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Landslides are destructive geohazards to people and infrastructure, resulting in hundreds of deaths and billions of dollars of damage every year. Therefore, mapping the rate of deformation of such geohazards and understanding their mechanics is of paramount importance to mitigate the resulting impacts and properly manage the associated risks. In this paper, the main outcomes relevant to the joint European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Dragon-5 initiative cooperation project ID 59,339 “Earth observation for seismic hazard assessment and landslide early warning system” are reported. The primary goals of the project are to further develop advanced SAR/InSAR and optical techniques to investigate seismic hazards and risks, detect potential landslides in wide regions, and demonstrate EO-based landslide early warning system over selected landslides. This work only focuses on the landslide hazard content of the project, and thus, in order to achieve these objectives, the following tasks were developed up to now: a) a procedure for phase unwrapping errors and tropospheric delay correction; b) an improvement of a cross-platform SAR offset tracking method for the retrieval of long-term ground displacements; c) the application of polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) to increase the number and quality of monitoring points in landslide-prone areas; d) the semiautomatic mapping and preliminary classification of active displacement areas on wide regions; e) the modeling and identification of landslides in order to identify triggering factors or predict future displacements; and f) the application of an InSAR-based landslide early warning system on a selected site. The achieved results, which mainly focus on specific sensitive regions, provide essential assets for planning present and future scientific activities devoted to identifying, mapping, characterizing, monitoring and predicting landslides, as well as for the implementation of early warning systems.

Industrial waste generated by the natural stone industry when working with limestone and dolostone is mainly composed of calcium carbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate. This mineral composition makes soil stabilization a potential use of the natural stone industry waste. However, much research must be carried out to fully understand the aptitude of this waste for soil improvement. In this work, the strength and microstructure of a clayey soil stabilized using limestone powder waste and lime or cement were studied employing the following techniques: unconfined compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the effects of an aggressive environment were simulated using a sodium sulfate solution. Its effects were investigated from 7 days to 6 months. The results obtained show an increase in the unconfined compressive strength and a more compact structure for the samples with the industrial waste. Therefore, limestone powder waste from the natural stone industry can be used as a ternary element with lime and cement in soil stabilization.

The city of Chone, being situated on the Ecuadorian coast, was affected due to the close-by epicenter of the earthquake of 16 April 2016, which reached a magnitude of Mw 7.8. This catastrophic event presented settlements in the ground, sand boils and land subsidence, being the most damaging in a variety of civil works among these several buildings. The main objective of the current study is to select data using the standard penetration test (SPT) for the evaluation of the probability of liquefaction considering a maximum acceleration seismic risk of amax = 0.5 g. With the tabulated information, a liquefaction hazard map was generated for the city of Chone, where a safety factor of 1228 was obtained, determining the potentially liquefiable strata at an approximate depth between 9 and 11 m. Hereby, we were able to demonstrate results that were obtained experimentally through a quantitative analysis, indicating that the urban area of the city of Chone has a high probability of liquefaction, which was supported due to the presence of Holocene-aged soils developed in alluvial deposits, located in an alluvium mid catchment area. This novel research, due to the combination of a variety of used tools in the seismic risk evaluation, provides a relevant contribution to territorial planning and risk management in construction, in addition to the territorial reorganization of the canton as an example for different regions worldwide with similar geodynamics, soil mechanics and seismic vulnerabilities.

The city of Portoviejo in coastal Ecuador was severely affected during the 16 April 2016, Pedernales earthquake (Mw 7.8). Various coseismic liquefaction phenomena occurred, inducing lateral spreading, sand boils, ground subsidence, and sinkholes in soils with poor geotechnical quality in the alluvial and alluvial–colluvial sedimentary environment. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to collect data from standard penetration tests (SPT) and shear velocity and exploratory trenches and to calculate the liquefaction potential index (LPI) by considering a corresponding seismic hazard scenario with an amax = 0.5 g. From these data, a liquefaction hazard map was constructed for the city of Portoviejo, wherein an Fs of 1.169 was obtained. It was determined that strata at a depth of between 8 and 12 m are potentially liquefiable. Our quantitative results demonstrate that the city of Portoviejo’s urban area has a high probability of liquefaction, whereas the area to the southeast of the city is less sensitive to liquefaction phenomena, due to the presence of older sediments. Our results are in accordance with the environmental effects reported in the aftermath of the 2016 earthquake.

