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1. Touch, press and stroke: a soft capacitive sensor skin

Author

Mirza S. Sarwar, Ryusuke Ishizaki, Kieran Morton, Claire Preston, Tan Nguyen, Xu Fan, Bertille Dupont, Leanna Hogarth, Takahide Yoshiike, Ruixin Qiu, Yiting Wu, Shahriar Mirabbasi, and John D. W. Madden

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Soft sensors that can discriminate shear and normal force could help provide machines the fine control desirable for safe and effective physical interactions with people. A capacitive sensor is made for this purpose, composed of patterned elastomer and containing both fixed and sliding pillars that allow the sensor to deform and buckle, much like skin itself. The sensor differentiates between simultaneously applied normal force and shear using summation and differences of signals from four deformable capacitors. Cross talk from shear to normal force is less than 2.5%, and between shear axes is less than 10%. Normal and shear stress sensitivity is 0.49 kPa and 0.31 kPa respectively, with a minimum displacement resolution of 40 μm. In addition, finger proximity is detectable at a range of up to 15 mm. The operation is demonstrated on a simple gripper holding a cup. The combination of features and the straightforward fabrication method make this sensor a candidate for implementation as a sensing skin for humanoid robotics applications.

Published
2023
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2. Trilayer conducting polymer transduction: device physics, modeling, and simulation

Author

Sébastien Grondel, Eric Cattan, Sofiane Ghenna, Caroline Soyer, John D. W. Madden, Ngoc Tan Nguyen, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), This work was supported by the H2020 project TWINNIMS (Grant agreement 857263), the French Government through the National Research Agency (ANR) and the MicroTIP, ROBOCOP, PIA EQUIPEX LEAF (ANR-11-EQPX-0025) projects, and the French RENATECH network., Renatech Network, ANR-11-EQPX-0025,LEAF,Plateforme de traitement laser pour l'électronique flexible multifonctionnelle(2011), ANR-15-CE08-0032,MicroTIP,Microsystème incluant des transducteurs à base de réseaux Interpénétrés de Polymères(2015), ANR-19-CE19-0026,ROBOCOP,robotisation de l'implant cochléaire(2019), European Project: 857263,H2020-EU.4.b.,TWINNIMS(2019), INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), and CMNF

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Conductive polymer, Physics, Work (thermodynamics), Ionic bonding, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Modeling and simulation, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, Bond graph, Microscale chemistry
Abstract

International audience; Modelling trilayer conducting polymer is still challenging as it exhibits interrelated coupled multiscale and non-linear characteristics. Therefore, this work proposes to review the underlying electro-chemo-mechanical principles in ultrathin PEDOT trilayer ionic conducting polymers based upon internal ion charge transport, conduction phenomena, redox process and elastic deformation. Microscale governing equations are first analyzed and the choice of appropriate assumptions depending of the used material is discussed. Since exact analytical solutions can be so far given only for some limited conditions, numerical solutions are developed to solve the problem. Then simulations in both sensing and actuating are successfully compared with experiments.

Published
2021
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3. Asymmetric PEDOT:PSS Trilayers as Actuating and Sensing Linear Artificial Muscles

Author

Frédéric Vidal, John D. W. Madden, Giao T. M. Nguyen, Saeedeh Ebrahimi-Takalloo, Kätlin Rohtlaid, Cédric Plesse, Tan Ngoc Nguyen, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, University of British Columbia (UBC), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 0104 chemical sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, PEDOT:PSS, Mechanics of Materials, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Artificial muscle, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021
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4. Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors

Author

Vincent Woehling, Yael Petel, Cédric Plesse, Giao T. M. Nguyen, John D. W. Madden, Frédéric Vidal, Carl A. Michal, Yuta Dobashi, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Paris-Seine, and University of British Columbia (UBC)

