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Climate and land use changes drive shifts in species distributions, causing variations in species richness. Yet the influence of shifts in species distributions on functional diversity at broad spatial scales remains uncertain. Here, we explored the potential effect of climate and land use changes on the functional diversity of European amphibian assemblages from the present to 2050, along with their effect on species richness. We performed species distribution modelling using a scenario of climate and land use change to estimate current and future potential distributions of 73 species. We estimated functional diversity using morphological and ecological functional traits. Our results highlight the intricate effects of climate and land use changes on taxonomic and functional diversity of amphibians. A climate-induced northward expansion of amphibians is anticipated, with temperature, precipitation, and forest cover prominently shaping future assemblages. Species expected to have shrinking ranges (n = 35) tend to mature sexually at a later age, produce fewer offspring per reproductive event, and live at higher maximum altitudes compared to species expected to expand (n = 38). Furthermore, trait composition changes are expected to exceed predictions based solely on species richness. These changes will vary geographically, with northern regions likely experiencing substantial increases in functional richness and functional redundancy, i.e., the coexistence of species with similar functional roles. Our findings underscore that functional diversity changes might serve as an early warning signal to assess human impacts on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity, but they also offer insights on different ecological processes, as highlighted by the hypotheses posited to explain the phenomenon. We explore the relative importance of different hypotheses using biotic (native diversity) and abiotic factors (climate and landscape configuration) as proxies driving the spatial pattern of alien plant biodiversity in Greece. The strongest predictor of alien species richness is native species richness. Landscape heterogeneity boosts this relationship, but native and alien species prefer different conditions. Landscape composition and configuration explain more of the variance of alien diversity than of native diversity, with native diversity increasing at more naturally vegetated areas and alien diversity at agricultural lands. Climate is associated more strongly with native diversity than with alien diversity, with native diversity increasing in colder regions and alien diversity in warmer regions. The transportation network was associated with higher alien species richness but not with native species richness, highlighting the importance of propagule/colonization pressure. These differences might indicate that aliens occupy part of the niche space that is not preferred by the natives and thus allow us to speculate on the role of limiting similarity as a driving force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Functional redundancy, the coexistence of species with similar functional roles, is of critical importance for ecosystem function stability. However, drivers of functional redundancy remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we analyzed four traits of British butterflies and aimed to identify the biotic and abiotic factors that affect the spatial patterns of functional redundancy. The most important factor was taxonomic diversity, with species-rich communities having the highest level of functional redundancy. Temperature was associated with redundancy and with different facets of taxonomic and functional diversity. However, although warmer areas hosted species-rich communities, redundancy was greatest in areas of intermediate mean annual temperature and declined at higher temperatures. This might imply that despite the positive effect of increased temperature on butterfly diversity, warmer and species-rich areas are vulnerable, perhaps due to the land uses dominating in these regions. Landscape heterogeneity promoted species richness, functional redundancy and variation in species and functional composition of the butterfly assemblages, underscoring the importance of maintaining diverse landscapes. Biodiversity promotes the functioning of ecosystems, and functional redundancy safeguards this functioning against environmental changes. However, what drives functional redundancy remains unclear. We analyzed taxonomic diversity, functional diversity (richness and β-diversity) and functional redundancy patterns of British butterflies. We explored the effect of temperature and landscape-related variables on richness and redundancy using generalized additive models, and on β-diversity using generalized dissimilarity models. The species richness-functional richness relationship was saturating, indicating functional redundancy in species-rich communities. Assemblages did not deviate from random expectations regarding functional richness. Temperature exerted a significant effect on all diversity aspects and on redundancy, with the latter relationship being unimodal. Landscape-related variables played a role in driving observed patterns. Although taxonomic and functional β-diversity were highly congruent, the model of taxonomic β-diversity explained more deviance than the model of functional β-diversity did. Species-rich butterfly assemblages exhibited functional redundancy. Climate- and landscape-related variables emerged as significant drivers of diversity and redundancy. Τaxonomic β-diversity was more strongly associated with the environmental gradient, while functional β-diversity was driven more strongly by stochasticity. Temperature promoted species richness and β-diversity, but warmer areas exhibited lower levels of functional redundancy. This might be related to the land uses prevailing in warmer areas (e.g., agricultural intensification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of predicting the distribution of alien species has long been a focus of invasion ecology. Herein, we assessed biotic and abiotic factors from the 1980s as potential predictors of alien bird species patterns 20 years later in the state of New York. To assess the ability of each factor to predict future alien species patterns, we analysed the influence of biotic (native taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and human population density) and abiotic (climate and land use) factors from the 1980s