosphere are improved simultaneously via defect design in A and B site. There is a conducting type transition from n-type to p-type at x = 0.07. The BaZrO3 dopant not only induces the increase of defects (ZrNb′, BaNa·, BaK·) concentration, but also results in the increase of defect (MnNb‴) concentration, because more Mn ions as +2 oxidation state in ceramics is triggered by BaZrO3 doping modification. Defect dipoles (MnNb′′′−Vo··, ZrNb′-Vo··, BaNa·-VNa′, BaK·-VK′) in poled and aged ceramics enhance the reversibility of the non–180° domains switching, which increases the high-field strain of KNNT-xBZ+8Mn ceramics. The reversibility of non–180° domain switching can be preserved to high temperature due to stable defect dipoles (BaNa·-VNa′, BaK·-VK′) in A-site. The KNNT-xBZ+8Mn ceramics at x = 0.07 show the largest high-field strain coefficient (543 pm/V@20 kV/cm) and the highest temperature stability (125 °C). The KNNT-xBZ+8Mn ceramic is a lead-free material with great potential to be applied in the fabrication of multilayer ceramic actuators with Ni inner electrodes in the future.

The lithofacies and thermal maturity of the over-mature Lower Cambrian marine shale in the Northern Guizhou Region, and their impacts on reservoir properties in this shale were analyzed by combining geochemistry, mineralogy, and gas adsorption methods. Ten lithofacies were identified, and the dominant lithofacies in the studied shale are lean-total organic carbon (TOC) argillaceous-rich siliceous shale (LTAS), medium-TOC siliceous shale (MTSS), and rich-TOC siliceous shale (RTSS). Since the gas generation potential of organic matter was weak, meso- and macro-pores were compressed or filled during the thermal evolution stage with a vitrinite reflectance (RO) range of 3.0%–4.0%. The controlling factors for methane adsorption capacity in the shale samples are significantly influenced by TOC content rather than thermal maturity. Among the RTSS, MTSS, and LTAS samples, RTSS exhibits the highest favorability for preserving hydrocarbon gas, followed by MTSS. The shale types in this study play a significant role in determining the properties of shale reservoirs, serving as an effective parameter for evaluating shale gas development potential. The RTSS and MTSS with a RO range of 2.0%–3.0% stand out as the most favorable target shale types for shale gas exploration and development.

Abstract Recent advancements of quantum technologies have triggered tremendous interest in exploring practical quantum advantage. The simulation of fluid dynamics, a highly challenging problem in classical physics but vital for practical applications, emerges as a potential direction. Here, we report an experiment on the digital simulation of unsteady flows with a superconducting quantum processor. The quantum algorithm is based on the Hamiltonian simulation using the hydrodynamic formulation of the Schrödinger equation. With the median fidelities of 99.97% and 99.67% for parallel single- and two-qubit gates respectively, we simulate the dynamics of a two-dimensional (2D) compressible diverging flow and a 2D decaying vortex with ten qubits. Note that the former case is an inviscid potential flow, and the latter one is an artificial vortical flow with an external body force. The experimental results well capture the temporal evolution of averaged density and momentum profiles, and qualitatively reproduce spatial flow fields with moderate noises. This work demonstrates the potential of quantum computing in simulating more complex flows, such as turbulence, for practical applications.

Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and rapidly fatal disease with an intricate etiology. Identifying biomarkers for early PAH lesions based on the exploration of subtle biological processes is significant for timely diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, nine distinct cell populations identified based on gene expression profiles revealed high heterogeneity in cell composition ratio, biological function, distribution preference, and communication patterns in PAH. Notably, compared to other cells, endothelial cells (ECs) showed prominent variation in multiple perspectives. Further analysis demonstrated the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in ECs and identified a subgroup exhibiting a contrasting phenotype. Based on these findings, a machine-learning integrated program consisting of nine learners was developed to create a PAH Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition Signature (PETS). This study identified cell populations underlying EndMT and furnished a potential tool that might be valuable for PAH diagnosis and new precise therapies.

Abstract Evanescent Bloch waves are eigensolutions of spatially periodic problems for complex-valued wavenumbers at finite frequencies, corresponding to solutions that oscillate in time and space and that exponentially decay in space. Such evanescent waves are ubiquitous in optics, plasmonics, elasticity, and acoustics. In the limit of zero frequency, the wave “freezes” in time. We introduce frozen evanescent waves as the eigensolutions of the Bloch periodic problem at zero eigenfrequency. Elastic waves, i.e., phonons, in metamaterials serve as an example. We show that, in the complex plane, the Cauchy-Riemann equations for analytical functions connect the minima of the phonon band structure to frozen evanescent phonons. Their exponential decay length becomes unusually large if a minimum in the band structure tends to zero and thereby approaches a soft mode. This connection between unusual static and dynamic behaviors allows to engineer large characteristic decay lengths in static elasticity. For finite-size samples, the static solutions for given boundary conditions are linear combinations of frozen evanescent phonons, leading to interference effects. Theory and experiment are in excellent agreement. Anomalous behavior includes the violation of Saint Venant’s principle, which means that large decay-length frozen evanescent phonons can potentially be applied in terms of remote mechanical sensing.