Subjects
Materials science, Chemical substance, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Ionic bonding, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, Electroactive polymers, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, Donnan potential, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical physics, Propylene carbonate, symbols, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Electronic Conducting Polymers (ECP) have been widely studied in a tri-layer configuration as soft, bending actuators. These electroactive materials have also been reported to behave as mechanical strain sensors able to convert mechanical stimulation into electrical signals. This sensing behavior is attributed to the so-called piezoionic effect and is observed and reported in most ionic electroactive polymers (EAPs). However, ambiguities remain on the origin of this effect, being attributed either to stress gradient induced ion motion or to Donnan potentials arising at the ECP/electrolyte interface. In this work, the sensor mechanism of trilayer ECP actuators is studied and discussed as a function of different physical and chemical parameters thanks to the versatile synthesis of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks. Results demonstrate that the main mechanism relies on stress gradient, as in other ionic EAPs, instead of Donnan potential. Moreover, a deep investigation of the electrolyte nature and its concentration is performed. Mobile ions deduced from actuation experiments are correlated with the sign of voltage output during sensing experiments. An interesting inversion point is demonstrated at 2.5 M using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)-imide electrolyte in propylene carbonate concentration where simultaneous charge compensation (no sensing) and volume compensation (no actuation) occur for mobile cations and anions, while electrochemical behaviour remains unchanged.

Published
2019
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5. Transparent stretchable capacitive touch sensor grid using ionic liquid electrodes

Author

Claire Preston, Aziliz Le Goff, Ngoc Tan Nguyen, Cédric Plesse, John D. W. Madden, Mirza Saquib Sarwar, Eric Cattan, Frédéric Vidal, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory (AMPEL), University of British Colmbia, The university of Danang, and Renatech Network

Subjects
Materials science, Sensor grid, Capacitive sensing, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (printing), 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous), Engineering (miscellaneous), Electrical conductor, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SPI.ACOU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Polydimethylsiloxane, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Electrode, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

JIF=4.806; International audience; Low cost soft, flexible and stretchable sensors are being explored that can be applied to virtually any surface, and promise to enable tactile sensing on robots, prosthetics, skin and stretchable displays. Previous work has shown that capacitive sensors that are both stretchable and transparent can be created by using ionically conductive hydrogel electrodes. In this study, the electrodes are interpenetrating polymer networks swollen with ionic liquid, enabling high transparency and stretchability, without evaporation. The interpenetrating network is synthesized from poly(ethylene oxide) and nitrile butadiene rubber. Electrodes are patterned using femtosecond laser machining, creating stretchable electrodes. These were encapsulated in a polydimethylsiloxane substrate, producing a 95% transparent sensor (450 nm). A 4x4 tactile array shows the ability to sense proximity and multi-touch, as well as be robust to variations in environmental temperature (from 4 °C to 72 °C). Temperature change has a large effect on the resistance of the electrodes - an effect that could be used to measure device temperature. In addition, the sensor is able to detect proximity and touch while on skin, when covered by a layer of fabric or during stretch.

Published
2019
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6. Impermeable and Compliant: SIBS as a Promising Encapsulant for Ionically Electroactive Devices

Author

Giao T. M. Nguyen, Saeedeh Ebrahimi Takalloo, Frédéric Vidal, John D. W. Madden, Adelyne Fannir, Cédric Plesse, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Control and Optimization, Fabrication, Materials science, Biocompatibility, lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, PEDOT:PSS, Artificial Intelligence, tri-layer, lcsh:TJ1-1570, conducting polymer, Composite material, Thermoplastic elastomer, actuator, ionic electroactive polymer, Conductive polymer, Supercapacitor, Mechanical Engineering, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Propylene carbonate, encapsulation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Metals and glass are excellent for containing electrolytes and liquids in general, but their rigid mechanics limits their application for mechanically active ionic actuators or flexible/ stretchable electrochemical devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. In this study, we evaluate the performance of spray-coated poly (styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (SIBS) as a stretchable encapsulant, which suggests that it offers a better combination of compliance and impermeability than any other barrier. We examined the drying time of 360-&micro, m thick encapsulated tri-layer conducting polymer (CP) actuators, comprised of poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the CP electrode and an interpenetrated polymer network of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as the separator layer, which operates with a 1 M solution of Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li+TFSI&minus, ) in propylene carbonate (PC). A 100-&micro, m thick SIBS encapsulation layer is anticipated to help these devices to retain 80% of stored PC for more than 1000 times longer compared to when there is no encapsulation (from less than 0.5 days to over 1.5 years). This low permeability combined with the low Young&rsquo, s modulus of the SIBS film, its biocompatibility, biostability, and FDA approval, as well as ease of fabrication, make this thermoplastic elastomer a promising candidate as an encapsulant for flexible ionic devices such as flexible batteries and supercapacitors, ionic-electrode capacitive sensors, and ionically electroactive actuators. This paves the way for using these devices in implantable and in vivo applications.

