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1. Spatial variability and temporal trends in water-use efficiency of European forests

Author

Tom Levanič, Ben Poulter, John S. Waterhouse, Emilia Gutiérrez, David Frank, Danny McCarroll, Iain Robertson, Laia Andreu-Hayles, Håkan Grudd, Tatjana Boettger, Fortunat Joos, Gerd Helle, Peter M. Wynn, Ingo Heinrich, Isabel Dorado Liñán, Markus Leuenberger, Emmi Hilasvuori, Giles H.F. Young, Eloni Sonninen, Matthias Saurer, Kerstin Treydte, Ewan J. Woodley, Ian J. Fairchild, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Mary Gagen, Risto Jalkanen, Hans W. Linderholm, Renato Spahni, Michael Friedrich, Marika Haupt, Neil J. Loader, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Department of Geography [Swansea], Swansea University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], University of Hohenheim, Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of Gothenburg (GU), Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Helsinki, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Stomatal conductance, Time Factors, Dendrochronology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, ta1171, Climate change, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon Cycle, Trees, Water Cycle, Canvi climàtic, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Dendrocronologia, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Hydrology, Climatology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Carbon Isotopes, Global and Planetary Change, Geography, Ecology, Boscos, Vegetation, Carbon Dioxide, Models, Theoretical, 15. Life on land, Climatic changes, ta4112, Climatic change, Europe, 13. Climate action, Climatologia, Spatial ecology, Common spatial pattern, Spatial variability, Europa, Temperate rainforest, 010606 plant biology & botany, Canvis climàtics
Abstract

The increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere in combination with climatic changes throughout the last century are likely to have had a profound effect on the physiology of trees: altering the carbon and water fluxes passing through the stomatal pores. However, the magnitude and spatial patterns of such changes in natural forests remain highly uncertain. Here, stable carbon isotope ratios from a network of 35 tree-ring sites located across Europe are investigated to determine the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance from 19012000. The results were compared with simulations of a dynamic vegetation model (LPX-Bern 1.0) that integrates numerous ecosystem and landatmosphere exchange processes in a theoretical framework. The spatial pattern of tree-ring derived iWUE of the investigated coniferous and deciduous species and the model results agreed significantly with a clear south-to-north gradient, as well as a general increase in iWUE over the 20th century. The magnitude of the iWUE increase was not spatially uniform, with the strongest increase observed and modelled for temperate forests in Central Europe, a region where summer soil-water availability decreased over the last century. We were able to demonstrate that the combined effects of increasing CO2 and climate change leading to soil drying have resulted in an accelerated increase of iWUE. These findings will help to reduce uncertainties in the land surface schemes of global climate models, where vegetationclimate feedbacks are currently still poorly constrained by observational data.

Published
2014
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2. Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene

Author

M. Kalela-Brundin, Nicolas Viovy, Benjamin Poulter, Emilia Gutiérrez, Katja T. Rinne, H. Marah, Markus Leuenberger, Kerstin Treydte, Z. Bednarz, Mark R. Lomas, Emmi Hilasvuori, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Philippe Ciais, John S. Waterhouse, Gerhard H. Schleser, David Frank, Stephen Sitch, Elżbieta Szychowska‐Kra̧piec, Laia Andreu-Hayles, Samuel Levis, Anna Pazdur, Michael Grabner, Tatjana Boettger, Gerhard Helle, Carmela Miriam D’Alessandro, Monique Pierre, Högne Jungner, V. R. Switsur, M. Filot, Matthias Saurer, Eloni Sonninen, Pierre Friedlingstein, Marek Krapiec, M. Szczepanek, C. E. Reynolds-Henne, Octavi Planells, Valérie Daux, Frank Berninger, Chris Huntingford, Luigi Todaro, Anders Ahlström, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Jan Esper, Sławomira Pawełczyk, Marika Haupt, Neil J. Loader, Martin Weigl, Michel Stievenard, Antonio Saracino, R. Pukiene, Montana State University (MSU), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, SWISS FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE WSL, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of Helsinki, Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Polish Geological Institute, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], CNESTEN, cnesten, inconnu, Inconnu, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Frank, D. C., Poulter, B., Saurer, M., Esper, J., C., Huntingford, Helle, G., Treydte, K. S., Zimmermann, N. E., G. H., Schleser, A., Ahlström, P., Ciai, P., Friedlingstein, S., Levi, M., Loma, S., Sitch, N., Viovy, Andreu Hayles, L., Bednarz, Z., Berninger, F., Boettger, T., D’Alessandro, C. M., Daux, V., Filot, M., Grabner, M., Gutierrez, E., Haupt, M., Hilasvuori, E., Jungner, H., Kalela Brundin, M., Krapiec, M., Leuenberger, M., Loader, N. J., Marah, H., Masson Delmotte, V., Pazdur, A., Pawelczyk, S., Pierre, M., Planells, O., Pukiene, R., Reynolds Henne, C. E., Rinne, K. T., Saracino, Antonio, Sonninen, E., Stievenard, M., Switsur, V. R., Szczepanek, M., Szychowska Krapiec, E., Todaro, L., Waterhouse, J. S., and Weigl, M.

