112 results on '"John, Sushil"'
Search Results
2. Assessment of obesity in the Indian setting: A clinical review
- Author
-
Sruthi, K.G., John, Sushil Mathew, and Marconi David, Sam
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Contraceptives Among Married Women of Rural Vellore
- Author
-
Sukumar, Margret Beaula Alocious and John, Sushil Mathew
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Risk Factors and Hazards in the Household Environment for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Urban Preschool Children of Vellore: A Case–Control Approach in the MAL-ED Birth Cohort
- Author
-
Ramesh, Rohan Michael, Khiratkar, Avinash Ganesh, Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan, Rose, Anuradha, John, Sushil Mathew, Bhagat, Pundlik Rambhau, Kang, Gagandeep, and Mohan, Venkata Raghava
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Screening practices for breast and cervical cancer and associated factors, among rural women in Vellore, Tamil Nadu
- Author
-
Saha, Shubhashis, Priya, S., Surender, Anu, Jacob, Rohan, George, Michael, Varghese, Namitha, Kumar, Nishant, Eappen, Noel, Kumar, Prabhas, Raymond, Riya, Phillips, Ashna, Mathew, Reuben, Vijayan, Miji, Sukhadhan, Christina, Thomas, Bincy, Marconi, Sam, Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam, Oommen, Anu, and John, Sushil
- Subjects
Oncology, Experimental ,Women ,Cancer -- Diagnosis -- Research ,Breast cancer ,Health - Abstract
Byline: Shubhashis. Saha, S. Priya, Anu. Surender, Rohan. Jacob, Michael. George, Namitha. Varghese, Nishant. Kumar, Noel. Eappen, Prabhas. Kumar, Riya. Raymond, Ashna. Phillips, Reuben. Mathew, Miji. Vijayan, Christina. Sukhadhan, Bincy. [...]
- Published
- 2023
6. Developmental trends in early childhood and their predictors from an Indian birth cohort
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Srinivasan, Manikandan, Bose, Anuradha, John, Sushil, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, Roshan, Reeba, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Association between head circumference at two years and second and fifth year cognition
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Srinivasan, Manikandan, Murugan, Timiri Palani, Bose, Anuradha, Christudoss, Pamela, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, John, Sushil, Roshan, Reeba, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study
- Author
-
Acosta, Angel Mendez, Rios de Burga, Rosa, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita KM, Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, Strand, Tor, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T, Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L, Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J, Pan, William K, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Miller, Mark A, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A, Tountas, Karen H, Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mvungi, Regisiana, Pascal, John, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Petri, William A, Scharf, Rebecca, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Scott, Samuel, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Ross, A Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B, Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Leite, Álvaro M, Lima, Noélia L, Lima, Ila F, Maciel, Bruna LL, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S, Oriá, Reinaldo B, Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M, Mota, Rosa MS, Patil, Crystal L, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Platts-Mills, James A, Liu, Jie, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Kabir, Furqan, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, Siguas, Mery, Khan, Shaila S, Praharaj, Ira, Murei, Arinao, Nshama, Rosemary, Mujaga, Buliga, Havt, Alexandre, Maciel, Irene A, McMurry, Timothy L, Operario, Darwin J, Taniuchi, Mami, Gratz, Jean, Stroup, Suzanne E, Roberts, James H, Kalam, Adil, Aziz, Fatima, Qureshi, Shahida, Islam, M Ohedul, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, Silapong, Sasikorn, Yori, Pablo P, Rajendiran, Revathi, Benny, Blossom, McGrath, Monica, McCormick, Benjamin J J, Seidman, Jessica C, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Guerrant, Richard L, Lima, Aldo A M, Leite, Jose Paulo, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal O, Page, Nicola, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Mason, Carl, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Kiwelu, Ireen, Mduma, Estomih R, Iqbal, Najeeha T, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Haque, Rashidul, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret N, and Houpt, Eric R
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study
- Author
-