Published
2019
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7. Non-linear dynamic modeling of ultrathin conducting polymer actuators including inertial effects

Author

Sébastien Grondel, Eric Cattan, Caroline Soyer, Cédric Plesse, Yuta Dobashi, Giao T. M. Nguyen, Frédéric Vidal, John D. W. Madden, Ngoc Tan Nguyen, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory (AMPEL), University of British Colmbia, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), EquipEX LEAF, Renatech Network, European Project: 642328,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,ArcInTex ETN(2015), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, University of British Columbia (UBC), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN)

Subjects
energy harvesting, Materials science, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Computer Science::Robotics, PEDOT:PSS, General Materials Science, multi-physics model, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Conductive polymer, conducting polymer actuator, Bond Graph representation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Piezoelectricity, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Finite element method, 0104 chemical sciences, Nonlinear system, nonlinear displacement, Mechanics of Materials, rigid finite element method, energy distribution, Signal Processing, Equivalent circuit, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, Bond graph
Abstract

JIF=3.543; International audience; Trilayer conducting polymer actuators are potential alternatives to piezoelectric and electrostatic actuators due to their large strain, and recently demonstrated operation at hundreds of Hertz. However, these actuators exhibit nonlinear electrical and mechanical properties as a function of their oxidation state, when operated over their full strain range, making it more challenging to accurately predict their mechanical behavior. In this paper, an analytical multi-physics model of the conducting polymer actuators is proposed to predict their non-linear dynamic mechanical behavior. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, a trilayer actuator composed of a solid polymer electrolyte sandwiched between two poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes was fabricated and characterized. This system consists of an electrical subsystem represented by an RC equivalent circuit, an electro-mechanical coupling matrix, and a mechanical subsystem described by using a rigid finite element method. The electrical conductivity and the volumetric capacitance, an empirical strain-to-charge ratio, and Young's modulus of the actuator as a function of the PEDOT electrode charge state were also implemented into the model, using measured values. The proposed model was represented using a Bond Graph formalism. The concordance between the simulations and the measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model in predicting the non-linear dynamic electrical and mechanical response of the actuators. In addition, the information extracted from the model also provided an insight into the critical parameters of the actuators and how they affect the actuator efficiency, as well as the energy distribution including dissipated, stored, and transferred energy. These are the key parameters for designing, optimizing, and controlling the actuation behavior of a trilayer actuator.

Published
2018
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8. Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as tool for tuning electromechanical properties of electrochemical actuator operating in open-air

Author

Sophie Cantin, John D. W. Madden, Cédric Plesse, Giao T. M. Nguyen, Frédéric Vidal, Vincent Woehling, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phase (matter), Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Interpenetrating polymer network, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Conductive polymer, Metals and Alloys, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Membrane, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Electrode, Polystyrene, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator
Abstract

Electrochemical actuators operating in open-air are trilayer electrochemical devices based on an ionically conducting membrane sandwiched between two electrodes of electronic conducting polymers (ECP). Tuning functional properties of the actuator, i.e. the output force, is demonstrated via the modification of the ECP’s surrounding macromolecular architecture. Theoretical models have suggested that the output force of trilayer actuators is related to the Young’s modulus of the electrodes. As a consequence, we designed Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) membranes combining three different polymer networks with a co-continuous morphology to act as a host matrix for ECP electrodes. Each of these polymer networks is chosen for a specific role: (i) poly(ethylene oxide) network providing ionic transport medium within the ECP electrodes, (ii) Nitrile Butadiene Rubber providing endurance, flexibility and robustness to the final device and (iii) polystyrene to increase the Young’s modulus of the ECP electrodes. The synthesized IPNs have been thoroughly characterized. The performances of resulting actuators have been assessed. The output force is almost doubled due to the stiffening effect of the polystyrene phase, as predicted by the beam theory.