Subjects
hiilidioksidi, Stomatal conductance, hiili, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, ta1171, vesi, Growing season, Climate change, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, tree-ring, chemistry.chemical_compound, hydrologinen kierto, dioxide, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, kasvit, ilmasto, Water cycle, Water-use efficiency, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, climate, CO2 fertilization, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Transpiration, Hydrology, ilmakehä, atmospheric CO2, elevated CO2, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Global warming, varastointi, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, gas-exchange, rising CO2, chemistry, 13. Climate action, stomatal conductance, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, aineiden kierto, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), carbon-isotope discrimination
Abstract

Considering the combined effects of CO2 fertilization and climate change drivers on plant physiology leads to a modest increase in simulated European forest transpiration in spite of the effects of CO2-induced stomatal closure. The Earth’s carbon and hydrologic cycles are intimately coupled by gas exchange through plant stomata1,2,3. However, uncertainties in the magnitude4,5,6 and consequences7,8 of the physiological responses9,10 of plants to elevated CO2 in natural environments hinders modelling of terrestrial water cycling and carbon storage11. Here we use annually resolved long-term δ13C tree-ring measurements across a European forest network to reconstruct the physiologically driven response of intercellular CO2 (Ci) caused by atmospheric CO2 (Ca) trends. When removing meteorological signals from the δ13C measurements, we find that trees across Europe regulated gas exchange so that for one ppmv atmospheric CO2 increase, Ci increased by ∼0.76 ppmv, most consistent with moderate control towards a constant Ci/Ca ratio. This response corresponds to twentieth-century intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) increases of 14 ± 10 and 22 ± 6% at broadleaf and coniferous sites, respectively. An ensemble of process-based global vegetation models shows similar CO2 effects on iWUE trends. Yet, when operating these models with climate drivers reintroduced, despite decreased stomatal opening, 5% increases in European forest transpiration are calculated over the twentieth century. This counterintuitive result arises from lengthened growing seasons, enhanced evaporative demand in a warming climate, and increased leaf area, which together oppose effects of CO2-induced stomatal closure. Our study questions changes to the hydrological cycle, such as reductions in transpiration and air humidity, hypothesized to result from plant responses to anthropogenic emissions.

Published
2015

3. Climate variation and the stable carbon isotope composition of tree ring cellulose: an intercomparison of Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Pinus silvestris

