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Japanese quince fruits (Chaenomeles L.) are a valuable source of bioactive compounds, including polyphenolic compounds, vitamins, macro- and microelements. By using Japanese quince fruit, you can fortify wheat beers and influence the qualitative and sensory values as well as the content of bioactive compounds in the finished product. Sensory evaluation showed that wheat beers with the addition of nonozonated Japanese quince fruits were characterized by a balanced taste and aroma (overall impression), but all wheat beers obtained were characterized by high sensory values, and the ozonation process had a positive effect on the microbiological stability of both fruits and beers with the addition of these fruit. Physico-chemical analysis of wheat beers showed that beers enriched with Japanese quince fruit were characterized by high total acidity, respectively: average values of 4.95 (fruit-free) and 6.66 (0.1 M NaOH/100 mL), higher energy value, and, especially beers enriched with ozonated Japanese quince fruit and high total polyphenol content. It was shown that wheat beers enriched with quince fruit contained mainly chlorogenic acid at an average level of 4.35 and 5.42 mg/L (for ozonated and nonozonated fruit, respectively). Electrical properties (impedance and capacity) allowed the differentiation of the analyzed wheat beers. Based on the conducted research, it appears that wheat beers enriched with Japanese quince fruit may constitute a new trend in the brewing industry.

In food authentication, it is important to compare different analytical procedures and select the best method. The aim of this study was to determine the fingerprints of Zweigelt and Rondo wines through headspace analysis using ultra-fast gas chromatography (ultra-fast GC) and to compare the effectiveness of this approach at classifying wines based on grape variety and type of malolactic fermentation (MLF) as well as its greenness and practicality with three other chromatographic methods such as headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with carboxen-polydimethylosiloxane fiber (SPME/GC-MS with CAR/PDMS fiber), headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with polyacrylate fiber (SPME/GC-MS with PA fiber), and ultra performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-MS/MS). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that fingerprints obtained using all four chromatographic methods were suitable for classification using machine learning (ML). Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) yielded accuracies of at least 99% in the varietal classification of Zweigelt and Rondo wines and therefore proved suitable for robust fingerprinting-based Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures. In the case of wine classification by the type of MLF, the classifiers performed slightly worse, with the poorest accuracy of 91% for SVM and SPME/GC-MS with CAR/PDMS fiber, and no less than 93% for the other methods. Ultra-fast GC is the greenest and UPLC-PDA-MS/MS is the most practical of the four chromatographic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The rat's model evaluated the function of sprouted beans enriched with probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v in alleviating dyslipidaemia, inflammation and disturbed redox homeostasis caused by a high‐lard diet. Sprouted beans improved the total antioxidant capacity of serum and liver, regardless of whether the feeds had a higher content of low‐molecular antioxidants or were additionally enriched with probiotics. The reduction of inflammation (lowered level of C‐reactive protein) and restoration of triglycerides and total cholesterol to the levels recorded in the control group (AIN‐93M) were especially observed in the group supplemented with the control adzuki bean. Introducing sprouted legumes (both the control and probiotic‐rich) improved microbiota activity affected by a high‐lard diet. The highest, desirable reduction of urease (by 80%) and tryptophanase (by 78%) activity was found in the groups fed with probiotic‐rich adzuki and mung bean sprouts respectively. Sprouted beans improve the metabolism of individuals subjected to a diet with an increased fat‐to‐carbohydrate energy ratio, especially concerning oxidative stress injury and microbiota activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative fruit profiles of ten cultivars (cvs.) of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) to determine their antioxidant activity (ABTS test, CUPRAC test, ability to capture superoxide (O2˙−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙)), cytotoxic activity (against cancer cell lines breast, MCF-7; colon, HT-29; and melanoma, SK-Mel-28) and physicochemical properties. Most of the selected cultivars had not previously been analyzed for these properties. A total of 19 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the fruits of the tested genotypes, with a quantitative range of 2166.3–3597.0 µg/g. The polyphenol profile was dominated by anthocyanins (90.0–92.4%), and the remaining classes occurred in the following order: phenolic acids > flavonols > flavan-3-ols. The highest concentrations of these polyphenol groups were found in the cultivars 'Honeybee', 'Sinij Uties' and 'Usłada'. The fruits of these cultivars were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity (546.6–683.5 µg/mL for O2˙− and 541.2–652.1 µg/mL for OH˙) and cytotoxic activity (103.6–649.2 µg/mL). The data obtained indicate that the fruits of the new haskap cultivars are a good source of bioactive compounds with possible health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied the phenolic content compared with the antioxidant properties of various O. vulgare (Lamiaceae) cultivars grown in Poland. The research results in this paper indicate that the dominant ingredient in all oregano cultivars was rosmarinic acid, known for its strong antioxidant properties. The highest amounts of rosmarinic acid (87.16 ± 4.03 mg/g dm) were identified in the O. vulgare spp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. Other metabolites identified in the studied extracts include luteolin O-di-glucuronide-O-di-pentoside (30.79 ± 0.38 mg/g dm in the 'Aureum' cultivar), 4′-O-glucopyranosyl-3′, 4′-dihydroxy benzyl-protocatechuate (19.84 ± 0.60 mg/g dm in the 'Margerita' cultivar), and p-coumaroyl-triacetyl-hexoside (25.44 ± 0.18 mg/g dm in the 'Margerita' cultivar). 