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) often accompanies impairment of motor function, yet there is currently no highly effective treatment method specifically for this condition. Oxidative stress and inflammation are pivotal factors contributing to severe neurological deficits after SCI. In this study, a type of curcumin (Cur) nanoparticle (HA-CurNPs) was developed to address this challenge by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. Through non-covalent interactions, curcumin (Cur) and poly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (pEGCG) are co-encapsulated within hyaluronic acid (HA), resulting in nanoparticles termed HA-CurNPs. These nanoparticles gradually release curcumin and pEGCG at the SCI site. The released pEGCG and curcumin not only scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevents apoptosis, thereby improving the neuronal microenvironment, but also regulate CD74 to promote microglial polarization toward an M2 phenotype, and inhibits M1 polarization, thereby suppressing the inflammatory response and fostering neuronal regeneration. Moreover, in vivo experiments on SCI mice demonstrate that HA-CurNPs effectively protect neuronal cells and myelin, reduce glial scar formation, thereby facilitating the repair of damaged spinal cord tissues, restoring electrical signaling at the injury site, and improving motor functions. Overall, this study demonstrates that HA-CurNPs significantly reduce oxidative stress and inflammation following SCI, markedly improving motor function in SCI mice. This provides a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI.

Abstract Topologically ordered phases of matter elude Landau’s symmetry-breaking theory, featuring a variety of intriguing properties such as long-range entanglement and intrinsic robustness against local perturbations. Their extension to periodically driven systems gives rise to exotic new phenomena that are forbidden in thermal equilibrium. Here, we report the observation of signatures of such a phenomenon—a prethermal topologically ordered time crystal—with programmable superconducting qubits arranged on a square lattice. By periodically driving the superconducting qubits with a surface code Hamiltonian, we observe discrete time-translation symmetry breaking dynamics that is only manifested in the subharmonic temporal response of nonlocal logical operators. We further connect the observed dynamics to the underlying topological order by measuring a nonzero topological entanglement entropy and studying its subsequent dynamics. Our results demonstrate the potential to explore exotic topologically ordered nonequilibrium phases of matter with noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors.

Abstract Studies on the piezoelectric materials capable of efficiently outputting high electrostrains at low electric fields are driven by the demand for precise actuation in a wide range of applications. Large electrostrains of piezoceramics in operation require high driving fields, which limits their practical application due to undesirable nonlinearities and high energy consumption. Herein, a strategy is developed to enhance the electrostrains of piezoceramics while maintaining low hysteresis by incorporating lead magnesium niobate relaxors into lead zirconate titanium at the morphotropic phase boundary. An ultrahigh inverse piezoelectric coefficient $${d}_{33}^{*}$$ d 33 * of 1380 pm/V with a reduced hysteresis of 11.5% is achieved under a low electric field of 1 kV/mm, outperforming the major lead-based piezoelectric materials. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and domain wall dynamics characterization with sub-microsecond temporal resolution reveal that the outstanding performances originate from facilitated domain wall movement, which in turn is due to reduced lattice distortion and miniaturized domain structures. These findings not only address the pending challenges of effective actuation under reduced driving conditions but also lay the foundation for a more systematic approach to exploring the origin of large electrostrains.

Abstract Natural compound-based treatments provide innovative ways for ulcerative colitis therapy. However, poor targeting and rapid degradation curtail its application, which needs to be addressed. Inspired by biomacromolecule-based materials, we have developed an orally administrated nanoparticle (GBP@HA NPs) using bovine serum albumin as a carrier for polyphenol delivery. The system synergizes galactosylated bovine serum albumin with two polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and tannic acid, which is then encased in “nanoarmor” of ε-Polylysine and hyaluronic acid to boost its stability and targeting. Remarkably, the nanoarmor demonstrated profound therapeutic effects in both acute and chronic mouse models of ulcerative colitis, mitigating disease symptoms via multiple mechanisms, regulating inflammation related factors and exerting a modulatory impact on gut microbiota. Further mechanistic investigations indicate that GBP@HA NPs may act through several pathways, including modulation of Keap1-Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling, as well as Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Consequently, this novel armored nanotherapy promotes the way for enhanced polyphenol utilization in ulcerative colitis treatment research.

Abstract Recent studies indicate that CISD3 is crucial in mitochondrial function and tumorigenesis. Using various databases, we systematically analyzed its expression, prognostic value, and immune activity. Our findings show CISD3 is mainly expressed in tumor cells across cancers, with higher mRNA but lower protein levels, degraded post-translationally via the lysosomal pathway. In certain cancers, CISD3 expression is positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Prognostic analysis suggests dual roles as both protective and risk factors, notably an independent prognostic predictor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CISD3 copy number variations are linked to homologous recombination defects and tumor-specific neoantigens, negatively correlated with methylation levels. Pathway analysis reveals CISD3 involvement in oncogenic processes, such as proliferation inhibition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Protein interactions underline its role in mitochondrial metabolism and redox balance. Experiments confirm low CISD3 expression in cancers, with overexpression reducing proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth in mice. Mechanistic studies indicate CISD3 overexpression disrupts mitochondrial function, increases ROS levels, decreases GSH/GSSG ratios and mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibiting antioxidant activity and promoting cell damage and ferroptosis, thus impeding cancer progression. This study highlights CISD3’s potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

Abstract Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, also known as two-component Schrödinger cats, play vital roles in the foundation of quantum physics and the potential quantum applications. Enlargement in size and coherent control of GHZ states are both crucial for harnessing entanglement in advanced computational tasks with practical advantages, which unfortunately pose tremendous challenges as GHZ states are vulnerable to noise. Here we propose a general strategy for creating, preserving, and manipulating large-scale GHZ entanglement, and demonstrate a series of experiments underlined by high-fidelity digital quantum circuits. For initialization, we employ a scalable protocol to create genuinely entangled GHZ states with up to 60 qubits, almost doubling the previous size record. For protection, we take a different perspective on discrete time crystals (DTCs), originally for exploring exotic nonequilibrium quantum matters, and embed a GHZ state into the eigenstates of a tailor-made cat scar DTC to extend its lifetime. For manipulation, we switch the DTC eigenstates with in-situ quantum gates to modify the effectiveness of the GHZ protection. Our findings establish a viable path towards coherent operations on large-scale entanglement, and further highlight superconducting processors as a promising platform to explore nonequilibrium quantum matters and emerging applications.