Many bridges and other structures worldwide present a lack of maintenance or a need for rehabilitation. The first step in the rehabilitation process is to perform a bridge inspection to know the bridge′s current state. Routine bridge inspections are usually based only on visual recognition. In this paper, a methodology for bridge inspections in communication routes using images acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights is proposed. This provides access to the upper parts of the structure safely and without traffic disruptions. Then, a standardized and systematized novel image acquisition protocol is applied for data acquisition. Afterwards, the images are studied by civil engineers for damage identification and description. Then, specific structural inspection forms are completed using the acquired information. Recommendations about the need of new and more detailed inspections should be included at this stage when needed. The suggested methodology was tested on two railway bridges in France. Image acquisition of these structures was performed using an UAV for its ability to provide an expert assessment of the damage level. The main advantage of this method is that it makes it possible to safely accurately identify diverse damages in structures without the need for a specialised engineer to go to the site. Moreover, the videos can be watched by as many engineers as needed with no personal movement. The main objective of this work is to describe the systematized methodology for the development of bridge inspection tasks using a UAV system. According to this proposal, the in situ inspection by a specialised engineer is replaced by images and videos obtained from an UAV flight by a trained flight operator. To this aim, a systematized image/videos acquisition method is defined for the study of the morphology and typology of the structural elements of the inspected bridges. Additionally, specific inspection forms are proposed for every type of structural element. The recorded information will allow structural engineers to perform a postanalysis of the damage affecting the bridges and to evaluate the subsequent recommendations.

The integration of data from different sources can be very helpful in understanding the mechanism, the geometry, the kinematic, and the area affected by complex instabilities, especially when the available geotechnical information is limited. In this work, the suitability of different techniques for the study of a deep-seated landslide affecting a bridge in Alcoy (Spain) is evaluated. This infrastructure presents such severe damage that has rendered the bridge unusable, which prevents normal access to an important industrial area. Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) and terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing techniques have been combined with ground displacement monitoring techniques, such as inclinometers and conventional geological and geotechnical investigation, electrical-seismic tomography, damage, and topographic surveys, to determine the boundaries, mechanism, and kinematics of the landslide. The successful case study that is illustrated in this work highlights the potential and the need for integrating multi-source data for the optimal management of complex landslides and the effective design of remedial measurements.

This work describes a new procedure aimed to semi-automatically identify clusters of active persistent scatterers and preliminarily associate them with different potential types of deformational processes over wide areas. This procedure consists of three main modules: (i) ADAfinder, aimed at the detection of Active Deformation Areas (ADA) using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data; (ii) LOS2HV, focused on the decomposition of Line Of Sight (LOS) displacements from ascending and descending PSI datasets into vertical and east-west components; iii) ADAclassifier, that semi-automatically categorizes each ADA into potential deformational processes using the outputs derived from (i) and (ii), as well as ancillary external information. The proposed procedure enables infrastructures management authorities to identify, classify, monitor and categorize the most critical deformations measured by PSI techniques in order to provide the capacity for implementing prevention and mitigation actions over wide areas against geological threats. Zeri, Campiglia Marittima−Suvereto and Abbadia San Salvatore (Tuscany, central Italy) are used as case studies for illustrating the developed methodology. Three PSI datasets derived from the Sentinel-1 constellation have been used, jointly with the geological map of Italy (scale 1:50,000), the updated Italian landslide and land subsidence maps (scale 1:25,000), a 25 m grid Digital Elevation Model, and a cadastral vector map (scale 1:5000). The application to these cases of the proposed workflow demonstrates its capability to quickly process wide areas in very short times and a high compatibility with Geographical Information System (GIS) environments for data visualization and representation. The derived products are of key interest for infrastructures and land management as well as decision-making at a regional scale.

In recent years, there was an increasing number of studies focusing on rockfalls due to their impacts on social and sustainable development. This work carries out a three-dimensional (3D) simulation of rockfalls at a cultural heritage site nearby the village of Cortes de Pallás (Valencian Community, East Spain). The simulation is based on data collected previously, during an emergency declaration due to the occurrence of a considerable rockfall (7980 m3) on the southern bank of the Cortes de Pallás reservoir, on 6 April 2015. The hydroelectric power plant was damaged, and the main access road to the village of Cortes de Pallás was blocked for eight months. The predominant discontinuities of the rock mass were analyzed by means of the application of structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques to the set of images taken by remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). The average size of the block was determined as 3.2 m in diameter and 17.6 m3 in volume. Additionally, a digital elevation model (DEM) was generated from an aerial laser scanning (ALS)-derived point cloud using a 1 × 1 grid. These data were implemented in RocPro3D software, obtaining the distances traveled by the blocks detached from different source areas at a cultural heritage site located near the rockfall event, which presents the same geological context. The simulation presented herein shows aggravating circumstances that endanger the cultural heritage area, with higher rockfall hazards than previous official studies (1991) displayed.

