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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composite materials with spatially varying properties, and their porosity distribution further enhances their complexity. The distribution pattern of porosity within a porous material plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical response of these structures. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze the bending, free vibration, and buckling characteristics of porous FG plates by considering different porosity distributions and their effects on the overall behavior. To achieve this goal, a new finite element model is developed in the framework of an improved first-order shear deformation theory (IFSDT). In contrast to the conventional Mindlin–Reissner theory, the present IFSDT incorporates an improved mathematical formulation and provides a more realistic parabolic depiction of shear strain throughout the plate's thickness without using any shear correction factors. In the present study, five types of porosity distribution functions are considered for the analysis. The material characteristics of the FGM porous plate change gradually in the thickness direction based on a power-law function. The governing equations are derived here using Hamilton's principle, and a finite element method is employed for numerical analysis. Comparative analyses with previously published literature underscore the precision and simplicity of our developed finite element model. Moreover, the effects of various types of loads, porosity parameters, power-law index, side-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio, porosity distributions and boundary conditions on the deflections, natural frequencies, and critical buckling loads are thoroughly analyzed in detail. Finally, the findings of this research contribute to the understanding of the mechanical behavior of FGMs and pave the way for designing and optimizing novel porous functionally graded structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study based on the transient responses of bio-inspired helicoidal laminated composite plates is performed by using a higher-order finite element model (HOFEM) consisting of the thickness stretching effect. The obtained results show good agreement with those available in the open literature. The shear locking phenomena is not inspected by employing the developed HOFEM for the helicoidal lamination schemes. The effects of path of the concentrated moving load, lamination scheme, boundary condition, speed, aspect and orthotropy ratios on the transient responses are investigated. Dynamic dimensionless center deflections and dynamic amplification factors are affected by considering not only the lamination scheme but also the path of the load, boundary condition, orthotropy and aspect ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on doublet mechanics theory and various beam theories, this paper presents free vibration of axially loaded zigzag and armchair nanobeams. A two-noded higher order beam element is used to solve the problems of nanobeams with various boundary conditions. The verification studies in terms of fundamental frequencies and buckling loads are performed by comparing the results by the present model with Molecular Dynamic Simulations, Doublet Mechanics, and Eringen's nonlocal theory. The effects of material length scale parameter, slenderness ratio, nanotube model and boundary conditions on the fundamental frequencies of axially loaded nanobeams are investigated in details. Softening material behavior is detected for zigzag and armchair nanobeams. Having stiffer boundary conditions lead to the effect of material length scale parameter to be observed more prominently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the proportion between the compressive strength of high‐performance concrete (HPC) and its composition is highly nonlinear, more advanced regression methods are demanded to obtain better results. Super learner models, which are based on several ensemble methods including random forest regression (RFR), an adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), categorical gradient Boosting (CatBoost), are used to solve this complicated problem. A grid search method is employed to determine the best set of hyper‐parameters of each ensemble algorithm. Two super learner models, which combine all six models or select the top three effective ones as the base learners, are then proposed to develop an accurate approach to estimate the compressive strength of HPC. The results on four popular datasets show significant improvement of the proposed super learner models in terms of prediction accuracy. It also reveals that their trained models always perform better than other methods since their errors (MAE, MSE, RMSE) are always much lower and values of R2 are higher than those of the previous studies. The proposed super learner models can be used to provide a reliable tool for mixture design optimization of the HPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the two-directional functionally graded (2D-FG) materials can satisfy the new requirements raised based on the elimination of the stress concentration, delamination and cracking problems accompanying with the low cost and lightweight on the structures without sacrificing the stiffness and strength, the structural analyses of these structures become more important than ever. Moreover, the usage of the micro-electromechanical systems composed of 2D-FG materials has been increasing in automotive, military, space, biomedical, and nuclear energy industries. Within this study, the free vibration and buckling behaviors of 2D-FG porous microbeams are investigated based on the modified couple stress theory by employing a transverse shear-normal deformation beam theory and using finite element method. The effects of the thickness to material length scale parameter (MLSP) accompanying with the micro-porosity volume fraction ratio, boundary condition, aspect ratio, and gradient index on the dimensionless fundamental frequencies and dimensionless critical buckling loads of the 2D-FG porous microbeams are investigated. Moreover, with assumption of the variable material length scale parameters (VMLSP), the computed results are compared with ones obtained by employing constant MLSP. It is found that VMLSP increases the stiffness of the 2D-FG porous microbeams and effects the free vibration and buckling responses of these structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the free vibration and buckling responses of laminated composite and sandwich microbeams with arbitrary boundary conditions are investigated. The governing equations based on the modified couple stress theory are derived by using the total potential energy of a microbeam and employing a transverse shear-normal deformable beam theory. Extensive analysis results in terms of dimensionless fundamental frequencies and dimensionless critical buckling loads are introduced for various boundary conditions, aspect ratios, orthotropy ratios, fiber orientation angles, thickness to material length scale parameter ratios, and core thickness to face layer thickness ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the static behaviour of two-directional functionally graded sandwich beams by using the Euler-Bernoulli, Timoshenko and Reddy-Bickford beam theories and the Symmetric Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SSPH) method. The SSPH code developed based on the present formulation of the functionally graded sandwich beam is validated by solving a simply supported conventional functionally graded beam problem. Numerical results which are in terms of maximum dimensionless transverse deflections, dimensionless axial and transverse shear stresses are compared with the analytical solutions and the results from previous studies. Various FG sandwich beam structures are investigated by considering different beam theories, aspect ratios (L/h) and sets of boundary conditions and using power-law distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Symmetric Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SSPH) method is applied to solve elastostatic deformations of isotropic tapered beams subjected to different sets of boundary conditions. Governing equations are presented by using either the Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. The performance of the SSPH method is evaluated by using different numbers of nodes in the problem domain and employing different beam theories for the numerical solutions of the iostropic tapered beam problems. To validate the performance of the SSPH method, comparison studies in terms of transverse deflections and axial stresses are carried out with the analytical solutions of Euler Bernoulli Beam Theory. Since there is no available closed form solutions of the problems based on the Timoshenko Beam Theory, the analytical solutions obtained by the Euler Beam Theory are used for the comparison purposes. It is observed that the SSPH method has the conventional convergence properties and yields smaller L2 error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]