Abstract Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are common driver oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that afatinib is beneficial for NSCLC patients with rare EGFR mutations. However, the effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against the G719X (G719A, G719C and G719S) mutation has not been fully established. Herein, using the CRISPR method, the EGFR G719X mutant cell lines were constructed to assess the sensitivity of the rare mutation G719X in NSCLC. WZ3146, a novel mutation-selective EGFR inhibitor, was conducted transcriptome sequencing and in vitro experiments. The results showed that WZ3146 induced cytotoxic effects, inhibited growth vitality and proliferation via ERK and AKT pathway in the EGFR G719X mutant cells. Our findings suggest that WZ3146 may be a promising treatment option for NSCLC patients with the EGFR exon 18 substitution mutation G719X.

Abstract SASH1 (SAM and SH3 domain containing 1) has been increasingly reported as a tumor suppressor gene. However, there is limited research on the role of SASH1 in breast cancer. This manuscript aims to investigate the mechanism of SASH1 in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of breast cancer. Firstly, we obtained RNA-sequencing data of the tumors from the Genomic Data Commons data portal website, along with the corresponding clinical information of patients. Pan-cancer analysis was performed to analyze the expression of SASH1 across all tumors. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between SASH1 expression and the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Then, immunohistochemistry was utilized to evaluate the expression levels of SASH1, p-Akt, p-PI3K, and p-mTOR in breast cancer tissue. Finally, a cell assay was employed to analyze the impact of SASH1 on the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The results revealed that SASH1 expression is decreased in BRCA, LUSC, LUAD, CESC, ESCA, and COAD. Meta-analysis also found that SASH1 is downregulated in most tumor tissues, and the expression level of SASH1 in breast cancer was significantly lower than that in the control group (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08–0.25; P

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation and cartilage damage. Current therapeutic strategies often result in side effects, necessitating the development of targeted and safer treatment options. This study introduces a novel nanotherapeutic system, 2-APB@DGP-MM, which utilizes macrophage membrane (MM)-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) for the targeted delivery of 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) to inflamed joints more effectively. The NPs are designed with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-cleavable peptide, allowing for MMP-responsive drug release within RA microenvironment. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo assays confirmed the successful synthesis and loading of 2-APB into the DSPE-GPLGVRGC-PEG (DGP) NPs, as well as their ability to repolarize macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. The NPs demonstrated high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and enhanced cellular uptake. In a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model, intra-articular injection of 2-APB@DGP-MM significantly reduced synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction. Histological analysis corroborated these findings, demonstrating marked improvements in joint structure and delayed disease progression. Above all, the 2-APB@DGP-MM nanotherapeutic system offers a promising and safe approach for RA treatment by modulating macrophage polarization and delivering effective agents to inflamed joints. Graphical Abstract

Abstract In an emergency evacuation, the free evacuation of pedestrians can make the entire evacuation process slow and dangerous. To limit the free behavior of pedestrians and reduce the interaction between pedestrians, a reasonable layout of the guider can improve the efficiency and safety of evacuation. How to set the number, location, and exit allocation of guiders requires further investigation. In the current study, we transform the evacuation into a multi-objective optimization problem. A two-layer optimization framework is developed. In the upper level, the improved NSGA-II multi-objective algorithm is introduced to generate the favorable guider layout, and a chromosome fragment deletion operator is added to improve the optimization efficiency. In the lower layer, the agent movement simulation model is used to simulate the evacuation dynamic of crowd under the favorable guider layout. The variables of this multi-objective solution model in the upper layer are the number and location of the guiders. The evacuation time and agent movement cost are calculated by the lower layer simulation as the objective values of the solution sample, and guide the iterative search process to obtain more reasonable optimization results. The developed model is verified and then applied to a fictional scenario. The number, initial position and exit allocation of guiders are obtained by optimizing the iterative process. The results show that the near optimal solution can be applied in various visibility conditions, and the evacuation efficiency is much higher than that of unguided evacuation. This optimization framework can provide theoretical and methodological support for emergency evacuation planning.

Abstract Background Although serum bicarbonate is a reliable predictor of various disease complications, its relationship with postoperative delirium (POD) remains unclear. Our research aimed to assess the effect of baseline serum bicarbonate levels on the incidence of POD in cardiac surgery patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on cardiac surgery patients who met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, using data from the Marketplace for Information in Critical Care Medicine (MIMIC-IV) database. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models are employed to explore the correlation between serum bicarbonate levels and the risk of POD, and their predictive efficacy is assessed by means of restricted cubic spline regression models (RCS) and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses are conducted to test the robustness of the results. Results In this study, 5,422 patients were included, where the incidence of POD was 13.0%. For each 1 mmol/L increase in bicarbonate, a 13% reduction in the risk of POD was observed in the fully adjusted model (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83–0.91, P