'Hot & spicy' and 'Margerita' cultivars were characterized by the highest activity in eliminating OH• and O2•− radicals. Extracts from Greek oregano had the highest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and chelate iron ions. This research has also provided new evidence that oregano has anti-migratory, cytotoxic properties and influences the viability of gastric cancer cells (the highest cytotoxicity was attributed to the 'Hot & spicy' cultivar, which performed the worst in antioxidant properties tests). Extracts from the tested cultivars at a concentration of 0.625% effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria. It seems that the oregano grown in Poland is of good quality and can be successfully grown on a large scale if the appropriate use is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to design microcapsules with a core of blueberry fruit extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) using the ionotropic gelation method and then assess the effect of the type of extracts used and the combination of polymers on the profile of phenolic compounds, their in vitro bioavailability, stability during storage, as well as their antioxidant characteristics and cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells while assessing biocompatibility against normal colon epithelial cells. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), ranging from 8.79 to 74.55%, significantly depended on the extract used and the type of carrier. It was shown that the addition of pectin (Pect) and whey protein isolate (WPI) to alginate (Alg) improved the efficiency of the encapsulation process. For this version of microcapsules, the highest antioxidant activity, phenolic compound content and their stability during storage were also demonstrated. The estimated content of phenolic compounds ranged from 0.48 to 40.07 mg/g, and the dominant compound was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. In turn, the highest bioavailability of these compounds and the highest cytotoxic activity against cancer cells were characterized by microcapsules with Alg and WPI. Nevertheless, good biocompatibility with normal colon epithelial cells was demonstrated for all versions of microcapsules. The obtained data indicate that the tested variants of microcapsules protect the bioactive compounds of blueberry fruit extracts, which translates into maintaining their health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry plants need intensive anti-fungal protection. A solution to this problem could be the application of an ozonation process. For this purpose, a technical solution was proposed and implemented in raspberry plant production. The proposal suggests replacing 25% of standard fungicide treatments with ozonation. It was demonstrated that the use of ozone under the proposed conditions made it possible to maintain stable parameters of chlorophyll content and fluorescence (no significant differences), but the intensity of gas exchange was increased. The greatest differences were observed in the second measurement period (T2), when the plants were in the stage of most active development. Additionally, the content and profile of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and the microbial load were determined in the collected fruits. In periods T2 and T3, the proposed method caused a reduction reaching ~2 log cfu g−1 in the microbial content of raspberry fruits. It was shown that ozone treatment intensified the biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight antioxidants in fruit (increasing the total polyphenol content by more than 20%). The proposed scheme allows a 25% reduction in standard fungicide treatments while maintaining the health of cultivated raspberry plants. The reduction in fungicide use aligns with the EU regulations and produces fruit with better quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several thousand different cultivars of apple trees but only a limited number are cultivated on an industrial scale. Old cultivars can be useful, for example, in the processing industry due to their different composition. In many cases, they have higher organic acid content. The content of mineral components, colour, and polyphenols in the fruit of 7 old apple tree cultivars, growing in the Wolinski National Park, was studied. The changes that occurred in the fruit after freeze-drying were also evaluated. The trees from which the fruit was picked for analysis, despite the lack of chemical protection, were fruiting and the apples had only a few symptoms of damage caused by pests or diseases. The fruit was characterised by a high soluble solids content (14.4-16.4%), in which sugars and especially fructose dominated. The number of organic acids varied greatly and ranged from 0.27 (Oberlander Himbeerapfel) g to 1.07 g/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The content of polyphenols in fresh apples ranged from 186 mg (Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel) to 354 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane) and increased after freeze-drying from 666 mg (Weisser Winterkalvill) to 1486 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The dominant group of polyphenolic compounds was phenolic acid. The freeze-drying process caused unfavourable changes in the colour of the pulp. The fruits of Oberlander Himbeerapfel cultivar were most susceptible to these changes. However, the least darkened fruit of Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel.

