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In a cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system, where atoms coherently interact with photons in a cavity, the eigenstates of the system are the superposition states of atoms and cavity photons, the so-called dressed states of atoms. When two cavities are connected by an optical fiber with negligible loss, the coherent coupling between the cavities gives rise to photonic normal modes. One of these normal modes is the fiber-dark mode, in which photons are delocalized in the two distant cavities. Here we demonstrate the setting of coupled-cavities QED, where two nanofiber cavity-QED systems are coherently connected by a meter-long low-loss channel in an all-fiber fashion. Specifically, we observe dressed states of distant atoms with delocalized photons of the fiber-dark normal mode. Our system will provide a platform for the study of delocalized atomic and photonic states, photonic many-body physics, and distributed quantum computation.

During development, epithelial progenitors establish intercellular junctions, including tight junctions (TJs), and form three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures, which are often associated with luminal structures. Here we identify grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) as a transcription factor that regulates the size of luminal space surrounded by polarized epithelial cells. We show that HPPL, a liver progenitor cell line, transfected with Grhl2 cDNA forms remarkably larger cysts than the control cells in 3D cultures. We find that Grhl2 up-regulates claudin (Cldn) 3 and Cldn4, and their functions are necessary for the formation of large cysts. Overexpression of Cldn3 alone induces the cyst expansion. In contrast, expression of Cldn4 alone does not induce expansion, as it is not localized at TJs. Of interest, Rab25, another Grhl2 target, not only increases the Cldn4 protein, but also enhances its localization at TJs. Taken together, the results indicate that Grhl2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis through transcriptional up-regulation of Cldn3 and Cldn4, as well as of Rab25, which increases the Cldn4 protein and its localization at TJs. The results reveal a molecular network regulating epithelial lumen formation organized by Grhl2.

Objective: Although a close relationship between the oral discomfort and the menopause is suggested, it is not clear if the alteration of sex steroids would cause any histological or even pathological change in the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of sex steroid deficiency on the rat oral mucosa as well as the effect of its replacement., Methods: The oral mucosa of ovariectomized rats was compared to that of sham-operated rats both histologically and immunohistochemically. The same evaluation was also performed after hormone replacement therapy for the ovariectomized rats., Results: The ovariectomized animals presented reduced thickness of the mucosal epithelium with an irregular corneal (keratinised) surface. Partial disappearance of lingual papilla with irregular lete-peg was also noted. The corneal (keratinised) layer in the sublingual region was significantly thinner in ovariectomized animals. The results from immunohistochemistry showed the possibility that the turnover period was prolonged in ovariectomized rats. Estrogen replacement could compensate for the reduction in mucosal thickness in the animal model., Conclusions: The overall results suggest that sex steroids have a specific role in the maintenance of normal oral mucosa, and its deficiency possibly leads to the onset of oral discomfort in postmenopausal women.

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare benign lesion of unknown etiology and is often accompanied by fever. Unexplained persistent fever unresponsive to antibiotics developed in a 70-year-old man suffering from intractable recurrent gouty arthritis. 67Ga-scintigraphy disclosed intense focal uptake in the upper abdomen. The lesion in the left lobe of the liver was an ill-defined hypodensity mass on computed tomographic scan and was enhanced on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor was surgically removed and a diagnosis of IPT was made. Fever and arthritis resolved completely after surgery. Possible interaction between IPT of the liver and gouty arthritis was suggested.

