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A study was conducted to establish the potential of constructed wetlands in Morogoro Urban District, Tanzania, to remove helminths from wastewater. The standard wastewater treatment regime was failing to effect reliable removal of helminth eggs and larvae from six wastewater stabilization ponds. An alternative wastewater treatment regime for the ponds, coupled with a constructed wetland and a fishpond, was devised. Water, soil, and vegetable samples were tested for the presence of helminth larvae and eggs in a time series design over one growing season. From March to August 2014, experimental plots of carrots and Swiss chard were irrigated with wastewater that had been treated by the alternative wastewater treatment regime. It was found that the alternative wastewater treatment regime coupled with the constructed wetland and fishpond appeared to remove helminths completely. No helminths were found in the wastewater after it passed through the alternative system, and none were found in the market-ready carrots and chard. Numbers of helminth larvae and eggs showed evidence of seasonality, which is potentially useful knowledge for farmers in order to avoid helminth infection: almost all larvae were found at the end of the hot dry season. Monsoon rains followed and washed the helminth larvae and eggs away and none were found at the end of the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanzania enacted the Environmental Management Act (EMA) in 2004 with Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as one of its major tools for protecting environment from the impacts of development projects. According to EMA, all new projects have to undertake EIA before they are commissioned. This paper assesses to what extent this has been achieved. The study involved 5 industries (as cases) which have Environmental Certificates, staff of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) which is responsible to enforce EMA, Municipal Councils, Wards, Registered Environmental Consulting Firms and NGOs. The assessment focused on institutional strength and weaknesses, awareness of industrial staff and resources allocation for implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (MP). The assessment was done through reviewing Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), site observation, interviews and questionnaires. Study findings show that to a greater extent, EMPs and MPs as presented in EIS are not implemented due to existence of institutional weaknesses, low awareness, poor allocation of resources for EMP implementation and weak enforcement. It was thus concluded that; EIA process apart from identifying potential impacts, it does not go all the way to ensure that they are mitigated. The paper proposes recommendations to remedy the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of mass transfer on the removal rate constants of BOD5, NH3, NO3 and TKN has been investigated in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) planted with Phragmites mauritianus. The plug flow model was assumed and the inlet and outlet concentrations were used to determine the observed removal rate constants. Mass transfer effects were studied by assessing the influence of interstitial velocity on pollutant removal rates in CW cells of different widths. The flow velocities varied between 3-46 m/d. Results indicate that the observed removal rate constants are highly influenced by the flow velocity. Correlation of dimensionless groups namely Reynolds Number (Re), Sherwood Number (Sh) and Schmidt Number (Sc) were applied and log-log plots of rate constants against velocity yielded straight lines with values β = 0.87 for BOD5, 1.88 for NH3, 1.20 for NO3 and 0.94 for TKN. The correlation matched the expected for packed beds although the constant β was higher than expected for low Reynolds numbers. These results indicate that the design values of rate constants used to size wetlands are influenced by flow velocity. This paper suggests the incorporation of mass transfer into CW design procedures in order to improve the performance of CW systems and reduce land requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and fieldwork studies were carried out to evaluate the potential of pumice soil for use as a wetland substrate in wastewater treatment. The composition of pumice soil was analysed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Adsorption kinetic studies were carried out in a semi-batch recycle system. Fieldwork tests were carried out on Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (SSFCW) cells planted with Phragmites mauritianus and Vetiveria zizanioides. The results have shown that pumice soil composition contains among other elements Al, Ca, Fe and Mg, which are positive indicators for phosphorus adsorption. The main minerals observed by XRD were augite, hematite, and sodium titanium silicate. Phosphorus adsorption kinetics have shown that phosphorus is adsorbed on pumice soil following first order kinetics and the adsorption was highly influenced by mass transfer. Approximately 3% of the phosphorus was removed by plant uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effect of substrate concentration on the growth of a mixed culture of algae and heterotrophic bacteria in secondary facultative ponds (SFPs) utilizing settled domestic sewage as a sole source of organic carbon. The growth of the mixed culture was studied at the concentrations ranging between 200 and 800 mg COD/l in a series of batch chemostat reactors. From the laboratory data, the specific growth rate (micro) was determined using the modified Gompertz model. The maximum specific growth rate ( micro(max)) and half saturation coefficients (K(s)) were calculated using the Monod kinetic equation. The maximum observed growth rate ( micro(max)) for heterotrophic bacteria was 3.8 day(-1) with K(s) of 200 mg COD/l. The micro(max) for algal biomass based on suspended volatile solids was 2.7 day(-1) with K(s) of 110 mg COD/l. The micro(max) of algae based on the chlorophyll-a was 3.5 day(-1) at K(s) of 50mg COD/l. The observed specific substrate removal by heterotrophic bacteria varied between the concentrations of substrate used and the average value was 0.82 (mg COD/mg biomass). The specific substrate utilization rate in the bioreactors was direct proportional to the specific growth rate. Hence, the determined Monod kinetic parameters are useful for the definition of the operation of SFPs.