on the observed alien species richness patterns in the 2000s and the temporal change in the composition of the alien communities between the 1980s and the 2000s using both single-predictor and multivariate models. Alien species richness from the 1980s was a reliable predictor of the alien species richness and temporal beta-diversity patterns in the 2000s. Among abiotic factors, maximum temperature and agricultural land-uses constituted sufficient predictors of future alien species richness and better predictors than the native biotic factors. The performance of single-predictor models was generally weaker in predicting temporal alien beta-diversity; however, past alien species richness and maximum temperature again outperformed the other factors. Predictions and management decisions should focus on warm and agricultural areas, as well as areas with an already high number of established alien species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity change is essential to understand how communities vary over time and confront to environmental changes for the resilience of ecosystem functioning. We use data from two bird atlases of Britain collected during the breeding periods 1988–1991 and 2008–2011 to measure temporal β‐diversity of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dimensions and examine the relationship and the level of congruence of the three dimensions of temporal β‐diversity and their respective partitioned components (turnover‐nestedness). Temporal β‐diversity, turnover and nestedness patterns were highly congruent for the taxonomic and phylogenetic dimension, although these dimensions were weakly associated with the functional dimension. We found higher levels of temporal changes for the taxonomic (mean Jaccard β‐diversity 0.27) and phylogenetic (mean Jaccard β‐diversity 0.21) dimensions than for the functional dimension (mean Jaccard β‐diversity 0.09), implying that despite the changes in species composition the functional composition of the communities remained less affected. For taxonomic and phylogenetic dimensions, turnover contributed more than nestedness to shaping β‐diversity, while for functional β‐diversity the two components contributed similarly. Communities at higher altitudes were also more functionally similar in 20 years but with more changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity possibly due to environmental filtering. We hypothesize that the low congruence might be due to species with extreme trait values persisting throughout time and retaining the volume of functional space and thus contributing to the low temporal change of functional diversity despite the high levels of change in species composition, perhaps an indication of functional "stability." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibians are among the most endangered group of vertebrates. To conserve their diversity we need to comprehend how functional diversity and species traits vary across environmental gradients. We investigate the distribution of functional diversity (functional richness–functional dispersion–functional evenness) and the environmental drivers (climate, energy availability, landscape and anthropogenic attributes) of these patterns for the 68 amphibian species of Europe using generalized least squares models and hierarchical partitioning. Based on eight functional traits, species were arranged in a multidimensional functional trait space and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) was applied to investigate the occupancy of this space by amphibians. Functional richness mirrored species richness pattern and decreased towards higher latitudes; while, functional dispersion showed an even stronger negative correlation with latitude. Functional evenness did not display a clear latitudinal trend. Areas with higher functional richness and functional dispersion are associated with lower temperature seasonality and increased land cover diversity, in contrast areas with higher functional evenness are characterized by lower mean annual temperature. Climate seasonality mostly influenced the traits related to the first two PCoA axes (i.e., foraging location, mobility mode) which could have been considered as functional response traits and could be used as indicators to examine how communities respond to environmental change. Our work describes the macroecological patterns and discusses the relative importance of alternative underlying mechanisms driving functional diversity of this high‐risk taxonomical group and highlight that species richness presents only part of the biodiversity patterns, while other facets like functional evenness behave distinctively differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First community-level analysis of phylogenetic patterns in the southern Balkan Peninsula. • Ravine forests have a higher phylogenetic diversity than the other forest types. • Putative refugial role of ravine forests is supported by their phylogenetic diversity. Patterns of phylogenetic diversity and structure of flora in refugial areas may be very complex due to habitat heterogeneity and legacies of various historical processes. Revealing these patterns can help understand the nature of the refugia. Here we study phylogenetic patterns of the flora in one of the main putative Pleistocene refugia of temperate forest biota in Europe through a community-level analysis for the main types of forests. For this purpose, a database of vegetation plots from deciduous and mountain coniferous forests of northern and central Greece was created. The plots were classified into floristically and ecologically interpretable community types. Faith's phylogenetic diversity, mean phylogenetic distance and mean nearest taxon distance, as well as their standardized equivalents, were used to characterize the mean phylogenetic diversity and structure of each community type. All analyses were applied both for all the vascular plant taxa and for angiosperm taxa only. We related the measures of phylogenetic diversity and structure to ecological factors and compared them among community types. The 25 identified community types differed in their phylogenetic diversity and structure. The observed patterns were significantly different when old evolutionary lineages, such as gymnosperms and ferns, were taken into account. A random or overdispersed phylogenetic structure was observed for most of the community types, while only two oak-dominated community types were clustered. The highest phylogenetic diversity and a notably high proportion