Published
2018
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9. Ion Transport in Polymer Composites with Non-Uniform Distributions of Electronic Conductors

Author

Giao T. M. Nguyen, Cédric Plesse, Meisam Farajollahi, Ali Mahmoudzadeh, Dickson Yao, Ashwin R Usgaocar, Frédéric Vidal, Yuta Dobashi, John D. W. Madden, Adelyne Fannir, University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Ionic bonding, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Polypyrrole, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, PEDOT:PSS, Polymer chemistry, Electrochemistry, Ionic conductivity, Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Separator (electricity), Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Electrochromism, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Ionic resistance is often a rate limiting factor in electrochemical systems such as batteries, supercapacitors, and ionic polymer actuators. Such cells typically contain laminated and interpenetrated structures consisting of one or two electronically conductive layers and an ionically conductive separator layer. Here we analyze the role of electrodes in determining ionic resistance, and study the effects of interpenetrating ionic and electronically conducting phases. We also show that conducting polymer electrodes that are polymerized on separator layers, as have been applied to create actuators, supercapacitors and electrochromic device, can be widely and unevenly distributed through the device. Swept sine and DC measurements are used with a four-point diffusion cell probe to characterize the phase dependent ionic impedances in 1. polypyrrole (PPy) coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and 2. poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) interpenetrated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) − nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) co-polymer with various PEDOT content levels. A finite Warburg-based model is introduced to explain the frequency dependence, enabling a time constant for ion transport within membrane to be estimated. It is found that the separator layers in the composite membranes are shorted at higher frequencies (10 ∼ 100 Hz). This effect is likely due to interpenetration of the electronic phases into the bulk of the separator layers, providing a means of reducing internal resistance and increase power at short times. Finally, a non-uniform impedance distribution model is introduced to predict the effective composite ionic conductivity in terms of the ionic conductivities of each phase, and their non-uniform volume fractions. Taken together, the approaches presented provide a means of probing the influence of ionic conductivities of various phases on the rate of charging in electrochemical devices.

Published
2017
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10. Microfabricated PEDOT trilayer actuators: synthesis, characterization, and modeling

Author

Sébastien Grondel, Eric Cattan, John D. W. Madden, Caroline Soyer, Ngoc Tan Nguyen, Frédéric Vidal, Cédric Plesse, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), European Union's Horizon research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant [641822 - MICACT], French Government through the National Research Agency (ANR) under program PIA EQUIPEX LEAF French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-11-EQPX0025], RENATECH project, MICRO-TIP projects, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)CGIAR, BarCohen, Y, Renatech Network, ANR-11-EQPX-0025,LEAF,Plateforme de traitement laser pour l'électronique flexible multifonctionnelle(2011), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and University of British Columbia (UBC)

Subjects
Frequency response, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Capacitance, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, IEAP micro actuator, force generation, PEDOT, Conductive polymer, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Layer by layer, modeling, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Piezoelectricity, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, dynamic beam theory, Optoelectronics, Bond Graph, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, business, layer by layer, Microfabrication
Abstract

International audience; Conducting polymer actuators have long been of interest as an alternative to piezoelectric and electrostatic actuators due to their large strains and low operating voltages. Recently, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) - based ionic actuators have been shown to overcome many of the initial obstacles to widespread application in micro-fabricated devices by demonstrating stable operation in air and at high frequencies, along with microfabrication compatible processing using a layer by layer method that does not require any handling. However, there is still a need for characterization, prediction, and control of the actuator behavior. This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of thin trilayers composed of a 7 mu m thick solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sandwiched between two 2.1 mu m thick PEDOT-containing layers. Beam properties including capacitance, elastic moduli of the layers, and the extent of charge driven strain, are applied to predict curvature, frequency response and force generation. The actuator is represented by an electrical circuit, a mechanical system described via dynamic beam theory, and a strain-to-charge ratio for the electro-mechanical coupling matrix, which together predict the actuator curvature and the resonant response. The success of this physical model promises to enable design and control of micro-fabricated devices.