Acosta, Angel Mendez, Rios de Burga, Rosa, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita KM, Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, Strand, Tor, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T, Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L, Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J, Pan, William K, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Miller, Mark A, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A, Tountas, Karen H, Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mvungi, Regisiana, Pascal, John, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Petri, William A, Scharf, Rebecca, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Scott, Samuel, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Ross, A Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B, Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Leite, Álvaro M, Lima, Noélia L, Lima, Ila F, Maciel, Bruna LL, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S, Oriá, Reinaldo B, Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M, Mota, Rosa MS, Patil, Crystal L, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Liu, Jie, Platts-Mills, James A, Kabir, Furqan, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, Siguas, Mery, Khan, Shaila S, Praharaj, Ira, Murei, Arinao, Nshama, Rosemary, Mujaga, Buliga, Havt, Alexandre, Maciel, Irene A, Operario, Darwin J, Taniuchi, Mami, Gratz, Jean, Stroup, Suzanne E, Roberts, James H, Kalam, Adil, Aziz, Fatima, Qureshi, Shahida, Islam, M Ohedul, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, Silapong, Sasikorn, Yori, Pablo P, Rajendiran, Revathi, Benny, Blossom, McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Guerrant, Richard L, Lima, Aldo A M, Leite, Jose Paulo, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal O, Page, Nicola, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Mason, Carl, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Kiwelu, Ireen, Mduma, Estomih R, Iqbal, Najeeha T, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Haque, Rashidul, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret N, and Houpt, Eric R
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Low head circumference during early childhood and its predictors in a semi-urban settlement of Vellore, Southern India
- Author
-
Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan, Ramamurthy, Prashanth, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Henry, Ankita, Bondu, Joseph Dian, John, Sushil Mathew, Babji, Sudhir, Koshy, Beena, Bose, Anuradha, Kang, Gagandeep, and Mohan, Venkata Raghava
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Unintentional injuries among children aged 1–5 years: understanding the burden, risk factors and severity in urban slums of southern India
- Author
-
Sharma, Srujan Lam, Reddy N, Samarasimha, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Jennifer, Mats Steffi, Gunasekaran, Annai, Rose, Anuradha, John, Sushil Mathew, Bose, Anuradha, and Mohan, Venkata Raghava
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Use of antibiotics in children younger than two years in eight countries: a prospective cohort study/Utilisation d'antibiotiques chez les enfants de moins de deux ans dans huit pays: une etude de cohorte prospective/El uso de antibioticos en ninos menores de dos anos en ocho paises: un estudio prospectivo de cohortes
- Author
-
Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Platts-Mills, James A., Seidman, Jessica C., John, Sushil, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ulak, Manjeswori, Shrestha, Sanjaya K., Soofi, Sajid Bashir, Yori, Pablo Penataro, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Lima, Aldo A.M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Kosek, Margaret N., Lang, Dennis R., Gottlieb, Michael, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Kang, Gagandeep, Bessong, Pascal O., Houpt, Eric R., and Guerrant, Richard L.
- Subjects
Gastrointestinal agents ,Pediatric pharmacology ,Antibiotics -- Usage ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Objective To describe the frequency and factors associated with antibiotic use in early childhood, and estimate the proportion of diarrhoea and respiratory illnesses episodes treated with antibiotics. Methods Between 2009 and 2014, we followed 2134 children from eight sites in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania, enrolled in the MAL-ED birth cohort study. We documented all antibiotic use from mothers' reports at twice-weekly visits over the children's first two years of life. We estimated the incidence of antibiotic use and the associations of antibiotic use with child and household characteristics. We described treatment patterns for diarrhoea and respiratory illnesses, and identified factors associated with treatment and antibiotic class. Findings Over 1 346 388 total days of observation, 16 913 courses of antibiotics were recorded (an Incidence of 4.9 courses per child per year), with the highest use in South Asia. Antibiotic treatment was given for 375/499 (75.2%) episodes of bloody diarrhoea and for 4274/9661 (44.2%) episodes of diarrhoea without bloody stools. Antibiotics were used in 2384/3943 (60.5%) episodes of fieldworker-confirmed acute lower respiratory tract illness as well as in 6608/16742 (39.5%) episodes of upper respiratory illness. Penicillins were used most frequently for respiratory illness, while antibiotic classes for diarrhoea treatment varied within and between sites. Conclusion Repeated antibiotic exposure was common early in life, and treatment of non-bloody diarrhoea and non- specific respiratory illnesses was not consistent with international recommendations. Rational antibiotic use programmes may have the most impact in South Asia, where antibiotic use was highest. Objectif Decrire la frequence et les facteurs associes a l'utilisation d'antibiotiques chez les jeunes enfants et estimer la proportion d'episodes de diarrhee et de maladies