El escaso interés que tradicionalmente ha despertado la bibliografía y la documentación relativa a la actividad física y al deporte dificultan actualmente la elaboración de los estados de la cuestión y de la labor de documentación imprescindible para abordar cualquier proceso de investigación. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados de el trabajo realizado por un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad de Alcalá a fin de dotar a esta área de este instrumento imprescindible.

La Talasemia es un desorden congénito hemolítico causado por una deficiencia parcial o completa de la síntesis de las cadenas alfa o beta de las globinas de la hemoglobina. Se manifiesta en una amplia gama de cuadros clínicos que van desde la muerte intrauterina hasta la microcitosis asintomática sin anemia. El depósito de hierro constituye la complicación más importante de la talasemia y su mayor preocupación en el manejo. Existen escasos reportes de esta condición asociada a embarazo, se sabe poco acerca de su manejo y de las complicaciones que puede tener en el embarazo. Presentamos una paciente portadora de Talasemia, en la cual se manejó su embarazo en nuestro servicioThalassemia is a hemolytic congenital disorder caused by a partial or complete of the alpha or beta chain synthesis deficiency of the globins of the hemoglobin. It is presented in an ample range of clinical pictures that go from the intrauterine death to the asymptomatic microcytosis without anemia. The iron deposit constitutes the most important complications of Thalassemia and the major problem in handling. Exists few reports of this condition in pregnancy, it is known little about its handling and of the complications that can have in the pregnancy. We presented a patient carrier of Thalassemia, with pregnancy, assisted in our department

Cada una de las distintas interpretaciones que se han realizado de la ambigua conceptualización que denominamos "psicomotricidad" se ha sustentado en paradigmas diferentes que, fundamentalmente, se refieren a dos formas distintas de entender el desarrollo de su intervención. También, en función de esta elección, se condiciona la posterior identificación de los objetivos, de los medios de acción, de los recursos didácticos del clima de trabajo y, sobre todo, de la presencia del educador. La educación vivenciada, desde sus propios parámetros y principios doctrinales y didácticos propone unas posibilidades interdisciplinares que la hacen muy eficaz para la consecución de determinados objetivos y en niveles en los que la globalidad en más imprescindible. (pp. 217-228)

At present, sustainability is of major importance in the cement industry, and the use of additions such as silica fume as clinker replacement contributes towards that goal. Special foundations, and particularly micropiles, are one of the most suitable areas for the use of sustainable cements. The aim of this research is to analyse the effects in the very long-term (for 600 days) produced by sulphate attack in the microstructure of grouts for micropiles in which OPC (ordinary Portland cement) has been replaced by 5% and 10% silica fume. This line of study is building on a previous work, where these effects were studied in slag and fly ash grouts. Grouts made using a commercial sulphate-resisting Portland cement were also studied. The non-destructive impedance spectroscopy technique, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and Wenner resistivity testing were used. Mass variation and the compressive strength have also been analysed. Apparently, impedance spectroscopy is the most suitable technique for studying sulphate attack development. According to the results obtained, grouts for micropiles with a content of silica fume up to 10% and exposed to an aggressive sulphate medium, have a similar or even better behaviour in the very long-term, compared to grouts prepared using sulphate-resisting Portland cement.

Nowadays, one of the most popular ways to get a more sustainable cement industry is using additions as cement replacement. However, there are many civil engineering applications in which the use of sustainable cements is not extended yet, such as special foundations, and particularly micropiles, even though the standards do not restrict the cement type to use. These elements are frequently exposed to the sulphates present in soils. The purpose of this research is to study the effects in the very long-term (until 600 days) of sulphate attack in the microstructure of micropiles grouts, prepared with ordinary Portland cement, fly ash and slag commercial cements, continuing a previous work, in which these effects were studied in the short-term. The microstructure changes have been analysed with the non-destructive impedance spectroscopy technique, mercury intrusion porosimetry and the “Wenner” resistivity test. The mass variation and the compressive strength have also been studied. The impedance spectroscopy has been the most sensitive technique for following the sulphate attack process. Considering the results obtained, micropiles grouts with slag and fly ash, exposed to an aggressive medium with high content of sulphates, have shown good behaviour in the very long-term (600 days) compared to grouts made with OPC.