Some holoparasitic species can become cultivated plants due to their unique chemical composition. A lot of bioactive contents are characteristic for them. Holoparasites of the family Orobanchaceae are known to be an important and rich source of polyphenols, especially metabolites of the phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) group. However, only a minority of the species in this family have been phytochemically tested. They are reported to have multiple biological and therapeutic effects and have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. This is the first study to present phytochemical profiling for a representative of genus Phelypaea. The chemical composition and biological activity in particular organs of the parasite, P. tournefortii, were determined. The interaction with its host, Tanacetum polycephalum (Asteraceae), from different places and altitudes was also studied. We presented the determination of polyphenolic compounds with the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method, antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities, polyphenols, and nitrates content, ABTS•+, DPPH, FRAP, as well as colour parameters. The polyphenols profile of the parasite and host were different in quality and quantity. Identification of polyphenolic compounds revealed 41 compounds, 15 in the parasite (12 phenylethanoids and 3 anthocyanins), and 26 in the host (mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids). The amount and biological activity of polyphenolic compounds present in Phelypaea was very diverse and depended on the host plant and the parasite’s organs, as well as on population altitude. The results show that P. tournefortii is a potential source of functional and pro-health components. They also direct researchers’ attention to the parasite’s organs, host, and environmental influence.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the polyphenol profile of Castanea sativa leaf methanolic extract and further evaluate its biological activities in vitro. After purification with an RP-18 resin, the extract was assessed for its polyphenol profile by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS, as well as for the antioxidant potential (ABTS, CUPRAC, ChA, ROS scavenging methods), anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential. Eighteen polyphenols were identified and the dominant compounds were chestatin followed by quercetin 3-O-glucoside. The total phenolic content of the extract showed a value of 1426.55 mg/100 g d.w. The obtained preparation showed the ability to scavenge O2•− (0.067 mg/mL) and OH• (0.207 mg/mL) radicals and had a stronger anti-obesity than anti-diabetic effect. Additionally, this extract exhibited a strong anticancer activity against the Caco-2 line (153.54 µg/mL), with anti-migratory and anti-proliferative activity. In turn, among the tested strains, the highest activity was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the effects demonstrated were strongly dependent on the content of polyphenols. In conclusion, C. sativa is a promising source of natural antioxidant, antibacterial, antiobesity, antidiabetic and chemopreventive compounds for food-pharma industry; however, further experimental studies are needed to validate its pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to characterize ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of two ecotypes (PL—intended for industrial plantations and KC—intended for cut flowers) of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The plant was cultivated in 2019 in southern Poland as part of a long-term research plan to develop new varieties resistant to difficult environmental conditions. The collected leaves and flowers were used to prepare ethanol extracts, which were then analyzed in terms of phytochemical composition and antioxidant, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. Using UPLC techniques, 22 compounds belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified. UPLC test results indicated that ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers differ in phytochemical composition. Lower amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified in leaf extracts than in flower extracts. The predominant substances in the flower extracts were rosmarinic acid (829.68–1229.33 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside III (810.97–980.55 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside II (789.30–885.06 µg/g). Ferulic acid glucoside II (3981.95–6561.19 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside I (2349.46–5503.81 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside III (1303.84–2774.17 µg/g) contained the highest amounts in the ethanol extracts of the leaves. The following substances were present in the extracts in trace amounts or at low levels: apigenin, kaempferol, and caftaric acid. Leaf extracts of the PL ecotype quantitatively (µg/g) contained more phytochemicals than leaf extracts of the KC ecotype. The results obtained in this study indicate that antioxidant activity depends on the ecotype. Extracts