Published
2017
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11. Proximity and touch sensing using deformable ionic conductors (Conference Presentation)

Author

Yuta Dobashi, Frédéric Vidal, Tran-Minh-Giao Nguyen, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Cédric Plesse, Vincent Woehling, John D. W. Madden, Sina Naficy, Mirza Saquib Sarwar, Eden C. Preston, Justin K. M. Wyss, University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Capacitive sensing, Substrate (printing), [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Elastomer, Capacitance, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Sensor array, Electrode, Electroactive polymers, Optoelectronics, business, Electrical conductor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

There is increasing interest in creating bendable and stretchable electronic interfaces that can be worn or applied to virtually any surface. The electroactive polymer community is well placed to add value by incorporating sensors and actuators. Recent work has demonstrated transparent dielectric elastomer actuation as well as pressure, stretch or touch sensing. Here we present two alternative forms of sensing. The first uses ionically conductive and stretchable gels as electrodes in capacitive sensors that detect finger proximity. In this case the finger acts as a third electrode, reducing capacitance between the two gel electrodes as it approaches, which can be detected even during bending and stretching. Very light finger touch is readily detected even during deformation of the substrate. Lateral resolution is achieved by creating a sensor array. In the second approach, electrodes placed beneath a salt containing gel are able to detect ion currents generated by the deformation of the gel. In this approach, applied pressure results in ion currents that create a potential difference around the point of contact, leading to a voltage and current in the electrodes without any need for input electrical energy. The mechanism may be related to effects seen in ionomeric polymer metal composites (IPMCs), but with the response in plane rather than through the thickness of the film. Ultimately, these ionically conductive materials that can also be transparent and actuate, have the potential to be used in wearable devices.

Published
2017
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12. Linear Finite-Difference Bond Graph Model of an Ionic Polymer Actuator

Author

John D. W. Madden, Frédéric Vidal, Sébastien Grondel, Cédric Plesse, M Bentefrit, Eric Cattan, T. M. G. Nguyen, Caroline Soyer, Adelyne Fannir, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), University of British Columbia (UBC), Renatech Network, ANR-15-CE08-0032,MicroTIP,Microsystème incluant des transducteurs à base de réseaux Interpénétrés de Polymères(2015), ANR-11-EQPX-0025,LEAF,Plateforme de traitement laser pour l'électronique flexible multifonctionnelle(2011), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), EquipEX LEAF, and RENATECH

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Materials science, Multiphysics, Ionic bonding, ionic EAP, 02 engineering and technology, bond graph, Topology, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, finite difference method, Civil and Structural Engineering, [SPI.ACOU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Finite difference, Graph theory, Function (mathematics), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Mechanics of Materials, Signal Processing, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, Bond graph, Electrical efficiency
Abstract

JIF=2.963; International audience; With the recent growing interest for soft actuation, many new types of ionic polymers working in air have been developed. Due to the interrelated mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties which greatly influence the characteristics of such actuators, their behavior is complex and difficult to understand, predict and optimize. In light of this challenge, an original linear multiphysics finite difference bond graph model was derived to characterize this ionic actuation. This finite difference scheme was divided into two coupled subparts, each related to a specific physical, electrochemical or mechanical domain, and then converted into a bond graph model as this language is particularly suited for systems from multiple energy domains. Simulations were then conducted and a good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. Furthermore, an analysis of the power efficiency of such actuators as a function of space and time was proposed and allowed to evaluate their performance.

Published
2017
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13. A Photovoltaic Device Using an Electrolyte Containing Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Author

Arash Takshi, Rafael G. Saer, John D. W. Madden, Ali Mahmoudzadeh, and J. Thomas Beatty

Subjects
Photosynthetic reaction centre, Control and Optimization, bio-photovoltaic (bio-PV), Analytical chemistry, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, 010402 general chemistry, photocurrent, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Technology, Electrochemical cell, Reaction rate, jel:Q40, jel:Q, jel:Q43, Monolayer, jel:Q42, jel:Q41, jel:Q48, jel:Q47, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering (miscellaneous), jel:Q49, Photocurrent, mediators, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Chemistry, lcsh:T, reaction center, jel:Q0, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ray, jel:Q4, 0104 chemical sciences, Electrode, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Energy (miscellaneous)
Abstract

The performance of bio-photovoltaic devices with a monolayer of the immobilized photosynthetic reaction center (RC) is generally low because of weak light absorption and poor charge transfer between the RC and the electrode. In this paper, a new bio-photovoltaic device is described in which the RC is dissolved in the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell. The charges generated by the illuminated RC are transferred to electrodes via mediators. The difference between the reaction rates of two types of mediator at the electrode surfaces determines the direction of the photocurrent in the device. Experimental results show that the magnitude of the photocurrent is proportional to the incident light intensity, and the current increases nonlinearly with an increase in the RC concentration in the electrolyte. With further optimization this approach should lead to devices with improved light absorption.