RESUMEN: La evolución que de la comprensión y empleo de la Educación Física se ha realizado en España no puede entenderse sin aceptar su naturaleza de hecho cultural. Por esta razón es necesario abordar su análisis ubicándola en el contexto histórico más ampliamente concebido. La tradicional ignorancia que de ella han realizado la mayor parte de los historiadores ha impedido, hasta ahora, su integración en la macrohistoria y la producción de investigaciones monográficas que respondieran a una metodología homologable a la utilizada en el estudio de otras manifestaciones de la actividad social. Falta, por tanto, no sólo elaborar la historia de la Educación Física en todos sus ámbitos, incluido el educativo, sino también descubrir su presencia a lo largo de la historia contemporánea española. SUMARY: The evolution in Spain of the comprehension and use of Physical Education cannot be understood without accepting its nature of cultural fact. For this reason it is necessary to go about its analysis by situating it in the more widely conceived historical context. The traditional ignorance with the majority of historians have treated it, until now, prevented it from being integrated in macrohistory, and monographic research from being done to respond to a methodology comparable to that used in the study of other manifestations of social activity. It therefore remains not only to produce the history of Physical Education in its entire scope, including the educational, but also to discover its presence throughout Spanish contemporary history.

Nowadays, the use of micropiles has undergone a great development. In general, they are made with cement grout, reinforced with steel tubing. In Spain, these grouts are prepared using OPC, although the standards do not forbid the use of other cements, like sustainable ones. Micropiles are in contact with soils and groundwater, in which the presence of sulphates is common. Their deleterious effects firstly affect to the microstructure. Then, the aim of this research is to study the effects of sulphate attack in the microstructure of micropiles grouts, prepared with OPC, fly ash and slag commercial cements, compared to their behaviour when they are exposed to an optimum hardening condition. The microstructure evolution has been studied with the non-destructive impedance spectroscopy technique, which has never been used for detecting the effects of sulphate attack when slag and fly ash cements are used. Its results have been contrasted with mercury intrusion porosimetry and “Wenner” resistivity ones. The 28-day compressive strength of grouts has been also determined. The results of microstructure characterization techniques are in agreement, although impedance spectroscopy is the most sensitive for following the changes in the porous network of grouts. The results showed that micropiles made using fly ash and slag cements could have a good performance in contact with aggressive sodium sulphate media, even better than OPC ones.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es conocer, desde una perspectiva social y organizativa, las fundaciones españolas que tienen afectado su patrimonio a fines de interés general concretamente en el ámbito de la actividad física y el deporte, contribuyendo, en su caso, al debate social y científico sobre su papel, características y perspectivas en el futuro. No hemos hallado estudios realizados sobre fundaciones deportivas españolas. En definitiva, no conocemos cuántas y cuáles son, cómo operan, dónde realizan su labor, para quién la realizan y con qué recursos cuentan. Más aún, se echa en falta un marco científico sólido sobre el marco institucional del deporte y sus organizaciones. Por la ausencia de estas investigaciones nos enfrentaríamos a un campo desconocido sino fuera porque sí que existen algunos estudios realizados sobre fundaciones en general y sobre grupos sectoriales. Para abordar el objeto de estudio, nos hemos apoyado en estos trabajos en gran medida. En consecuencia, los objetivos específicos de la investigación han sido crear una base de datos documental de fundaciones deportivas españolas, que sea valiosa, utilizable y que permita su actualización; describir las principales características de las fundaciones deportivas españolas; y conocer si existen diferencias significativas entre fundaciones deportivas en base a las características descriptivas de las mismas. El diseño metodológico creado para abordar los objetivos y verificar las hipótesis planteadas se ha basado en un análisis de documentos y en una encuesta elaborada para este trabajo. El análisis de contenido, el estadístico y su posterior interpretación, nos han permitido medir las variables, alcanzar los objetivos y comprobar las hipótesis. En definitiva, las fundaciones deportivas españolas, con sólo algo más de veinte años de vida, se pueden considerar de reciente creación. Su ritmo de crecimiento ha ido aumentando en gran medida, contando en 2004, con 180 fundaciones deportivas identificadas y recogidas en un inventario elaborado para este trabajo. Estas organizaciones son principalmente prestadoras de servicios, operan en el ámbito autonómico y dirigen sus actividades principalmente a los jóvenes, la infancia y los deportistas. Los objetivos que marcan los estatutos de estas fundaciones son el fomento del deporte en general o de una disciplina en concreto sin especificar, en la mayoría de los casos, en que ámbito concreto actúan del interés general en el deporte. Las fundaciones deportivas son entidades cada vez más profesionalizadas, al contar con personal remunerado además de voluntario, aunque no tanto como el conjunto de las fundaciones en general. La vía de financiación más utilizada se corresponde principalmente con los fondos propios (patrocinio, venta de bienes y servicios, etc.). Por último, señalar que existen muchas fundaciones deportivas que manejan reducidos presupuestos y pocas fundaciones que gestionan grandes presupuestos.