from the PL ecotype have a better ability to eliminate free radicals than extracts from the KC ecotype. At the same time, it was found that the antioxidant activity (total phenolic content, ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP) of PL ecotype leaf extracts was higher (24.49, 177.75, 164.88, and 89.10 μmol (TE)/g) than that determined in flower extracts (15.84, 125.05, 82.35, and 54.64 μmol (TE)/g). The test results confirmed that leaf and flower extracts, even at low concentrations (0.313–0.63%), significantly inhibit the growth of selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Candida yeasts. Inhibition of mold growth was observed at a dose extract of at least 1 mL/100 mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers' growing awareness of healthy nutrition results in an increase in demand for the production of beverages with health-promoting properties. An example of such a product is kvass produced in the fermentation process. This research aimed to determine the impact of plant additives on the antioxidant and sensorial properties of kvass made from bread based on mountain rye flour. The bread extract was fermented at different temperatures (28 and 34 °C). Additives of 3, 5, and 10% were used in the tests, which included black chokeberry juice and infusion, sea buckthorn fruit juice and infusion, and peppermint leaf infusion. A higher fermentation temperature in the production process resulted in an improvement in the organoleptic and antioxidant properties of the tested kvasses. The highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by kvass with the addition of 10% black chokeberry juice (0.734 µmol Trolox g−1 (ABTS), 4.90 µmol of Trolox g−1 (DPPH)), and a peppermint leaf infusion (0.773 µmol Trolox g−1 (ABTS), 4.71 µmol Trolox g−1 (DPPH)). The conditions of kvass production and the type and amount of the additive influenced the selected physicochemical parameters of the obtained kvasses. The chromatographic analysis confirmed the content of 13 phenolic compounds in kvass with the addition of black chokeberry juice, which was 1.68–1.73 mg/100 mL of the finished product with a 10% share of the additive. The 11 phenolic compounds in kvass with the addition of peppermint infusion were confirmed for 7.65–6.86 mg/100 mL of the finished product with 10% of the additive. Kvass enriched with additives from black chokeberry fruit and peppermint leaves may be a promising new category of functional beverages with health-promoting properties resulting from the content of polyphenol compounds. It could be a better base for enrichment with raw materials that are richer in these compounds than pasteurized products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the best sources of antioxidant and health-promoting bioactive substances is the fruit of V. corymbosum. A potent oxidizing agent, ozone (O3), can effectively eliminate bacteria. The application of ozone gas to V. corymbosum fruit during storage had a favorable impact on the fruit's phenolic component and sugar content in the current investigation. After 7 days of storage, phenolic content in all highbush blueberry cultivars and clones tested increased on average by 28.60%, including anthocyanins by 34%. After 14 days of storage, an average increase of 16.50% in phenolic compounds was observed, including a 20.53% increase in anthocyanins. Among all the tested varieties, clone BOR-21 treated with a dose of 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 30 min after 14 days had the highest TPC—143.73 mg·100 g−1 f.w. The sugar content of berries treated with a dose of 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 30 min, on day 7 and day 14 of storage increased by 9.2% and 6.3%, respectively. On day 7, the highest amount of total sugar (22.74 g·100 g−1) was observed in Duke cultivar after being exposed to 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 15 min. The ozonation treatments enhanced the fruit's saturation with nutrients, which raises the fruit's value as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and biological properties of ethanol extracts obtained from the fruits of the highbush cranberry. The produced extracts exhibited a high content of polyphenols (1041.9 mg 100 g d.m.−1) and a high antioxidant activity (2271.2 mg TE g 100 d.m.−1 using the DPPH method, 1781.5 mg TE g 100 d.m.−1 using the ABTS method), as well as a substantial amount of vitamin C (418.2 mg 100 g d.m.−1). These extracts also demonstrated significant in vitro biological activity. Studies conducted on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular model revealed the strong antioxidant effects of the extract, attributed to a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells, confirming the utility of the extracts in mitigating oxidative stress. Moreover, inhibitory properties were demonstrated against factors activating metabolic processes characteristic of inflammatory conditions. It was observed that the cranberry extract inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) non-selectively. Additionally, the extract was found to be a highly active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), potentially suggesting the applicability of this extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cranberries, black and red currants, strawberries, chokeberries, raspberries, blueberries and blackberries, due to the high content of polyphenolic compounds, become an excellent matrix for the production of preparations that can be used as nutraceuticals. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the content of bioactive compounds and health-promoting activity of preparations from polyphenolic fractions isolated from eight types of berries. METHODS: The preparations were obtained by lyophilization of the polyphenolic fraction of fruit extracts, and then they were evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity and anticancer activity. RESULTS: The analyzes showed a very diverse content of bioactive compounds and a high health-promoting potential significantly depending on the type of fruit. In total, 61 polyphenolic compounds were identified, with anthocyanins being the dominant group. A positive correlation was found between the content of polyphenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity. A cytotoxic effect on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) was also found. In addition, all the obtained preparations turned out to be effective inhibitors of enzymes promoting diabetes and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained preparations can be used in the production of nutraceuticals or functional food additives, applicable in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide is an important intra- and inter-cellular messenger. It has been reported that beverages such as tea and coffee generate H2O2. The aim of this study was to examine whether H2O2 is formed in infusions of medicinal herbs and to explain the mechanism of its formation. Infusions of sixteen herbs were studied and the presence of H2O2 was found in all cases. The highest concentrations of H2O2, exceeding 50 µM, were found in the infusions of leaves of Betula and Polygonum, as well as of the inflorescence of Tilia. Considerable amounts of diverse phenolic compounds were detected in the infusions. Two successive one-electron oxidations of phenolics are the main source of H2O2 in these infusions; as expected, the generation of semiquinone and superoxide radicals was confirmed. The infusions of medicinal herbs were also able to scavenge H2O2. The herbal infusions were cytotoxic to human ovary cancer SKOV-3 and PEO1 cells; this cytotoxicity was compromised by catalase added to the growth medium, demonstrating the contribution of H2O2 to the cytotoxic action of herbal extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is known to be rich in antioxidants, inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells, and hamper cancer formation and growth, but various forms of garlic can differ greatly in these respects. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant properties of acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of fresh Polish and Spanish garlic, black and granulated garlic, as well as fresh and dried ramsons. Extracts of black and granulated garlic showed the lowest total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The content of phenolic compounds correlated with TAC measured by ABTS• decolorization and FRAP methods, and with the results of FRAP and DPPH• decolorization assays. Garlic extracts inhibited the proliferation of PEO1 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and, usually to a smaller extent, MRC-5 fibroblasts. PBS extracts of fresh Spanish garlic showed the highest potency for inhibition of proliferation of PEO1 cells (IC50 of 0.71 µg extract dry mass/100 µL medium). No significant correlation was found between the potency for inhibition of proliferation and the content of phenolics or flavonoids, confirming that phenolics are the main determinants of TAC but do not contribute significantly to the antiproliferative effects of garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing interest in new sources of secondary metabolites as biologically active substances has resulted in an advanced study of many plant species. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. = Rhaphiolepis bibas (Lour.) Galasso & Banfi, Rosaceae family), an evergreen, subtropical fruit tree, native to China and Japan, but cultivated in southern countries of Europe, is a species commonly used in folk medicine and may be an excellent source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the profile of the phenolic constituents of E. japonica fruits and leaves originating from Tuscany (Italy), as well as their in vitro antioxidant and chemopreventive activities on human cancer cell lines breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2 and HT-29), and glioblastoma (U87MG). Results revealed that the extract of leaves displayed higher antioxidant and anticancer potential than the fruit extract and contained 25 individual phenolic compounds that have been characterized and quantified by the UPLC-PDA-MS method. The antiproliferative activity was correlated with the content of polyphenolic compounds indicating that both fruits and leaves are a good source of antioxidants and may be exploited as nutraceuticals enriching food or as components for the cosmetic/pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, morphological part of the plant, and climatic and soil conditions during vegetation. In the presented work, the characterization of antimicrobial properties as well as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive compounds in the form of polyphenols in ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. intended for border hedges, cultivated in the region of southern Poland, were determined. The composition of the fraction of volatile substances and antioxidant properties were also assessed. The conducted research shows that extracts from leaves and flowers significantly affected the viability of bacterial cells and the development of mold fungi. A clear decrease in the viability of bacteria and C. albicans cells was shown in the concentration of 0.32% of extracts. Leaf extracts were characterized by a much higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties than flower extracts. The composition of volatiles measured by GC-MS was significantly different between the extracts. Linalyl acetate and ocimene isomers mix dominated in flower extracts, whereas coumarin, γ-cadinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin were identified as dominant in leaf extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effects of irrigating barley plants with different type of water solutions saturated with gaseous ozone generated from atmospheric air. The study investigated the effects of the applied types of water on the modulation of the biosynthesis of selected bioactive compounds (content of total polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants, vitamin C) in the produced plant material. A number of transformations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen compounds have also been postulated; these are observed during the saturation of water with gaseous O3 and 30 min after the end of the process. It was shown that after the process of water saturation with gaseous O3, the gas later is converted to compounds with high oxidative potential and good stability; these, in turn, lead to the oxidation of oxidates generated from atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which exhibit fertilising properties. Thirty minutes after the process of H2O saturation with gaseous O3 was completed, the tests showed the highest concentrations of nitrates and the relatively high oxidative potential of the solution originating from H2O2 with a low concentration of the dissolved O3. This solution exhibited the highest activity modulating the biosynthesis of polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants and vitamin C in young barley plants. The resulting differences were significant, and they were reflected by 15% higher total polyphenol content, 35% higher antioxidative potential and 57% greater content of vitamin C compared to the control specimens (plants treated with fresh H2O). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to obtain a dye from black elder fruits and flowers and to study their potential in production of jellies with high antioxidant activity. Three dyes were produced by lyophilization of aqueous extracts: (1) fruits dye (F), (2) flowers dye (FL), and (3) fruits and flowers dye (F + FL). Their polyphenol profiles were compared by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The antioxidant activity [ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and DPPH radicals scavenging test and total phenolics were compared by spectrophotometric methods. Jellies were produced from agar and gelatin with the addition of three obtained dyes, and their antioxidant water- and lipid soluble fractions were tested with a Photochem device. Results indicated that black elder fruits are rich in anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (7.56 mg/g d.w.), while flowers are rich in polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acid (2.82 mg/g d.w.) and rutin (4.04 mg/g d.w.). FL dye exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to F dye (for about 30−40%), regardless of the used method, whereas F + FL dye was characterized by intermediate antioxidant activity. Jellies produced with the addition of FL dye had better antioxidant properties but unattractive color and unpleasant taste, but the use of F + FL dye created a product of favorable organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity comparable to jellies with F dye addition.

Kamchatka berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) and haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) fruit are important sources of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, but also macro- and microelements. Physico-chemical analysis showed that wheat beers with added fruit were characterised by an average 14.06% higher ethanol content, lower bitterness and intense colour compared to the control, which was a wheat beer without added fruit. Wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, including the "Aurora" variety, had the highest polyphenolic profile (e.g., chlorogenic acid content averaged 7.30 mg/L), and the antioxidant activity of fruit-enriched wheat beers determined by the DPPH method showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, while those determined by the FRAP and ABTS methods showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with haskap fruit, including the "Willa" variety. Sensory evaluation of the beer product showed that wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruits of the "Duet" variety and haskap fruits of the "Willa" variety were characterised by the most balanced taste and aroma. On the basis of the conducted research, it follows that both kamchatka berry fruits of the "Duet" and "Aurora" varieties and haskap fruit of the "Willa" variety can be used successfully in the production of fruity wheat beers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is of significant economic importance due to its high yield potential and high nutritional value as well as the technological usefulness of the grain. Field experiments were carried out in the years 2015–2018 in southeastern Poland. A three-factor experiment was used to study the influence of wheat cultivars (hybrid—cvs. Hybred and Hymack; common—cv. Batuta), cultivation systems (organic—ORG, integrated—INT, conventional—CON) and of environmental conditions (using two different locations: Dukla and Nowy Lubliniec) on wheat grains' phenolic acid (PA) content and grain yield. The research confirms the genetic determinants of grain yield and PA composition in wheat grains, and their different