Abstract Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that has been shown to have adverse effects on human and animal health, particularly on the fertility of females. As a saponin derived from the medicinal plant Centella asiatica, asiaticoside (AS) has multiple bioactivities. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of AS on ZEA-induced uterine injury and the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrated that AS could rescue ZEA-induced uterine histopathological damage and modulate the secretion of sex hormones, including progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2), in ZEA-treated mice. Moreover, AS alleviated ZEA-induced damage to endometrial barrier function by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-3). Further mechanistic investigations indicated that ZEA reduces the antioxidant capacity of uterine tissues, whereas AS improves the antioxidant capacity through activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Most notably, the protective effect of AS was blocked in Nrf2 gene knockout (Nrf2−/−) mice. Moreover, the p38/ERK MAPK pathway has been implicated in regulating ZEA toxicity and the beneficial effect of AS. Additionally, an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) weaken the suppressive effect of AS on the oxidative stress and MAPK pathway. AS also inhibits ZEA-induced apoptosis in uterine tissues via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, when the PI3K small molecule inhibitor LY294002 was co-administered, the ability of AS to suppress the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibit ZEA-induced apoptosis decreased. Collectively, these findings reveal the involvement of multiple pathways and targets in the protective effect of AS against ZEA-induced uterine injury, providing a new perspective for the application of AS and the development of a ZEA antidote.

This is the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China that aims to systematically and promptly publish Chinese fungal species. In this paper of the series, we focus on macrofungi from the southern border area of Xizang, a previously less concerned region. A total of 15 new species in six orders, 11 families, and 12 genera from Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota are described. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses support the identity of these new species and their taxonomic placements. In addition, one new combination Trechispora cryptomerioides is proposed. We hope that the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China will draw more attention to reporting Chinese fungal diversity in the border areas of Xizang and other special geographic regions besides the aim of this series itself.

Abstract Despite the widespread advocacy for the integration of arts and humanities (A&H) into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education on an international scale, teachers face numerous obstacles in practically integrating A&H into STEM teaching (IAT). To tackle the challenges, a comprehensive five-stage framework for teacher professional development programs focussed on IAT has been developed. Through the use of a qualitative case study approach, this study outlines the shifts in a participant teacher’s self-efficacy following their exposure to each stage of the framework. The data obtained from interviews and reflective analyses were analyzed using a seven-stage inductive method. The findings have substantiated the significant impact of a teacher professional development program based on the framework on teacher self-efficacy, evident in both individual performance and student outcomes observed over eighteen months. The evolution of teacher self-efficacy in IAT should be regarded as an open and multi-level system, characterized by interactions with teacher knowledge, skills and other entrenched beliefs. Building on our research findings, an enhanced model of teacher professional learning is proposed. The revised model illustrates that professional learning for STEAM teachers should be conceived as a continuous and sustainable process, characterized by the dynamic interaction among teaching performance, teacher knowledge, and teacher beliefs. The updated model further confirms the inseparable link between teacher learning and student learning within STEAM education. This study contributes to the existing body of literature on teacher self-efficacy, teacher professional learning models and the design of IAT teacher professional development programs.

Abstract Background Postoperative recurrence is a vital reason for poor 5-year overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The ADV score is considered a parameter that can quantify HCC aggressiveness. This study aimed to identify HCC patients at high-risk of recurrence early using the ADV score. Methods The medical data of consecutive HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy from The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (TFAHNJMU) and Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (NJDTH) were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the status of microvascular invasion and the Edmondson-Steiner grade, HCC patients were divided into three groups: low-risk group (group 1: no risk factor exists), medium-risk group (group 2: one risk factor exists), and high-risk group (group 3: coexistence of two risk factors). In the training cohort (TFAHNJMU), the R package nnet was used to establish a multi-categorical unordered logistic regression model based on the ADV score to predict three risk groups. The Welch’s T-test was used to compare differences in clinical variables in three predicted risk groups. NJDTH served as an external validation center. At last, the confusion matrix was developed using the R package caret to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the model. Results 350 and 405 patients from TFAHNJMU and NJDTH were included. HCC patients in different risk groups had significantly different liver function and inflammation levels. Density maps demonstrated that the ADV score could best differentiate between the three risk groups. The probability curve was plotted according to the predicted results of the multi-categorical unordered logistic regression model, and the best cut-off values of the ADV score were as follows: low-risk ≤ 3.4 log, 3.4 log 5.7 log. The sensitivities of the ADV score predicting the high-risk group (group 3) were 70.2% (99/141) and 78.8% (63/80) in the training and external validation cohort, respectively. Conclusion The ADV score might become a valuable marker for screening patients at high-risk of HCC recurrence with a cut-off value of 5.7 log, which might help surgeons, pathologists, and HCC patients make appropriate clinical decisions.

Abstract Despite the pivotal role of stannum doping in achieving ultrahigh piezoelectric performance in barium titanate-based ceramics, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this enhancement remain elusive. Here, we introduce a single variable nonstoichiometric stannum strategy in lead-free barium titanate-based ceramics with giant piezoelectricity, revealing that stannum doping contributes intrinsically and extrinsically to enhance piezoelectricity. Density functional theory calculations elucidate the intrinsic enhancement of polarization arising from lattice distortion and increased space for titanium-oxygen bonds induced by optimal stannum doping, which is corroborated by Rayleigh analysis. A phase transition from ferroelectric multiphase coexistence to paraelectric phase is observed, alongside a rapid miniaturized and eventually disappeared domains with increasing stannum doping. This evolution in phase structure and domain configuration induces a nearly vanishing polarization anisotropy and low domain wall energy, facilitating easy polarization rotation and domain wall motion, thereby significantly contributing to the extrinsic piezoelectric response. Consequently, the origins of ultrahigh performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of stannum-induced intrinsic and extrinsic contributions in barium titanate-based ceramics. This study provides fundamental insights into the role of doping elements and offers guidance for the design of high-performance piezoelectrics.