respiratoires traites avec des antibiotiques. Methodes De 2009 a 2014, nous avons suivi 2134 enfants qui participaient a l'etude de cohorte de naissance MAL-ED sur huit sites en Afrique du Sud, au Bangladesh, au Bresil, en Inde, au Nepal, au Pakistan, au Perou et en Republique-Unie de Tanzanie. Nous avons note l'utilisation de tous les antibiotiques declares par les meres lors de consultations bi-hebdomadalres pendant les deux premieres annees de vie des enfants. Nous avons estime l'Incidence du recours aux antibiotiques ainsi que les associations entre utilisation d'antibiotiques et caracteristiques des enfants et des foyers. Nous avons decrit les habitudes de traitement de la diarrhee et des maladies respiratoires et avons Identifie les facteurs associes aux traitements et aux classes d'antibiotiques. Resultats Sur 1 346 388 jours d'observation au total, 16 913 traitements aux antibiotiques ont ete enregistres (Incidence de 4,9 traitements par enfant et par an), la plus forte utilisation ayant ete observee en Asie du Sud. Un traitement antibiotique a ete administre pour 375/499 (75,2%) episodes de diarrhee sanglante et pour 4274/9661 (44,2%) episodes de diarrhee sans presence de sang dans les selles. Des antibiotiques ont ete utilises pour 2384/3943 (60,5%) episodes de maladie aigue des voies respiratoires inferieures confirmee par un professionnel sur le terrain ainsi que pour 6608/16 742 (39,5%) episodes de maladie des voies respiratoires superieures. Les penicillines etaient les plus frequemment utilisees pour combattre les maladies respiratoires, tandis que les classes d'antibiotiques utilisees pour traiter la diarrhee variaient selon les sites et au sein d'un meme site. Conclusion L'exposition repetee aux antibiotiques a un jeune age etait courante et le traitement de la diarrhee sans presence de sang dans les selles et de maladies respiratoires non specifiques ne respectait pas les recommandations internationales. C'est en Asie du Sud, oU l'usage des antibiotiques etait le plus important, que les programmes d'utilisation rationnelle des antibiotiques pourraient avoir le plus fort impact. Objetivo Describir la frecuencia y los-factores relacionados con el uso de antibioticos en la primera infancia y estimar la proporcion de los episodios de diarrea y enfermedades respiratorias tratados con antibioticos. Metodos Entre 2009 y 2014, se realizo el seguimiento de 2 134 ninos de ocho lugares en Bangladesh, Brasil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, la Republica Unida de Tanzania y Sudafrica inscritos en el estudio de cohortes en el nacimiento MAL-ED. Se documento el uso de todos los antibioticos de los informes de las madres en las visitas dos veces por semana a lo largo de los dos primeros anos de vida de los ninos. Se estimo la incidencia del uso de antibioticos y las asociaciones del uso de antibioticos con caracteristicas familiares y con ninos. Se describieron los patrones de tratamiento para la diarrea y las enfermedades respiratorias, y se identificaron los factores relacionados con las clases de tratamientos y de antibioticos. Resultados De un total de 1 346 388 dias de observacion, se registraron 16 913 tratamientos con antibioticos (una incidencia de 4,9 tratamientos por nino al ano), siendo el mayor uso en el sur de Asia. Se empleo tratamiento con antibioticos en 375/499 (75,2%) episodios de diarrea hemorragica y en 4 274/9 661 (44,2%) episodios de diarrea sin deposiciones hemorragicas. Se usaron antibioticos en 2 384/3 943 (60,5%) episodios de enfermedad respiratoria aguda de las vias bajas confirmadas por los investigadores, asi como en 6 608/16 742 (39,5%) episodios de enfermedad respiratoria de las vias altas. Las penicilinas se usaron mas frecuentemente para las enfermedades respiratorias, mientras que los antibioticos para el tratamiento de la diarrea variaron entre los distintos lugares. Conclusion La exposicion repetida a antibioticos fue comun en los primeros anos de vida, y el tratamiento de diarrea no hemorragica y de enfermedades respiratorias no especificas no fue coherente con las recomendaciones internacionales. Los programas de uso racional de antibioticos pueden tener el mayor efecto en el sur de Asia, donde el uso de antibioticos fue el mas alto., Introduction Antibiotics can be a lifesaving treatment for children with bacterial infections and are the most commonly prescribed therapy among all medications given to children. (1) However, antibiotics can also [...]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Probiotics, antibiotics and the immune responses to vaccines
- Author
-
Praharaj, Ira, John, Sushil M., Bandyopadhyay, Rini, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2015
14. Establishment of the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study Site in Vellore, Southern India
- Author
-
John, Sushil M., Thomas, Rahul J., Kaki, Shiny, Sharma, Srujan L., Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Raghava, Mohan V., Koshy, Beena, Bose, Anuradha, Rose, Anuradha, Rose, Winsley, Ramachandran, Anup, Joseph, A. J., Babji, Sudhir, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Early Antibiotic Exposure in Low-resource Settings Is Associated With Increased Weight in the First Two Years of Life
- Author
-
Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Platts-Mills, James A., Seidman, Jessica C., John, Sushil, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ulak, Manjeswori, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Soofi, Sajid B., Yori, Pablo Penataro, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Lima, Aldo A.M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Kosek, Margaret, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Zaidi, Anita, Kang, Gagandeep, Bessong, Pascal, Houpt, Eric R., and Guerrant, Richard L.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Reported healthcare utilisation for childhood respiratory illnesses in Vellore, South India
- Author
-
Sankarapandian, Venkatesan, Friberg, Ingrid K., John, Sushil Mathew, Bhattacharji, Sara, and Steinhoff, Mark C.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Effects of elevated blood lead levels in preschool children in urban Vellore
- Author
-
Mohan, Venkata Raghava, Sharma, Srujan, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Babji, Sudhir, Koshy, Beena, Bondu, Joseph Dian, John, Sushil Mathew, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Implementing FCTC Article 17 Through Participatory Research With Bidi Workers in Tamil Nadu, India.
- Author
-
Russell, Andrew, Chandra, P, Robson, Mary, Narayanan, Pradeep, Joseph, Stanley, Mukherjee, Pavan, Aghi, Mira, Otañez, Marty, Dutta, Madhumita, Bhojani, Upendra, Pathak, Prishanti, and John, Sushil
- Subjects
MEDICAL care research ,IMPACT of Event Scale ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO products ,TOBACCO - Abstract
Introduction: The exploitation, poor conditions, and precarity in the bidi (hand-rolled leaf cigarette) industry in India make it ripe for the application of the FCTC's Article 17, "Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities". "Bottom-up", participatory approaches give scope to explore bidi rollers' own circumstances, experiences, and aspirations.Methods: A team of six community health volunteers using a participatory research orientation developed a questionnaire-based semi-structured interview tool. Forty-six bidi rolling women were interviewed by pairs of volunteers in two northern Tamil Nadu cities. Two follow-up focus groups were also held. A panel of 11 bidi rollers attended a workshop at which the findings from the interviews and focus groups were presented, further significant points were made and possible alternatives to bidi rolling were discussed.Results: Bidi workers are aware of the adverse impact of their occupation on them and their families, as well as the major risks posed by the product itself for the health of consumers. However, they need alternative livelihoods that offer equivalent remuneration, convenience, and (in some cases) dignity. Alternative livelihoods, and campaigns for better rights for bidi workers while they remain in the industry, serve to undercut industry arguments against tobacco control. Responses need to be diverse and specific to local situations, i.e. "bottom-up" as much as "top-down", which can make the issue of scaling up problematic.Conclusion: Participatory approaches involving bidi workers themselves in discussions about their circumstances and aspirations have opened up new possibilities for alternative livelihoods to tobacco.Implications: Progress with the FCTC's Article 17 has generally been slow and has focussed on tobacco cultivation rather than later stages in the production process. The bidi industry in India is ripe for the application of an alternative livelihoods approach. This study is one of the first to use participatory methods to investigate the circumstances, experiences, and aspirations of bidi workers themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Early Childhood Stimulating Environment Predicts Later Childhood Resilience in an Indian Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Srinivasan, Manikandan, Gopalakrishnan, Sowmiya, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, Scharf, Rebecca, John, Sushil, Beulah, Rachel, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Subjects
SCHOOL environment ,HOME environment ,STATISTICS ,CHILD development ,AGE distribution ,MENTAL health ,COGNITION ,QUALITY of life ,MENTAL depression ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,LONGEVITY ,PREDICTION models ,PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Background: Human resilience is dynamic and generated through myriad interactions starting from early childhood. Resilience can improve quality of life and longevity. Objective: The current analysis evaluates childhood resilience at 9 years of age and its associations with concurrent cognition and early childhood factors, using longitudinal follow-up of a community birth cohort in Vellore, south India. Methods: Resilience was assessed using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure and cognition utilizing the Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children. Early childhood variables included growth stunting, maternal depression scores, home environment scores, and socio-economic status (SES) at 2 years of age. Statistical evaluation included bivariate analysis with further multi-variate regression for each resilience domain and the total resilience score. Findings: Out of 251 newborns recruited into the original birth cohort, 205 (81.7%) children were available for the 9-year follow-up. Mean (SD) scores in individual, caregiving, and context domains of resilience were 26.34 (3.2), 19.52 (1.6), and 20 (1.8) respectively. Individual resilience domain was associated with verbal cognition scores at 9 years of age (0.07, p = 0.019) and total home environment scores (0.16, p = 0.027) at 2 years of age, when adjusted for stunting, maternal depression, and SES. The total resilience score was associated only with concurrent verbal intelligence (0.08, p = 0.026) after adjustment with early childhood factors. Analysis of individual home environment factors showed that daily stimulation was associated with the individual domain of resilience. Conclusions: Follow-up of an Indian birth cohort showed that in addition to concurrent cognitive abilities, childhood resilience was related to early childhood stimulating home environment. Promoting optimal stimulating home environments in low-resource settings to nurture holistic childhood development including mental health is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Correspondence
- Author
-
Rathi, Sunil, Mandliya, Jagdish, John, Sushil Mathew, David, Kirubah Vasandhi, Arlappa, N., Ravikumar, B. P., Singhal, S. C., Choudhury, Panna, Yewale, Vijay, Rajmohan, K., Ramesh Menon, P., Huang, Shu-Ching, and Yang, Yao-Jong
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Secular Growth Trends in Early Childhood--Evidence from Two Low-Income Birth Cohorts Recruited over a Decade in Vellore, India.
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Karthikeyan, Arun S., Mohan, Venkata Raghava, Bose, Anuradha, John, Sushil, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Impact of the COVID-19 National Lockdown on a Rural and Tribal Population of Tamil Nadu, Southern India: A Mixed-Methods Survey.
- Author
-
Ramesh, Rohan Michael, Aruldas, Kumudha, Marconi, Sam David, Janagaraj, Venkateshprabhu, Rose, Anuradha, John, Sushil Mathew, Moorthy, Mahesh, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Saravanakumar, Puthupalayam Kaliappan, Ajjampur, Sitara Swarna Rao, and Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Are early childhood stunting and catch-up growth associated with school age cognition?—Evidence from an Indian birth cohort.
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Srinivasan, Manikandan, Gopalakrishnan, Sowmiya, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, Scharf, Rebecca, Murray-Kolb, Laura, John, Sushil, Beulah, Rachel, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Subjects
STUNTED growth ,COHORT analysis ,COGNITION in children ,PRESCHOOL children ,VERBAL ability ,SCHOOL food - Abstract
Background: Millions of children worldwide especially in the Asian subcontinent are vulnerable to early childhood stunting. There are contradictory reports of the association between catch-up growth in childhood and school age cognition. Methods: A community-based birth cohort recruited between 2010 and 2012 from urban slums in Vellore, India was followed up until 9 years of age. From regular anthropometric measurements, stunting status for each individual child was calculated at 2, 5 and 9 years. Cognition was assessed at 9 years of age using the Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC). Children were divided into groups based on stunting at each time point as well as catch-up growth, and a regression model was utilised to evaluate their association with cognition at 9 years. Results: Among 203 children included in this analysis, 94/203 (46.31%) children were stunted at 2 years of age, of whom 39.36% had a catch-up growth at 5 years of age, and 38.30% at 9 years. Around 10% of the cohort remained stunted at all time points. In the multivariable analysis, children who were stunted at 2, 5 and 9 years had a significantly lower verbal and total intelligence quotient (IQ) scores by 4.6 points compared to those who were never stunted. Children with catch up growth following stunting at 2 years had higher cognition scores than those who were persistently stunted throughout the childhood. Conclusions: This study showed persistent stunting in childhood was associated with lowering of 4–5 IQ points in childhood cognition at 9 years of age. Recovery from early life stunting in children with catch up growth prevented further lowering of cognition scores in these children compared to persistently stunted children. Nutritional supplementation during late infancy and early toddlerhood in addition to continuing nutritional supplementation programmes for preschool and school children can improve childhood stunting and cognitive abilities in vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Paradigm shift for tuberculosis control in high prevalence countries
- Author
-
John, Jacob T. and John, Sushil Mathew
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Causal Pathways from Enteropathogens to Environmental Enteropathy: Findings from the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study
- Author
-