Published
2010

14. Stacking trilayers to increase force generation

Author

John D. W. Madden, Meisam Farajollahi, Cédric Plesse, Farrokh Sassani, Vincent Woehling, Frédéric Vidal, Saeede Ebrahimi Takallo, Adelyne Fannir, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Paris-Seine, and University of British Columbia (UBC)

Subjects
Conductive polymer, Force generation, Cantilever, Materials science, Condensed Matter::Other, Stacking, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Low friction, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Finite element method, 0104 chemical sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Deflection (engineering), Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Trilayer actuators enable large mechanical amplification, but at the expense of force. Thicker trilayers can generate more force, but displacement drops. Ideally of course a combination of high force and large displacement is desirable. In this work we explore the stacking of trilayers driven by conducting polymers in order to combine large force and reasonable deflection. Trilayer actuators operating in air are simulated using the finite element method. Force generated and the maximum beam deflection of individual and multiple stacked trilayers are studied in terms of the interface condition of the neighboring layers and the length of the auxiliary trilayer. The best performance is obtained when trilayers are able to slide with respect to each other so forces can add without impeding displacement. This case will require low friction and uniformity among the trilayers. Bonding of stacked trilayers along their entire length increases force, but dramatically reduces displacement. An alternative which leads to moderate displacements with increased force is the use of a long and a short trilayer that are bonded.

Published
2015
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15. A Vertical Architecture for Increasing Photogalvanic Solar Cell Efficiency: Theory and Modeling

Author

Mohammad Ali Mahmoudzadeh and John D. W. Madden

Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Fabrication, Chemistry, business.industry, General Chemical Engineering, Energy conversion efficiency, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, Photoelectrochemical cell, law.invention, Electrochemical cell, Solar cell efficiency, law, Physics - Chemical Physics, Solar cell, Electrode, Electrochemistry, Energy transformation, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

Photogalvanic solar cells, the original dye based solar cell, have yet to fulfill their promise as a low fabrication cost, scalable energy conversion system. The efficient performance of photogalvanic cells relies on high dye solubility and selective electrodes with fast electron transfer kinetics. A new configuration is proposed for the photogalvanic cells that removes these impractical requirements. Instead of illuminating the device through the electrode, as is the conventional approach, a new vertical configuration is employed with light coming between the two electrodes. This way, the light absorption and hence electron generation is spread through the depth of the device. As a result, unreasonably fast electrode kinetics are no longer required. The depth can be adjusted according to the concentration of the dyes, and thus deeper cells enable low solubility dyes to be employed. The proposed configuration is mathematically modeled and the advantages over the conventional cell are shown. A numerical model is built for more detailed analysis that gives practical guidelines for working towards device parameters with high power conversion efficiency. The analysis suggests that upon the realization of highly selective electrodes and an improved dye/mediator couple, an efficiency of 13% should be achievable from the new configuration., 23 pages, 5 Figures, 4 Tables

Published
2013

16. Carbon nanotube yarns: Sensors, actuators and current carriers

Author

Mikhail E. Kozlov, Shaoli Fang, Ray H. Baughman, Mei Zhang, Tissaphern Mirfakhrai, and John D. W. Madden