A trichofolliculoma occurring in the mid-philtrum of the upper lip of a 17-year-old boy is reported. It presented as an asymptomatic, 10 mm deep sinus and histology showed keratin-filled cysts or sinuses lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Purpose: This study examined the ultrastructural characteristics of adhesions in the upper joint compartment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ)., Materials and Methods: Tissue biopsy specimens of adhesions were obtained during arthroscopic operation on 36 joints in 22 patients with internal derangement (ID). The biopsy specimens were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy., Results: Adhesions were grossly divided into two types based on arthroscopic observation: 1) a band-like type, which connected the articular fossa and TMJ disc, and 2) a pseudowall-like type, which faced the synovial fluid and was lined by articular tissue. Two types of collagen arrangement were observed at the electron microscopic level: orderly arranged collagen bundles and randomly arranged collagen bundles. Orderly arranged collagen bundles were prominent in the band-like adhesions. In pseudowall-like adhesions, mainly the randomly arranged collagen bundles were seen. However, in some dense fiber parts, orderly arranged collagen bundles also were observed. In other pseudowall-like adhesions, only orderly arranged collagen bundles were seen. Elastic fibers were abundant in some pseudowall-like adhesions with randomly arranged collagen bundles. There were no elastic fibers in the band-like adhesions, some dense fiber parts of the pseudowall-like adhesion, pseudowall-like adhesions consisting of only orderly arranged collagen bundles, and in the synovial membrane., Conclusion: The different arrangement of collagen fibers and presence or absence of elastic fibers were observed in the two types of adhesions. These findings served to show that extracellular components correspond to a dysfunction involving an ID of TMJ.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between food consistency and the growth of the mandibular condyle in rats. Secondly, the effect of dental extractions on cartilage of the mandibular condyle was examined in young adult rats fed foods of varying consistency. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (A) Solid diet--non-Extraction (non-Ext.) group; (B) Solid diet--Extraction (Ext.) group; (C) Powder diet--non-Ext. group; and (D) Powder diet--Ext. group. Extractions were performed at 12 weeks of age. The mandibular condyles were removed at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after the extractions. The shape of the mandibular condyles in the powder diet groups (C and D) was significantly narrower. In the Ext. groups (B and D), the thickness of the hypertrophic zone was reduced one week after the extractions. In the powder diet groups (C and D), the intensity of the staining of fibronectin decreased in the proliferative zone regardless of the extractions. In group B, a decreased intensity of this reaction was observed one week after the extractions. From these results, it appeared that food consistency and/or dental extractions affected the morphology of the mandibular condyle and the histological characteristics of the mandibular condylar cartilage.

The process of the arrangement of D-periodic collagen fibrils and their growth in maturing tail tendon of mice were studied with the association of type VI collagen, from fetal day 10 to 10 weeks after birth. In tail tendons, the amount of collagen fibers gradually increased along with the diameters of D-periodic collagen fibrils during maturation. Type VI collagens first appeared on fetal day 10, when D-periodic collagen fibrils were not recognizable. Type VI collagens were observed around the fibroblastic cells in early stages of development, but were among thick collagen fibrils in the adult tendon. While the periodic distances of type VI collagen fibrils were over 100 nm at fetal days, they were packed to 80-90 nm after birth. The periodic bands were stained well with ruthenium red in adult but not in young tendons, indicating the close association of proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycans (PGs/GAGs) with maturing type VI collagens. Since type VI collagen in native form is known to associate with D-periodic collagen fibrils via PGs/ GAGs, ruthenium red-stainability on the surface of D-periodic collagen fibrils was also examined; results showed that ruthenium red-stainable elements were D-periodically associated. When the surface morphology of D-periodic collagen fibrils in adult animals was examined by atomic force microscopy, a large depth of the groove between elevated and depressed surfaces became prominent when the fibril surface was digested with hyaluronidase. Thus, it is possible to observe topologically the association of PGs/GAGs and probably that of type VI collagens with D-periodic collagen fibrils.

Background and Methods: The association of masseter tendon type VI collagen with other extracellular matrix (ECM) components was examined from osseous attachment to myotendinous junction by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy with ATP treatment and enzyme digestion., Results: In the tendon proper, fibrocytes extended their processes among bundles of striated collagen fibrils and associated with adjacent cells through amorphous materials, thus forming a three-dimensional network. The amorphous or filamentous material was observed around the fibrocyte cell body and along the cell processes, where the localization of type VI collagen was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-type VI collagen antibody. After treatment with 20 mM adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 100 nm periodic fibrils, an aggregated form of type VI collagen, were formed in the place where amorphous or filamentous material was present before the treatment. In myotendinous junction, the ATP-aggregated periodic fibrils were observed to associate with the external lamina of the muscle cells as well as among junctional tendon collagen fibrils. In the tendon-bone boundary, ATP-aggregated periodic fibrils were observed around fibrocartilage-like cells in the uncalcifying area but not in the calcification front. Prolonged ATP treatment or hyaluronidase predigestion caused the formation of type VI collagen periodic fibrils in the area near the calcified matrix., Conclusions: The distribution of type VI collagen in mouse masseter tendon is different in different anatomical position. This may reflect the different functional demand for this collagen.