accumulation levels of ferulic acid and other PAs—with the exception of sinapic, p-coumaric, and salicilic—with hybrid cultivars performing better than common cultivars. The ORG system, compared to the INT and CON systems, caused a larger increase in total acids (TPAs)—especially of ferulic, vanillic, and syringic acids—in grains of cv. Hybred, and of caffeic acid in cv. Hymack, compared to cv. Batuta. The lack of interaction between the cultivation systems and the cultivars indicates that similar reactions to increases in grain yield due to increases in the intensity of cultivation take place in cultivars. The more favourable environmental conditions in Dukla favoured the accumulation of ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, syringic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids in the grains. TPAs were higher by 4.3% and the grain yield by 4.0% on average. Variable conditions in the season 2015/2016 resulted in higher yields of hybrid cvs. grains than of common cv., which proves the greater yielding stability of these cultivars in years with adverse weather conditions. The season 2016/2017 had less rainfall and faced high temperatures during grain ripening, favouring a higher PA content and TPAs, especially in the grains of cv. Hybred. This suggests a need to further assess the genetic progress of hybrid wheat cultivars cultivated under different environmental conditions in terms of their PA composition and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera caerulea fruits are a rich source of vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, which are characterised by their health-promoting properties. The content of bioactive compounds in this fruit may vary depending on the cultivar and the harvest date. The fruits of the L. caerulea var. kamtschatica cultivars 'Duet' and 'Aurora' and the L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx cultivars 'Lori', 'Colin' and 'Willa' were used in this study. L. emphyllocalyx fruit, especially the cultivar 'Willa', was characterised as having a higher acidity by an average of 29.96% compared to L. kamtschatica. The average ascorbic acid content of the L. kamtschatica fruit was 53.5 mg·100 g−1 f.w., while L. emphyllocalyx fruit had an average content that was 14.14% lower. The antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) varied according to the cultivar and the species of fruit analysed. The total polyphenol content differed significantly depending on the cultivar analysed; fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar 'Willa' were characterised by the lowest content of total polyphenols—416.94 mg GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—while the highest content of total polyphenols—747.85 GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—was found in the fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar 'Lori'. Lonicera caerulea fruits contained 26 different phenolic compounds in their compositions, of which the highest content was characterised by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (average: 347.37 mg·100 g−1). On the basis of this study, it appears that both L. kamtschatica fruits and L. emphyllocalyx fruits, especially of the cultivars 'Lori' and 'Willa', can be used in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the biological potential of the polyphenolic fraction isolated from J. regia leaves, collected in the Subcarpathian region (Poland). The phenolic profile was determined using the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method. Biological activity was determined by evaluating the antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Prior to this study, the purified polyphenolic fraction was not been tested in this regard. A total of 40 phenolic compounds (104.28 mg/g dw) were identified, with quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin pentosides dominating. The preparation was characterized by a high ability to chelate iron ions and capture O2•− and OH• radicals (reaching IC50 values of 388.61, 67.78 and 193.29 µg/mL, respectively). As for the anticancer activity, among the six tested cell lines, the preparation reduced the viability of the DLD-1, Caco-2, and MCF-7 lines the most, while in the antibacterial activity, among the seven tested strains, the highest susceptibility has been demonstrated against K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus. Depending on the needs, such a preparation can be widely used in the design of functional food and/or the cosmetics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry fruits are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The study used the modification of the substrate (coconut fibre), consisting of the use of various organic and mineral additives, in the soilless cultivation of raspberries. The additives influenced the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in the raspberry fruits by modifying the sorption properties and the abundance of the substrate. The influence of the additives on the content of polyphenols was determined as well as their profile (UPLC-MS), antioxidant potential (ABTS), vitamin C content, and the activity of selected enzymes that are markers of stress and resistance to abiotic factors. In the study, a significant effect of these additives was observed on the biosynthesis of polyphenols in raspberry fruit. The highest increase in the content of these compounds in relation to the control sample (substrate—100% coconut fibre), namely 37.7%, was recorded in the case of fruit produced on coconut substrate enriched with sheep wool. These fruits were also characterised by a significantly different profile of these compounds. These changes