of plots with an overdispersed phylogenetic structure were observed in two mesic ravine forest community types (one of these transitional to beech forests). Phylogenetic metrics correlated with ecological conditions, in particular, overdispersion was more common in shaded, cool and moist forests. The high phylogenetic diversity and overdispersed structure of the two ravine community types can be related to the putative refugial role of these forest habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent the main tool for halting the loss of marine biodiversity. However, there is increasing evidence concerning their limited capacity to reduce or eliminate some threats even within their own boundaries. Here, we analysed a Europe-wide dataset comprising 31,579 threats recorded in 1692 sites of the European Union's Natura 2000 conservation network. Focusing specifically on threats related to marine species and habitats, we found that fishing and outdoor activities were the most widespread threats reported within MPA boundaries, although some spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of threats was apparent. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to reconsider current management plans, standardise monitoring approaches and reporting, refine present threat assessments and improve knowledge of their spatial patterns within and outside MPAs in order to improve conservation capacity and outcomes. Unlabelled Image • Recreational activities and fishing are the main threats affecting European MPAs. • The majority of the threats occur/act both inside and outside the boundaries of the MPAs. • There is heterogeneity in the distribution of threats across European countries. • Standardised monitoring and assessments are needed to improve conservation capacity and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trait‐based approaches and functional diversity have been previously used to enlighten our knowledge on the structure of community assemblages which are driven by species interactions or abiotic factors. We assess what amphibian functional diversity implies for the community assembly of amphibians of Europe and whether the use of different Functional Trait Groups (FTGs) affects the results. We used presence/absence atlas with 50 km × 50 km grain size and three functional diversity indices (FRic, RaoQ and FDiv) which reflect functional richness and divergence to estimate functional diversity patterns calculated for three FTGs: Morphological, Habitat‐related, Reproductive and the complete set of traits. To identify the two key processes (environmental filtering and limiting similarity) that may shape amphibian communities and how the relative importance of these processes could change using different FTGs, we used null models to test for non‐random patterns of functional diversity accounting or not for the difference in regional species pool. We show that for the same grid cell, for one FTG we might observe lower than randomly expected functional diversity (i.e., trait convergence or environmental filtering as the dominant community assembly process) while for another FTG or for the complete set of traits, higher than randomly expected functional diversity (i.e., trait divergence or limiting similarity as the dominant community assembly process). This highlights the role of trait selection on the inference drawn regarding community assembly. Furthermore, the number of traits (complete set vs. FTGs) used to quantify functional diversity also affects the conclusions regarding community assembly. We assess what amphibian functional diversity implies for the community assembly of amphibians of Europe and whether the use of different Functional Trait Groups (FTGs) affect the results. We show that for the same grid cell, for one FTG we might observe lower than randomly expected functional diversity (i.e. trait convergence or environmental filtering as the dominant community assembly process) while for another FTG or for the complete set of traits, higher than randomly expected functional diversity (i.e. trait divergence or limiting similarity as dominant community assembly process). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quietness exists in places without human induced noise sources and could offer multiple benefits to citizens. Unlit areas are sites free of human intense interference at night time. The aim of this research is to develop an integrated environmental index of noise and light pollution. In order to achieve this goal the spatial pattern of quietness and darkness of Europe was identified, as well as their overlap. The environmental index revealed that the spatial patterns of Quiet and Unlit Areas differ to a great extent highlighting the importance of preserving quietness as well as darkness in EU. The spatial overlap of these two environmental characteristics covers 32.06% of EU surface area, which could be considered a feasible threshold for protection. This diurnal and nocturnal metric of environmental quality accompanied with all direct and indirect benefits to human well-being could indicate a target for environmental protection in the EU policy and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the establishment and the first outcomes of the Hellenic Ecosystem Services Partnership (HESP), a scientific-technical committee aiming at the guidance and coordination of the Ecosystem Services (ES) assessment in Greece. HESP consists of experts from different disciplines (ecology, marine biology, socio-ecological system science) and aims to: i) coordinate ES assessment efforts under a shared framework; ii) promote the ES approach in Greece; iii) support the European implementation of ES at the national level (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem and their Services initiative), and iv) fulfill priority actions regarding the ES implementation and the obligations derived from the National Biodiversity Strategy. In this paper, we present the first drafting of the National Agenda including short- and long-term objectives towards the national implementation of MAES, we outline the HESP Action Plan to 2020, as well as the timeline of the basic steps to be taken, to achieve decision making on the basis of ES maintenance and enhancement. It will also serve as a call for action to encourage more ES assessments at the national level, but also as a primer for the inclusion of protected areas and other areas of special importance for ES assessments at the EU level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]