Kosek, Margaret, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Bhutta, Zulfiquar, Caulfield, Laura, Guerrant, Richard, Houpt, Eric, Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Gwenyth, Lima, Aldo, McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Platts-Mills, James, Seidman, Jessica, Blank, Rebecca R., Gottlieb, Michael, Knobler, Stacey L., Lang, Dennis R., Miller, Mark A., Tountas, Karen H., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Checkley, William, Guerrant, Richard L., Kosek, Margaret N., Mason, Carl J., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Petri Jr., William A., Seidman, Jessica C., Bessong, Pascal, Haque, Rashidul, John, Sushil, Lima, Aldo A.M., Mduma, Estomih R., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar, Svensen, Erling, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Abreu, Cláudia B., Acosta, Angel Mendez, Ahmed, Imran, Shamsir Ahmed, A.M., Ali, Asad, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Barrett, Leah, Bauck, Aubrey, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bose, Anuradha, Daniel Carreon, J., Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Charu, Vivek, Costa, Hilda, Dillingham, Rebecca, Di Moura, Alessandra, Doan, Viyada, Filho, Jose Quirino, Graham, Jhanelle, Hoest, Christel, Hossain, Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Steffi Jennifer, M., Kaki, Shiny, Koshy, Beena, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Noélia L., Maciel, Bruna L.L., Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, McGrath, Monica, Mohale, Archana, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Mvungi, Regisiana, Nayyar, Gaurvika, Nyathi, Emanuel, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, Oria, Reinaldo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Pan, William K., Pascal, John, Patil, Crystal L., Pendergast, Laura, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Psaki, Stephanie, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rasheed, Muneera, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Richard, Stephanie A., Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Schaefer, Barbara, Scharf, Rebecca, Sharma, Srujan L., Shrestha, Binob, Shrestha, Rita, Simons, Suzanne, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M.S., Soofi, Sajid, Strand, Tor, Tofail, Fahmida, Thomas, Rahul J., Turab, Ali, Ulak, Manjeswori, Wang, Vivian, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Alam, Didar, Amour, Caroline, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Babji, Sudhir, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Flores, Julian Torres, Gratz, Jean, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Havt, Alexandre, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Lazarus, Robin P., Lima, Ila F., Mondal, Dinesh, Medeiros, Pedro H.Q.S., Nshama, Rosemary, Quetz, Josiane, Qureshi, Shahida, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Catharine Ross, A., Salas, Mery Siguas, Samie, Amidou, Schulze, Kerry, Shanmuga Sundaram, E., Swema, Buliga Mujaga, and Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo
- Subjects
Child health ,Stunting ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Child growth ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,Undernutrition ,Enteropathogen ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Enteropathy - Abstract
Background: Environmental enteropathy (EE), the adverse impact of frequent and numerous enteric infections on the gut resulting in a state of persistent immune activation and altered permeability, has been proposed as a key determinant of growth failure in children in low- and middle-income populations. A theory-driven systems model to critically evaluate pathways through which enteropathogens, gut permeability, and intestinal and systemic inflammation affect child growth was conducted within the framework of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) birth cohort study that included children from eight countries. Methods: Non-diarrheal stool samples (N = 22,846) from 1253 children from multiple sites were evaluated for a panel of 40 enteropathogens and fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and neopterin. Among these same children, urinary lactulose:mannitol (L:M) (N = 6363) and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) (N = 2797) were also measured. The temporal sampling design was used to create a directed acyclic graph of proposed mechanistic pathways between enteropathogen detection in non-diarrheal stools, biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation, systemic inflammation and change in length- and weight- for age in children 0–2 years of age. Findings: Children in these populations had frequent enteric infections and high levels of both intestinal and systemic inflammation. Higher burdens of enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, were associated with elevated biomarker concentrations of gut and systemic inflammation and, via these associations, indirectly associated with both reduced linear and ponderal growth. Evidence for the association with reduced linear growth was stronger for systemic inflammation than for gut inflammation; the opposite was true of reduced ponderal growth. Although Giardia was associated with reduced growth, the association was not mediated by any of the biomarkers evaluated. Interpretation: The large quantity of empirical evidence contributing to this analysis supports the conceptual model of EE. The effects of EE on growth faltering in young children were small, but multiple mechanistic pathways underlying the attribution of growth failure to asymptomatic enteric infections had statistical support in the analysis. The strongest evidence for EE was the association between enteropathogens and linear growth mediated through systemic inflammation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Published