were caused by readily available ammonium nitrogen and free amino acids in the decomposition of proteins contained in the sheep wool. This was confirmed by the recorded content of chlorophyll SPAD in the plant leaves and the activity of selected enzymes, which proves a low level of stress and good condition of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buckwheat sprouts are a source of various nutrients, e.g., antioxidant flavonoids, which have a positive effect on human health. This study analyzed the content of phenolic compounds and assessed their impact on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and dietary fiber in modified buckwheat sprouts. For this purpose, the buckwheat seeds were modified by adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. The modified buckwheat sprouts showed a higher content of total phenol compounds (1526 µg/g d.w.) than the control sprouts (951 µg/g d.w.) and seeds (672 µg/g d.w.). As a consequence, a higher antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect were noted. Probiotic-rich sprouts also had the highest content of total dietary fiber and its soluble fraction. A correlation between phenolic compounds and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as dietary fiber, was shown. The interaction between dietary fiber and phenolic compounds affects the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of phenolic compounds in food. The introduction of probiotic yeast into the sprouts had a positive effect on increasing their nutritional value, as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a consequence, the nutraceutical potential of the raw material changed, opening a new direction for the use of buckwheat sprouts, e.g., in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young barley plants are a good source of bioactive compounds. This paper presents the effects of gaseous O3 (trioxygen or ozone) on the biosynthesis of compounds, determining the antioxidant potential of young barley plants. The total content of polyphenols was determined along with their profile, as well as total antioxidant potential and vitamin C content. The highest contents of these compounds were identified in young barley plants exposed to gaseous O3. The main bioactive compound, representing polyphenols, determined in the examined raw materials was saponarin (isovitexin 7-O-glucoside). The induction of increased biosynthesis of these molecules was directly linked to the modification of the activity of selected enzymes. The increased polyphenol content resulted from the modified activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). On the other hand, the oxidative effect of ozone on barley plants was reduced, owing to the modified activities of catalases (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX). Analysis of the results showed that by applying gaseous O3 at a dose of 50 ppm for 10 min, the contents of bioactive compounds can be maximised in a residue-free way by activating oxidative stress defence mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saskatoon berry fruits are a valuable source of micro- and macronutrients, sugars, and compounds with health-promoting properties, the properties of which change during storage. This study presents the effects of applied gaseous ozone at 10 ppm for 15 and 30 min on microbiological stability, sugar content, and bioactive compounds for three cultivars and three clones of Saskatoon berry fruit. The ozonation process had a positive effect on reducing the microbial load of the fruit, which was observed on day 7 of storage for the two variants of ozonation time of 15 and 30 min compared to the control and also on the sugar profile of the "Thiessen" fruit, as well as clones no 5/6 and type H compared to the control sample, which was non-ozonated fruit. In the Saskatoon berry fruits analyzed, 21 polyphenolic compounds were identified, of which four belonged to the anthocyanin group whose main representative was the 3-O-glucoside cyanidin. The ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH· and ABTS+· methods) varied according to the cultivar and clone of the Saskatoon berry fruits analyzed and the ozone exposure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen is one of the major by-products of the walnut tree, yet it is poorly investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant, anticancer potential, and polyphenol profile of pollen obtained from male Juglans regia flowers. A total of 24 phenolic compounds were identified in Juglans regia pollen and all of them were reported for the first time for this raw material. The content of polyphenols was 408.03 mg/100 g dry weight (dw) and the most abundant components were quercetin 3-O-sophoroside and 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside. The concentration of these compounds, as well as the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, strongly determined the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Juglans regia pollen. Antioxidant action using the ABTS and CUPRAC methods had the values of 3.35 and 0.32 mmol TE/g dw, respectively. In turn, in the tests of chelating ability of ferrous ion, O2•− and OH− radical scavenging activity, of which the results were expressed as IC50, the values were equal to 335.01, 459.31, and 92.89 µg/mL, respectively. Among the six cancer cell lines, the strongest effect was demonstrated for Caco-2 (140.65 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (140.98 µg/mL) cells. The results provide valuable and previously unpublished data on the polyphenol composition and biological potential of Juglans regia pollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]