Abstract Dielectric polymer composites for film capacitors have advanced significantly in recent decades, yet their practical implementation in industrial-scale, thin-film processing faces challenges, particularly due to limited biaxial stretchability. Here, we introduce a mechanochemical solution that applies liquid metal onto rigid dielectric fillers (e.g. boron nitride), dramatically transforming polymer-filler interface characteristics. This approach significantly reduces modulus mismatch and stress concentration at the interface region, enabling polypropylene composites to achieve biaxial stretching ratio up to 450 × 450%. Furthermore, liquid metal integration enhances boron nitride’s dielectric polarization while maintaining inherent insulation, producing high-dielectric-constant, low-loss films. These films, only microns thick yet quasi square meters in area, achieve a 55% increase in energy density over commercial biaxially-oriented polypropylene (from 2.9 to 4.5 J cm−3 at 550 MV/m), keeping 90% discharge efficiency. Coupled with improved thermal conductivity, durability, and device capacitance, this distinctive interface engineering approach makes these composites promising for high-performance film capacitors.

Abstract Background Follicular cysts contribute significantly to reproductive loss in high-yield dairy cows. This results from the death of follicular granulosa cells (GCs) caused by oxidative stress. Quercetin is known to have significant antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the effect of quercetin on follicular cysts has yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis effects and potential molecular mechanisms of quercetin in H2O2-induced primary cow GCs and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced mouse model of oxidative stress and thus treat ovarian cysts in dairy cows. Results In this study, compared with estrus cows, cows with follicular cysts showed heightened levels of oxidative stress and increased follicular cell apoptosis, while autophagy levels were reduced. A model of oxidative stress was induced in vitro by H2O2 and showed significant increases in apoptosis together with reduced autophagy. These effects were significantly ameliorated by quercetin. Effects similar to those of quercetin were observed after treatment of cells with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Further investigations using chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor), rapamycin (autophagy activator), selisistat (SIRT1 inhibitor), and compound C (AMPK inhibitor) showed that chloroquine counteracted the effects of quercetin on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, while rapamycin had the same effect as quercetin. In addition, the SIRT1/AMPK pathway inhibitors antagonized quercetin-mediated mitigation of the effects of oxidative stress on increased apoptosis and reduced autophagy. Consistent with the results in vitro, in mouse ovarian oxidative stress model induced by 3-NPA, quercetin activated autophagy through the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway, while alleviating oxidative stress damage and inhibiting apoptosis in mouse ovaries. Conclusions These findings indicate that quercetin can inhibit apoptosis in GCs and restore ovarian function by activating autophagy through the SIRT1/ROS/AMPK signaling pathway, suggesting a new direction for the treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in high-yield dairy cows.

Abstract Background Neuromelanin is mostly located in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, and can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is a promising imaging-base biomarker for neurological diseases. We previously developed a melanin-specific probe N-(2-(diethylamino)-ethyl)-18F-5-fluoropicolinamide (18F-P3BZA), which was initially developed for the imaging of melanoma. 18F-P3BZA exhibited high levels of binding to the melanin in vitro and in vivo with high retention and favorable pharmacokinetics. In this study we further investigated whether 18F-P3BZA could be used to quantitatively detect neuromelanin in the SN in healthy rhesus macaques. Results 18F-P3BZA exhibited desired hydrophobicity with estimated log Know 5.08 and log D7.4 1.68. 18F-P3BZA readily crossed the blood-brain barrier with brain transport coefficients (Kin) of 40 ± 8 µL g-1s-1. 18F-P3BZA accumulated specifically in neuromelanotic PC12 cells, melanin-rich melanoma cells, and melanoma xenografts. Binding of 18F-P3BZA to B16F10 cells was much higher than to SKOV3 cells at 60 min (6.17 ± 0.53%IA and 0.24 ± 0.05%IA, respectively). In the biodistribution study, 18F-P3BZA had higher accumulation in B16F10 tumors (6.31 ± 0.99%IA/g) than in SKOV3 tumors (0.25 ± 0.09%IA/g). Meanwhile, 18F-P3BZA uptake in B16F10 tumors could be blocked by excess cold 19F-P3BZA (0.81 ± 0.02%IA/g, 88% inhibition, p

The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is a crucial receptor tyrosine kinase involved in essential biological processes, including growth, development, and tissue repair. However, FGFR gene mutations, including amplification, fusion, and mutation, can disrupt epigenetics, transcriptional regulation, and tumor microenvironment interactions, leading to cancer development. Targeting these kinase mutations with small molecule drugs or antibodies has shown clinical benefits. For example, erdafitinib is approved for treating locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer patients with FGFR2/FGFR3 mutations, and pemigatinib is approved for treating cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion/rearrangement. Effective screening of FGFR variant patients is crucial for the clinical application of FGFR inhibitors. Various detection methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, are available, and their selection should be based on diagnostic and treatment decision-making needs. Our developed expert consensus aims to standardize the diagnosis and treatment process for FGFR gene mutations and facilitate the practical application of FGFR inhibitors in clinical practice.