Subjects
Nanotube, Materials science, law, Tension (physics), Carbon nanotube actuators, Ultimate tensile strength, Electroactive polymers, Carbon nanotube, Composite material, Current (fluid), Spinning, law.invention
Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted extensive attention in the past few years because of their appealing mechanical and electronic properties. Yarns made through spinning multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been reported. Here we report the application of these yarns as electrochemical actuators, force sensors and microwires. When extra charge is stored in the yarns, change in length. This actuation is thought to be because of electrostatic as well as quantum chemical effects in the nanotube backbones. We report strains up to 0.7 %. At the same time, the charged yarns can respond to a change in the applied tension by generating a current or a potential difference that is related to the applied tension force. As current carriers, the yarns offer a conductivity of ~300 S/cm, which increases linearly with temperature. We report a current capacity of more than 108 A/m2, which is comparable to those of macroscopic metal wires. However, these nanotube yarns have a density (0.8 g/cm3) that is an order of magnitude lower than metallic wires. The MWNT yarns are mechanically strong with tensile strengths reaching 700 MPa. These properties together make them a candidate material for use in many applications including sensors, actuators and light-weight current carriers Copyright 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

Published
2008
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17. Electroactive polymer actuator online database

Author

D. Irwin, N. Genereux, L. Filipozzi, K. A. Shkuratoff, P. Cheng, A. van der Star, D. Poon, G. Hsu, and John D. W. Madden

Subjects
Materials science, media_common.quotation_subject, Online database, Control engineering, computer.software_genre, Variety (cybernetics), Interdependence, Electroactive polymers, Compiler, User interface, Actuator, computer, Pace, media_common
Abstract

As polymer actuator performance improves there is an increasing demand to understand and compare properties. Past comparisons have relied on general statements of properties but do not capture the interdependence of these properties or keep up with the rapid pace of change. Modeling such interdependencies is complex. An alternative is to compile many measurements. A new actuator database has been created that is a compilation of experimental methods and results (mechanical, electrical, chemical and other properties) combined with a web interface. The objective is to capture actuator performance under a wide variety of conditions. The current content of the page is presented and justified. Researchers may submit data to the web page via an online form. Copyright 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

Published
2007
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18. Synthesis and characterization of EDOT-based conducting polymer actuators

Author

Peter Madden, John D. W. Madden, Nathan A. Vandesteeg, Ian W. Hunter, and Patrick A. Anquetil

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Conductive polymer, Materials science, Electrolyte, Polymer, Polypyrrole, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, PEDOT:PSS, Chemical engineering, Propylene carbonate, Polyaniline, Polymer chemistry, Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate
Abstract

Freestanding films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene), PEDOT, were synthesized electrochemically from a solution containing EDOT monomer, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and water in propylene carbonate. The films were tested mechanically under constant stresses ranging from 0.6 to 2.1 MPa and subjected to various electrochemical waveforms while immersed in a bath containing propylene carbonate and an electrolyte. The characterization resulted in observations of ultimate linear strains of 2%, strain rates of 0.003 Hz, and strain to charge densities of 4 x 10 -10 m 3 /C, comparable to the conventional conducting polymer polypyrrole. In addition to the quantitative analysis, evidence of both anionic and cationic intercalation into the polymer is presented with a discussion of prospective mechanisms and consequences. Keywords: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, PEDT, actuator, artificial muscle 1. INTRODUCTION Conventional electroactive polymer actuators exploit volume changes driven by the flux of ions in and out of the bulk material. These ions are forced either chemically or electrochemically and can be used to perform work against an applied load. To date numerous polymers have shown such capability, including polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polyaniline

Published
2003
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19. Improved charging and strain rates by laser perforating polypyrrole actuator electrodes.

Author

Kenneth K C Lee, Yuta Dobashi, Peter R Herman, John D W Madden, and Victor X D Yang

Abstract

Conducting polymer actuators generate significant strains (1%–10%) when driven at low voltages, and are muscle-like in their linear deformation, mechanical compliance, silent operation, and energy density. However, slow electrochemical processes have hindered widespread application. To operate electroactive polymer actuators in practical applications such as soft robotics, the speed of energy delivery is often important. Recent work has achieved very fast actuation by using very thin films and blending of materials of high ionic conductivity with conducting polymers, allowing fast insertion of ions. Here we make microscopic arrays of holes in relatively thick, easy to handle conducting polymer films in order to speed ion insertion and actuation. A single-step, top-down, non-contact and template-free approach is used, employing femto and picosecond lasers to texturize polypyrrole based actuators while preserving the stress and strain output. A wide range of hole separations and diameters (pitch/diameter from 9.75/5.17 μm to 24.7/13.2 μm) are explored to reduce the ion diffusion path length in the bulk polymer. This led to a speed increase of between 2 and 30 times. A finite element model based on diffusion shows similar improvements, suggesting that the reduced distance of mass transport achieved by laser perforation is the key to faster response times in the thick electrodes used. The demonstrated ability to increase rate of response using micromachined electrodes is potentially applicable to batteries and supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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20. Nonlinear dynamic modeling of ultrathin conducting polymer actuators including inertial effects.