- 2017
26. Two Doses of Measles Vaccine: Are Some States in India Ready for It?
- Author
-
John, Sushil, Sanghi, Savita, Prasad, Suranjan, Bose, Anuradha, and George, Kuryan
- Published
- 2009
27. Awareness and practices associated with common cancers among rural women of Vellore, southern India
- Author
-
Shubhashis Saha, S. Mohana Priya, Surender, Anu, Rc, Jacob, Mp, George, Namitha Mary Varghese, N Kumar, Kumar Pr, Philips Ac, Rt, Mathew, Vijayan Mm, Bm, Thomas, Sindhu Kulandaipalayam Natarajan, John, Sushil Mathew, and Oommen, Anu
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study
- Author
-
Amour, Caroline, Gratz, Jean, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Shrestha, Sanjaya, Samie, Amidou, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Qureshi, Shahida, Hotwani, Aneeta, Babji, Sudhir, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Lima, Aldo A. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bessong, Pascal, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Shakoor, Sadia, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret, Guerrant, Richard L., Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Houpt, Eric R., Platts-Mills, James A., Acosta, Angel Mendez, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Salas, Mery Siguas, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Mason, Carl J., Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L., Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J., Pan, William K., Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J. Daniel, Charu, Vivek, Doan, Viyada, Graham, Jhanelle, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Lang, Dennis R., McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Miller, Mark A., Mohale, Archana, Nayyar, Gaurvika, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A., Wang, Vivian, Blank, Rebecca, Tountas, Karen H., Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mduma, Estomih R., Mvungi, Regisiana, Nshama, Rosemary, Pascal, John, Swema, Buliga Mujaga, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir, Haque, Rashidul, Hossain, Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mondal, Dinesh, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Kosek, Margaret N., Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Ross, A. Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B., Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Havt, Alexandre, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Aldo A.M., Lima, Noélia L., Lima, Ila F., Maciel, Bruna L.L., Medeiros, Pedro H.Q.S., Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M.S., Patil, Crystal L., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Houpt, Eric, Petri, William A., Platts-Mills, James, Scharf, Rebecca, Shrestha, Binob, Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar, and Strand, Tor
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Male ,growth ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Campylobacter ,Gastroenteritis ,Cohort Studies ,Editor's Choice ,Child Development ,children ,Cost of Illness ,inflammation ,Risk Factors ,Campylobacter Infections ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Female ,Prospective Studies ,Articles and Commentaries ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
In a multisite birth cohort study, we document a high burden of Campylobacter infection using enzyme immunoassay, demonstrate an association between Campylobacter and linear growth shortfalls and both increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation, and identify potential interventions., Background. Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life. Methods. Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter. Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation. Results. A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter. We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47–.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70–0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82–0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63–0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (−1.82; 95% confidence interval, −1.94 to −1.70) compared with a low burden (−1.49; −1.60 to −1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation. Conclusions. Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings.
- Published
- 2016
29. Household food access and child malnutrition: results from the eight-country MAL-ED study
- Author
-
Psaki Stephanie, Bhutta Zulfiqar A, Ahmed Tahmeed, Ahmed Shamsir, Bessong Pascal, Islam Munirul, John Sushil, Kosek Margaret, Lima Aldo, Nesamvuni Cebisa, Shrestha Prakash, Svensen Erling, McGrath Monica, Richard Stephanie, Seidman Jessica, Caulfield Laura, Miller Mark, and Checkley William
- Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Stunting results from decreased food intake, poor diet quality, and a high burden of early childhood infections, and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although food insecurity is an important determinant of child nutrition, including stunting, development of universal measures has been challenging due to cumbersome nutritional questionnaires and concerns about lack of comparability across populations. We investigate the relationship between household food access, one component of food security, and indicators of nutritional status in early childhood across eight country sites. Methods We administered a socioeconomic survey to 800 households in research sites in eight countries, including a recently validated nine-item food access insecurity questionnaire, and obtained anthropometric measurements from children aged 24 to 60 months. We used multivariable regression models to assess the relationship between household food access insecurity and anthropometry in children, and we assessed the invariance of that relationship across country sites. Results Average age of study children was 41 months. Mean food access insecurity score (range: 0–27) was 5.8, and varied from 2.4 in Nepal to 8.3 in Pakistan. Across sites, the prevalence of stunting (42%) was much higher than the prevalence of wasting (6%). In pooled regression analyses, a 10-point increase in food access insecurity score was associated with a 0.20 SD decrease in height-for-age Z score (95% CI 0.05 to 0.34 SD; p = 0.008). A likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity revealed that this relationship was consistent across countries (p = 0.17). Conclusions Our study provides evidence of the validity of using a simple household food access insecurity score to investigate the etiology of childhood growth faltering across diverse geographic settings. Such a measure could be used to direct interventions by identifying children at risk of illness and death related to malnutrition.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Home environment: Short‐term trends and predictors in early childhood from an Indian community birth cohort.