Aims: This study explored the shared genetic traits and molecular interactions between postmenopausal osteoporosis (POMP) and sarcopenia, both of which substantially degrade elderly health and quality of life. We hypothesized that these motor system diseases overlap in pathophysiology and regulatory mechanisms. Methods: We analyzed microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), machine learning, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to identify common genetic factors between POMP and sarcopenia. Further validation was done via differential gene expression in a new cohort. Single-cell analysis identified high expression cell subsets, with mononuclear macrophages in osteoporosis and muscle stem cells in sarcopenia, among others. A competitive endogenous RNA network suggested regulatory elements for these genes. Results: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was notably expressed in both conditions. Single-cell analysis pinpointed specific cells with high STAT3 expression, and microRNA (miRNA)-125a-5p emerged as a potential regulator. Experiments confirmed the crucial role of STAT3 in osteoclast differentiation and muscle proliferation. Conclusion: STAT3 has emerged as a key gene in both POMP and sarcopenia. This insight positions STAT3 as a potential common therapeutic target, possibly improving management strategies for these age-related diseases. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(8):411–426.

Abstract Water is necessary for the alkali aggregate reaction to occur and this study investigates the impact of waterproofing on alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in concrete by separating water from alkali reactive aggregates through surface, aggregate, and matrix treatments. Accelerated mortar bar tests (AMBT) are conducted to analyze the expansion caused by alkali aggregates. Furthermore, the suppressive mechanism of waterproofing on AAR is explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the influence of waterproof concrete aggregate and matrix on pore characteristics and hydration products is assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate that surface waterproofing with silane and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) effectively suppress AAR. Moreover, PVA-coated aggregates significantly enhance the compactness of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete. Based on these findings, an improved model considering waterproofness is proposed to quantify the degree of alkali aggregate reaction. These findings offer valuable guidance for controlling AAR.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease associated with the aging of the population, and it reduces the quality of life of patients. It is characterized by the destruction of articular cartilage and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Owing to the unclear pathogenesis of OA, current treatment methods have significant limitations. Oxidative stress has been revealed to play an important role in the development of OA. Our experiments indicated that the levels of GSH decreased and the level of MDA increased in chondrocytes, which induced ferroptosis in chondrocytes in OA. We also revealed that ferroptosis was the main mechanism of cartilage destruction caused by the addition of the ferroptosis activator erastin and the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. NOX1 is the main modulator of oxidative stress by increasing the generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS). We suppressed the expression of NOX1 in chondrocytes through cell transfection. The expression of collagen II and MMP13, and the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α were reversed. An increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential and a decrease in the level of intracellular ROS indicate an improvement in oxidative damage. Additionally, we determined the effect of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway on NOX1-mediated chondrocyte injury. We found that NOX1 inhibited the expression of Nrf2/HO-1, but the activation of Nrf2 improved the oxidative damage to chondrocytes in vivo and vitro. This study revealed that NOX1-mediated oxidative stress induces chondrocyte ferroptosis by inhibiting the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Our findings contribute to revealing the pathogenesis of OA, providing targets for drug design and optimizing the clinical treatment of OA.

Abstract Background Data on long-term cancer survivors treated with apatinib are lacking. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of long-term cancer survivors after apatinib-based therapy, and to know about their satisfaction degree with apatinib and severity of depression and insomnia. Methods Patients with solid tumors who had received apatinib-based therapy for at least 5 years were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Characteristics of patients and treatment, knowledge of apatinib, satisfaction degree, and severity of depression and insomnia assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Insomnia Severity Index were collected. Results Between December 8, 2023 and March 1, 2024, a total of 436 patients completed the online questionnaire. Most patients were satisfied with the efficacy (96.6%) and safety (93.1%) of apatinib, were willing to continue apatinib treatment (99.5%), and would recommend apatinib to other patients (93.3%). Continuous apatinib treatment resulted in significant negative impact on daily life, work, or study in only two (0.5%) patients. Almost all patients currently had no or mild depression (97.0%) and insomnia (97.9%) problems. The most common patient-reported adverse events were hand-foot syndrome (21.3%) and hypertension (18.3%). Conclusions Our survey showed a high satisfaction degree with apatinib in long-term cancer survivors. Long-term apatinib treatment resulted in almost no negative impact on patient’s quality of life.

Predicting traffic speed accurately and in real-time is crucial for the development of smart transportation systems. Given the nonlinear and stochastic nature of vehicle data, integrating diverse spatio-temporal data sources with the Improved Particle Swarm Optimisation (IPSO) offers a promising approach to optimise the Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM). Firstly, we enhance the optimisation capabilities of PSO by implementing nonlinear inertial weight and adaptive variation. Secondly, addressing the challenge of selecting the LSTM hyperparameters, the PSO algorithm effectively identifies global optimal solutions for hyperparameter optimisation, ensuring appropriate settings through iterative training. Subsequently, we conduct a case study using multi-source spatio-temporal traffic speed data, comparing our proposed IPSO-LSTM model with traditional neural network prediction models and advanced models. Results from the experiment demonstrate that the IPSO-LSTM model presented in this study addresses issues of parameter selection and inaccurate prediction encountered by traditional LSTM models in traffic state prediction. Moreover, it enhances the model’s ability to capture speed time series dynamics. Notably, in processing complex speed data, our model exhibits superior accuracy and stability in prediction.