The localization of type VI collagen was examined from birth to 8 weeks of age. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-type VI collagen antibody was strongly positive in the hypertrophic zone and moderately positive in the fibrous zone and the outer periphery of the proliferative zone, but negative in the inner area of the proliferative zone and mature zone. After ATP treatment, type VI collagen periodic fibrils with about 80-nm intervals were frequently observed but only in the fibrous zone. They occurred mainly in the superficial area of this zone, where striated collagen fibrils were sparse, while a few were noted in the inner area, where bundles of collagen fibrils were abundant. From these distributional differences of both components, a subzonation of the fibrous zone into superficial and inner area is suggested. Moreover, with ATP treatment there were fewer type VI collagen periodic fibrils formed with increasing age (8 weeks). Testicular hyaluronidase digestion before ATP treatment facilitated the formation of periodic fibrils, in all the ages examined, in the intercellular space and around the fibroblastic cells. The interaction of type VI collagen with other components such as collagen fibrils, glycosaminoglycans or proteoglycans may play a part in maintaining the structural integrity of extracellular matrix in the mouse mandibular condyle.

Several 7-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (1-21), 7-mercaptopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (37-49), and 4-alkylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones (50-55) and the corresponding 4-alkylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-thiones (56-60) were synthesized and tested for antischistosomal activity against Schistosoma mansoni. Of the compounds examined, the greatest degree of activity in vitro was found with the 7-mercaptopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. In particular, compounds 37 and 47 proved lethal at 100 micrograms/mL after an exposure of only 1 h. The 7-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidines were not as active. None of the compounds exhibiting in vitro activity were active against S. mansoni in vivo.

Several bridgehead nitrogen heterocycles were synthesized to be screened as antimicrobial agents, modeled after nalidixic acid. The activity of these new compounds, all derivatives of 3-nitro-4,6-disubstituted pyrazolo (1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-ones (3,7,8, and 9), however, was found to be highly specific for Trichomonas foetus and completely lacking in activity against bacteria, fungi, and parasites other than Trichomonas. Of the nine componds synthesized, including the intermediate 4,6-disubstituted pyrazolo (1,5-a) pyrimidin-7-ones (2-6) and the 6-substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolo (1,5-a) pyrimidin-7-ones (1 and 4), only 6-carbethoxy-4-ethyl-3-nitropyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-one (7) was found to be a potent antitrichomal agent, being comparable or perhaps better than metronidazole. From a tentative structure-activity relationship study, it was apparent that the combination of the 3-mitro, 4-ethyl, and 6-carbethoxy groups imparted specific activity, wheras other substitutions imparted little or no antitrichomonal activity.

Hydrazine derivatives of several pyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidines (A), pyrazolo[1,5-alpha]-1,3,5-triazines (B), s-triazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidines (C), and imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyrimidines (D) were synthesized and condensed with 5-nitrofurfural in order to obtain the corresponding nitrofurfural hydrazones of each heterocycle (1d-14d). Each compound was screened for in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. The compounds were then tested in vivo against experimental infections of T. cruzi in laboratory (C3H/He strain) mice. An interesting structure-activity relationship was uncovered, revealing that 5-methyl-7-(5-nitrofurfurylidenehydrazino)pyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine (2d) greatly increased the mean survival time (IMST) of mice with terminal infections. Subtle alterations in the structure of 2d, such as the substitution of a 5-hydrogen for the 5-methyl group (1d) or the substitution of the 3-hydrogen by the water-soluble 3-sulfonic acid (3d) or 3-sodium sulfonate (4d), resulted in a drastic loss of in vivo and in vitro activity.

A series of various pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines have been prepared and studied as inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterase isolated from bovine brain, bovine heart, and rabbit lung. A number of compounds were found to be superior to theophylline. 2-Ethyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine (35) was found to be 97 times more potent than theophylline as an inhibitor of bovine brain PDE. 8-Bromo-2,4-dimethyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine (52) showed alpha lung = 40 compared to alpha heart = 3.0. Thus, various substituents could increase or decrease the inhibition relative to the type and source of tissue from which the PDE was isolated. The most active compound was 8-bromo-4-(diethylamino)-7-phenylpyrazolo[1,3-a]-1,3,5-triazine (25), which was 185 times more potent than theophylline as an inhibitor of PDE isolated from rabbit lung. The stepwise synthesis via ring-closure procedures of requisite pyrazole intermediates, followed by electrophilic substitution in the pyrazole ring and/or nucleophilic substitution in the 1,3,5-triazine moiety, resulted in the various pyrazolo[1,5-a]1,3,5-triazines listed in Tables I and II. Structure-activity relationships are reviewed.