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Background Context: One of the controversies in untreated idiopathic scoliosis is the influence of curve size on respiratory function. Whereas scoliosis patients with curves over 90 to 100 degrees are agreed to be at risk for cardiorespiratory failure in later life, the impairment of curves below 90 degrees is generally considered mild. Although various studies showed that pulmonary function is affected in patients with scoliosis, quantification of the relation between curve size and pulmonary function is lacking., Purpose: This systematic review with meta-regression analysis aims to characterize the relation between pulmonary function tests and scoliosis severity in children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis., Study Design: Systematic review with meta-regression analysis., Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL were systematically searched until November 3, 2020, for original articles that reported (1) severity of scoliosis quantified in Cobb angle, and (2) pulmonary function tests in children and adolescents with untreated idiopathic scoliosis. Exclusion criteria were other types of scoliosis, non-original data, post-treatment data, and case reports. All study designs were included, and relevant study details and patient characteristics were extracted. The primary outcome was the effect of Cobb angle on pulmonary function as expressed by the slope coefficient of a linear meta-regression analysis., Results: A total of 126 studies, including 8,723 patients, were retrieved. Meta-regression analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse relation between thoracic Cobb angle and absolute and predicted forced vital capacity in 1 second, forced vital capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. For these outcomes, the slope coefficients showed a decrease of 1% of the predicted pulmonary function per 2.6 to 4.5 degrees of scoliosis. A multivariable meta-regression analysis of potential confounders (age, year of publication, and kyphosis) hardly affected the majority of the outcomes., Conclusion: This meta-regression analysis of summary data (means) from 126 studies showed an inverse relationship between the thoracic Cobb angle and pulmonary function. In contrast to previous conclusions, the decline in pulmonary function appears to be gradual over the full range of Cobb angles between <20 and >120 degrees. These findings strengthen the relevance of minimizing curve progression in children with idiopathic scoliosis., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TF) is known to the public as a chest emollient, mucous expectorant, laxative and is used to prevent maturation of boils and diabetes since ancient times. In this study, we aimed to determine the amebicidal effects against Acanthamoeba cysts. Plant extracts were prepared at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/ml and were placed in a hemocytometer with cell counts 22 × 10 6 cell/ml. The fatty acid profiles of TF seeds were determined. Standard Acanthamoeba cysts were added and incubated at 25°C. The viability of the parasite was checked and recorded at hours 3, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 102. The values of lethal concentration doses (LD50 and LD90) were calculated using probit analysis. This study revealed that T. foenum-graecum prevented proliferation of the parasite at certain times. However, further for in vivo and controlled experimental studies are needed in order to find out how to use this plant as medication., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.