Abstract Environmental stimuli not only alter gene expression profiles but also induce structural changes in cells. How distinct nuclear bodies respond to cellular stress is poorly understood. Here, we identify a subnuclear organelle named the nucleolar stress body (NoSB), the formation of which is induced by the inhibition of rRNA transcription or inactivation of rRNA processing and maturation in C. elegans. NoSB does not colocalize with other previously described subnuclear organelles. We conduct forward genetic screening and identify a bZIP transcription factor, named nucleolar stress response-1 (NOSR-1), that is required for NoSB formation. The inhibition of rRNA transcription or inactivation of rRNA processing and maturation increases nosr-1 expression. By using transcriptome analysis of wild-type animals subjected to different nucleolar stress conditions and nosr-1 mutants, we identify that the SR-like protein NUMR-1 (nuclear localized metal responsive) is the target of NOSR-1. Interestingly, NUMR-1 is a component of NoSB and itself per se is required for the formation of NoSB. We conclude that the NOSR-1/NUMR-1 axis likely responds to nucleolar stress and mediates downstream stress-responsive transcription programs and subnuclear morphology alterations in C. elegans.

Abstract Objective To elucidate the impact and predictive value of the Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG) and the ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) in identifying the risk of diabetes progression in Chinese individuals with prediabetes. Methods This longitudinal study enrolled 15,012 prediabetic adults from the Rich Healthcare Group between 2010 and 2016. Diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes or a fasting glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L. The Cox proportional hazards models was utilized to assess the relationship between the two indices and the risk of developing diabetes. The predictive efficacy of the two markers was gauged by the area under the curve (AUC). Results Over a median follow-up period of 2.87 years, 1,730 (11.5%) prediabetic participants developed diabetes. The adjusted hazard ratios for the top quartile of the TyG index and the TG/HDL-C ratio were 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71–2.40) and 2.59 (95% CI: 2.20–3.05), respectively, compared to the lowest quartile. A significant trend of increasing diabetes risk with higher quartiles of both indices was observed. The AUC for the adjusted prediction model for prediabetes-to-diabetes transition was 0.726 for the TyG index and 0.710 for the TG/HDL-C ratio. The difference in AUCs was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusions The baseline TyG index or TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes in prediabetic individuals. The TyG index demonstrated superior predictive accuracy, underscoring its importance in preventing diabetes in prediabetic individuals.

Abstract Improvements in the polarization of environmentally-friendly perovskite ferroelectrics have proved to be a challenging task in order to replace the toxic Pb-based counterparts. In contrast to common methods by complex chemical composition designs, we have formed Mn-inlaid antiphase boundaries in Mn-doped (K,Na)NbO3 thin films using pulsed laser deposition method. Here, we observed that mono- or bi-atomic layer of Mn has been identified to inlay along the antiphase boundaries to balance the charges originated from the deficiency of alkali ions and to induce the strain in the KNN films. Thus, rectangular saturated polarization-electric field hysteresis loops have been achieved, with a significantly improved twice remanent polarization of 114 μC/cm2 with an applied electric field of 606 kV/cm, which can be comparable to that of the typical Pb-based thin films. Moreover, we directly see the Mn occupation at the A-site of KNN perovskite structure using atomic-scale microstructure and composition analysis. The Mn-inlaid antiphase boundary can further enrich the understanding of perovskite crystal structure and give more possibilities for the design and optimization of perovskite materials.

Abstract The window strategy, known for its flexibility and efficiency, is extensively used in dynamic path planning. To further enhance the performance of the Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) sorting system, the two processes of AGV movement and path planning can be executed concurrently based on the window strategy. Nonetheless, difficulties in matching the computing time of the planning server with the moving time of AGVs may cause delays or reduced path optimality. To address the problem, this paper proposes an optimal time reuse strategy. The proposed solution controls computing time by managing path length for each planning instance, ensuring alignment with the moving time of AGVs to maximize path optimality and avoid delays. To achieve this, two aspects need to be considered. Firstly, on a systemic level, we control the entry rate of AGVs by adjusting the replanning period, thus avoiding congestion caused by excessive AGVs and maintaining high system efficiency. Secondly, we reversely control the computing time by adjusting the path length that needs to be planned for each single planning, so that it matches the moving time of AGVs. Simulation results show that our method outperforms existing top-performing methods, achieving task completion rates 1.64, 1.57, and 1.12 times faster across various map sizes. This indicates its effectiveness in synchronizing planning and movement times. The method contributes significantly to dynamic path planning methodologies, offering a novel approach to time management in AGV systems.

Abstract Introduction Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval forms of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonotic disease affecting the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, kidneys, brain, bones, thyroid, and other organs. Diagnosing AE in a non-endemic area is usually challenging. With the rapid development and increasing application of sequencing techniques in recent years, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has become a powerful tool for diagnosing rare infectious diseases. Case Presentation A 45-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for the presence of pulmonary shadows for more than 3 months. The lung computed tomography (CT) at a local hospital revealed scattered solid and quasi-circular nodules in the left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right middle lobe, and right lower lobe. The largest nodule was located in the dorsal part of the right lung, measuring 2.0 × 1.7 × 1.5 cm. Moreover, abdominal CT revealed one space-occupying lesion each in the left and right lobes. The pathological analysis of the lung biopsy specimen revealed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils in the alveolar wall and interstitial area. No pathogenic bacteria were observed in the sputum smear and culture tests. There were no parasite eggs in the stool. The mNGS of the lung puncture tissue revealed 6156 sequence reads matching E. multilocularis; thus, the condition was diagnosed as AE. Albendazole 400 mg was administered twice daily, and the patient was stable during follow-up. Conclusion This case emphasizes the role of mNGS in diagnosing AE. As a novel, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method, mNGS could be an attractive approach for facilitating early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infectious diseases, especially when the infection was caused by rare pathogens.