Author

Ngoc Tan Nguyen, Yuta Dobashi, Caroline Soyer, Cédric Plesse, Giao T M Nguyen, Frédéric Vidal, Eric Cattan, Sébastien Grondel, and John D W Madden

Abstract

Trilayer conducting polymer (CP) actuators are potential alternatives to piezoelectric and electrostatic actuators due to their large strain, and recently demonstrated operation at hundreds of Hertz. However, these actuators exhibit nonlinear electrical and mechanical properties as a function of their oxidation state, when operated over their full strain range, making it more challenging to accurately predict their mechanical behavior. In this paper, an analytical multi-physics model of the CP actuators is proposed to predict their nonlinear dynamic mechanical behavior. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, a trilayer actuator composed of a solid polymer electrolyte sandwiched between two poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes was fabricated and characterized. This system consists of an electrical subsystem represented by an RC equivalent circuit, an electro-mechanical coupling matrix, and a mechanical subsystem described by using a rigid finite element method. The electrical conductivity and the volumetric capacitance, an empirical strain-to-charge ratio, and Young’s modulus of the actuator as a function of the PEDOT electrode charge state were also implemented into the model, using measured values. The proposed model was represented using a bond graph formalism. The concordance between the simulations and the measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model in predicting the nonlinear dynamic electrical and mechanical response of the actuators. In addition, the information extracted from the model also provided an insight into the critical parameters of the actuators and how they affect the actuator efficiency, as well as the energy distribution including dissipated, stored, and transferred energy. These are the key parameters for designing, optimizing, and controlling the actuation behavior of a trilayer actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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21. Frequency domain analysis of droplet-based electrostatic transducers.

Author

Graham Allegretto, Yuta Dobashi, Katelyn Dixon, Justin Wyss, Dickson Yao, and John D W Madden

Abstract

Squeezing a water droplet between two electrodes can generate a potential difference by converting some of the mechanical energy in vibrations into electrical energy. By utilizing the high capacitance inherent to electric double layers, and the surface charging at a polymer/water interface, we demonstrate a sensor that generates up to 892 mV peak-to-peak between 1 and 100 Hz, in response to a 250 μm deformation. This frequency response is described and explained using a linearized model in which the interfacial charge acts as the priming voltage, removing the need for external charging normally required in capacitive generators. The model suggests how to design the cell for maximum power output and provides an intuitive understanding of the high pass nature of the sensor. It successfully predicts the point of maximum power transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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22. Characterization and dynamic charge dependent modeling of conducting polymer trilayer bending.

Author

Meisam Farajollahi, Farrokh Sassani, Naser Naserifar, Adelyne Fannir, Cédric Plesse, Giao T M Nguyen, Frédéric Vidal, and John D W Madden

Abstract

Trilayer bending actuators are charge driven devices that have the ability to function in air and provide large mechanical amplification. The electronic and mechanical properties of these actuators are known to be functions of their charge state making prediction of their responses more difficult when they operate over their full range of deformation. In this work, a combination of state space representation and a two-dimensional RC transmission line model are used to implement a nonlinear time variant model for conducting polymer-based trilayer actuators. Electrical conductivity and Young’s modulus of electromechanically active PEDOT conducting polymer containing films as a function of applied voltage were measured and incorporated into the model. A 16% drop in Young’s modulus and 24 times increase in conductivity are observed by oxidizing the PEDOT. A closed form formulation for radius of curvature of trilayer actuators considering asymmetric and location dependent Young’s modulus and conductivity in the conducting polymer layers is derived and implemented in the model. The nonlinear model shows the capability to predict the radius of curvature as a function of time and position with reasonable consistency (within 4%). The formulation is useful for general trilayer configurations to calculate the radius of curvature as a function of time. The proposed electrochemical modeling approach may also be useful for modeling energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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