Author

T. H. E. Heaton, D. I. Hemming, V.R. Switsur, A. H. C. Carter, and John S. Waterhouse

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Stable isotope ratio, Scots pine, Atmospheric sciences, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Fagaceae, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Isotopes of carbon, Botany, Dendrochronology, Environmental science, Beech, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The relationship between climate parameters and the carbon stable isotope composition (δ 13 C), of annual tree ring cellulose is examined for three native British tree species; Common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), Pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). The last 100 annual tree rings of six trees, two of each species, were cut into slivers and the a-cellulose extracted. Annual δ 13 C values of each species were averaged to produce three species δ 13 C chronologies. These were compared with climate parameters from a nearby meteorological station. The carbon stable isotope discrimination (Δ 13 C) of pine is consistently lower, by approximately 2.5‰, than that of beech and oak. Although the exact cause of this offset cannot be identified, similar differences in carbon isotope ratios have been noted between other gymnosperm and angiosperm species and attributed to inherent physiological differences. As this offset is consistent, once centred around the same mean δ 13 C and Δ 13 C chronologies from these 3 species can be combined. Δ 13 C chronologies of the three species demonstrate strong cross-correlations in both high and low frequency fluctuations. Low frequency fluctuations, although consistent between species, show no direct climate relationship, and may be linked with physiological responses to increasing CO2 concentrations. Significant correlations do exist between the high frequency δ 13 C fluctuations and climate parameters. The high frequency δ 13 C series of all three species are most significantly correlated with the same two climate parameters and have the same seasonal timing; July – October average maximum temperature and June – September average relative humidity. Pine δ 13 C is the most responsive species to climate changes and displays the most significant correlations with all the climate parameters studied. However, an average series of all three high frequency species δ 13 C series shows the most significant correlations with climate. Assuming these relationships are consistent spatially and temporally,high frequency δ 13 C chronologies from the three species studied are climatically comparable and can be combined to reconstruct the same climatic information. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00002.x

Published
2011

4. Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network

Author

Emilia Gutiérrez, Anna Pazdur, Neil J. Loader, Michel Stievenard, Elżbieta Szychowska‐Kra̧piec, K. T. Rinne, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Martin Weigl, Gerhard H. Schleser, Antonio Saracino, Jan Esper, Matthias Saurer, M. Kalela-Brundin, Kerstin Treydte, Markus Leuenberger, Octavi Planells, Luigi Todaro, Carmela Miriam D’Alessandro, Emmi Hilasvuori, V. R. Switsur, Laia Andreu, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Jungner, C. E. Reynolds-Henne, R. Pukiene, Michael Grabner, Tatjana Boettger, M. Filot, David Frank, Sławomira Pawełczyk, Marika Haupt, N. Etien, Frank Berninger, M. Szczepanek, M. T. Guillemin, Z. Bednarz, Monique Pierre, John S. Waterhouse, Marek Krapiec, Gerhard Helle, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Treydte, K, Frank, D, Andreu, L, Bednarz, Z, Berninger, F, Boettger, T, Dalessandro, Cm, Esper, J, Etien, N, Filot, M, Grabner, M, Guillemin, Mt, Gutirrez, E, Haupt, M, Helle, G, Hilasvuori, E, Jungner, H, KALELA BRUNDIN, M, Krapiec, M, Leuenberger, M, Loader, Nj, MASSON DELMOTTE, V, Pazdur, A, Pawelczyk, S, Pierre, M, Planells, O, Pukiene, R, REYNOLDS HENNE, Ce, Rinne, Kt, Saracino, Antonio, Saurer, M, Sonninen, E, Stievenard, M, Switsur, Vr, Szczepanek, M, SZYCHOWSKA KRAPIEC, E, Todaro, L, Waterhouse, J, Weigl, M, Schleser, Gh, and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, δ18O, d13C, 550 - Earth sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Trend surface analysis, Temperate climate, Dendrochronology, ddc:550, Precipitation, 20th century chronologies, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, tree ring, 15. Life on land, d18O, European network, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Physical geography
Abstract

We present the first European network of tree ring delta(13)C and delta(18)O, containing 23 sites from Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate regions we find positive correlations with summer maximum temperatures and negative correlations with summer precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) with no obvious speciesspecific differences. Regional delta(13)C and delta(18)O chronologies share high common variance in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations, however, exhibit differences that may reflect spatial variability in environmental forcings, age trends and/or plant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) and climate field correlations enable the identification of four sub-regions in the delta(18)O network - northern and eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia and the western Mediterranean. Regional patterns in the delta(13)C network are less clear and are timescale dependent. Our results indicate that future reconstruction efforts should concentrate on delta(18)O data in the identified European regions.

Published
2007

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