Abstract Germ granules are biomolecular condensates present in most animal germ cells. One function of germ granules is to help maintain germ cell totipotency by organizing mRNA regulatory machinery, including small RNA-based gene regulatory pathways. The C. elegans germ granule is compartmentalized into multiple subcompartments whose biological functions are largely unknown. Here, we identify an uncharted subcompartment of the C. elegans germ granule, which we term the E granule. The E granule is nonrandomly positioned within the germ granule. We identify five proteins that localize to the E granule, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) EGO-1, the Dicer-related helicase DRH-3, the Tudor domain-containing protein EKL-1, and two intrinsically disordered proteins, EGC-1 and ELLI-1. Localization of EGO-1 to the E granule enables synthesis of a specialized class of 22G RNAs, which derive exclusively from 5’ regions of a subset of germline-expressed mRNAs. Defects in E granule assembly elicit disordered production of endogenous siRNAs, which disturbs fertility and the RNAi response. Our results define a distinct subcompartment of the C. elegans germ granule and suggest that one function of germ granule compartmentalization is to facilitate the localized production of specialized classes of small regulatory RNAs.

Abstract Liquid formulations are ubiquitous yet have lengthy product development cycles owing to the complex physical interactions between ingredients making it difficult to tune formulations to customer-defined property targets. Interpolative ML models can accelerate liquid formulations design but are typically trained on limited sets of ingredients and without any structural information, which limits their out-of-training predictive capacity. To address this challenge, we selected eighteen formulation ingredients covering a diverse chemical space to prepare an open experimental dataset for training ML models for rinse-off formulations development. The resulting design space has an over 50-fold increase in dimensionality compared to our previous work. Here, we present a dataset of 812 formulations, including 294 stable samples, which cover the entire design space, with phase stability, turbidity, and high-fidelity rheology measurements generated on our semi-automated, ML-driven liquid formulations workflow. Our dataset has the unique attribute of sample-specific uncertainty measurements to train predictive surrogate models.

Abstract Base editing (BE) faces protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) constraints and off-target effects in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For Streptomyces, renowned as one of the most prolific bacterial producers of antibiotics, the challenges are more pronounced due to its diverse genomic content and high GC content. Here, we develop a base editor named eSCBE3-NG-Hypa, tailored with both high efficiency and -fidelity for Streptomyces. Of note, eSCBE3-NG-Hypa recognizes NG PAM and exhibits high activity at challenging sites with high GC content or GC motifs, while displaying minimal off-target effects. To illustrate its practicability, we employ eSCBE3-NG-Hypa to achieve precise key amino acid conversion of the dehydratase (DH) domains within the modular polyketide synthase (PKS) responsible for the insecticide avermectins biosynthesis, achieving domains inactivation. The resulting DH-inactivated mutants, while ceasing avermectins production, produce a high yield of oligomycin, indicating competitive relationships among multiple biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in Streptomyces avermitilis. Leveraging this insight, we use eSCBE3-NG-Hypa to introduce premature stop codons into competitor gene cluster of ave in an industrial S. avermitilis, with the mutant Δolm exhibiting the highest 4.45-fold increase in avermectin B1a compared to the control. This work provides a potent tool for modifying biosynthetic pathways and advancing metabolic engineering in Streptomyces.

Abstract Background Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults, and early detection is critical to improve the clinical outcome of this disease. In this study, the diagnostic effectiveness of [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 (an investigational medicinal product) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in UM xenografts and UM patients were evaluated. The cell uptake, cell binding ability and in vitro stability of [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 were evaluated in 92-1 UM cell line. MicroPET imaging and biodistribution study of [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 were conducted in 92-1 UM xenografts. Then, UM patients were further recruited for evaluating the diagnostic effectiveness of [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 PET imaging (approval no. NCT02441972 in clinicaltrials.gov). In addition, comparison of [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 and 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET imaging in UM xenografts and UM patients were conducted. Results The in vitro data showed that [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 had a high cell uptake, cell binding ability and in vitro stability in 92-1 UM cell line. The in vivo data indicated that 92-1 UM tumors were clearly visualized with the [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 tracer in the subcutaneous and ocular primary UM xenografts model at 60 min post-injection. And the tumor uptake of the tracer was 2.55 ± 0.44%ID/g and 1.73 ± 0.15%ID/g at these two tissue locations respectively, at 7 days after animal model construction. The clinical data showed that tumors in UM patients were clearly visualized with the [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 tracer at 60 min post-injection. In addition, [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 tracer showed higher sensitivity and specificity for PET imaging in UM xenografts and UM patients compared to [18F]FDG tracer. Conclusion [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 PET imaging may be a more preferred approach in the diagnosis of primary UM compared to [18F]FDG PET imaging. Additionally, due to the high tumor-to-background ratio, [18F]AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 PET imaging seems also to be applicable for the diagnosis of UM patients with liver metastasis. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02441972, Registered 1 January 2012, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02441972 .

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) image reconstruction remains a pivotal area in PET technology, critically influencing clinical diagnostic outcomes. Addressing the need for enhanced image quality, this study introduces a novel algorithm for PET image reconstruction. This algorithm integrates a penalty mechanism, morphological filtering, and the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) algorithm, aiming to improve reconstructed image quality significantly. The operational process of the algorithm within each iteration encompasses two primary phases. Initially, image reconstruction is accomplished via the MLEM algorithm, followed by the application of a morphological filter to attenuate noise in the reconstructed image. Simulation experiments demonstrate that this algorithm effectively mitigates noise while preserving crucial details, such as image edges. Notably, this method presents the dual benefits of straightforward parameter configuration and ease of implementation. The results indicate a substantial enhancement in noise suppression and fine structure preservation in the reconstructed images, marking a significant advancement in PET image reconstruction techniques.