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Karthikeyan, Arun, Bose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, John, Sushil, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Subjects
EDUCATION of mothers ,HOME environment ,CHILD development ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,COMMUNITIES ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,MENTAL depression ,LONGITUDINAL method ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: Early childhood home environment is intricately linked to child development and later cognitive and academic skills. There is limited literature evaluating home environmental trends and predictors in the low‐ and middle‐income country settings. Aims: Determine the trends of early childhood home environment changes between 6 and 36 months of age, and the factors associated with these changes. Study design Longitudinal community‐based birth cohort follow‐up study in a semi‐urban slum in Vellore, South India. Subjects: Consecutive sampling of a birth cohort between March 2010 and February 2012. Outcome measures Home environment was objectively assessed using the 'Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment' (HOME) scale. Predictors of change in the home environment over time also were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression models and linear mixed effect models were used to identify the factors associated with HOME score at individual time points and over‐a‐time period, respectively. Results: The birth cohort enrolled 251 children with a follow‐up of 235, 228 and 218 children at 6, 24 and 36 months, respectively. The socio‐economic status (SES) was the single biggest predictor for the HOME score at each time point, with increasing strength over time. Maternal education predicted home environment at 24 months, while maternal depression was negatively associated at 6 and 24 months of age. SES and maternal factors contributed to the overall change in the HOME score. Maternal factors predicted relational home environmental change over time. Conclusion: SES and maternal factors consistently predicted early childhood home environment at 6, 24 and 36 months of age and its change over time. It is important to support maternal education and wellbeing along with socio‐economic measures to optimize early childhood environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A retrospective study on the microbial spectrum and antibiogram of uropathogens in children in a secondary care hospital in Rural Vellore, South India.
- Author
-
Tryphena, Cherryl, Sahni, Rani, John, Sushil, Jeyapaul, Shalini, George, Anne, and Helan, Jasmine
- Subjects
HOSPITAL care of children ,RURAL hospitals ,URINARY tract infections ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,CO-trimoxazole - Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among children. Empiric antibiotics have to be started as early as possible or it may lead to an irreversible renal parenchymal damage and renal scarring in children. The objectives were to determine the prevalence and microbial profile of paediatric UTI and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methodology: This is a retrospective study which looked at urine cultures of children below 15 years that were sent during the study period. Results: Among the total urine cultures sent only 21.2% showed significant growth of organisms. The most common organism isolated was E. coli (75.5%). E. coli was least sensitive to cefpodoxime and co-trimoxazole, whereas highly sensitive to nitrofurantoin. Of the total children who had significant growth, 46% had ESBL. Discussion: The prevalence of culture-proven UTI among children was found to be 21.2%. The most common organism isolated among the study population was E. coli (75.5%) followed by Enterococcus species (19.0%) and Klebsiella species (14.5%). It was also found that E. coli was least sensitive to cefpodoxime (31.6%) and co-trimoxazole (26.3%), moderately to amoxicillin-clavulanate (52.4%), whereas highly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (82.9%). This was similar with the studies done at other secondary care hospitals, in Oman and Oddanchathram, South India. Conclusions: With the increasing resistance, cephalosporins should not be used in treating paediatric UTI, whereas nitrofurantoin can be started as an empiric antibiotic, which can later be changed according to the susceptibility pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The insulin sharps disposal study: Evaluation of a structured patient education initiative in an urban community health centre in India.
- Author
-
Moray, Kusum, Manjunath, K, Martina Shalini, A, Pricilla.S, Ruby, John, Sushil, and Prasad, Jasmin
- Subjects
URBAN health ,PATIENT education ,COMMUNITY centers ,INSULIN ,URBAN education - Abstract
Context: India has witnessed an increase in people suffering from diabetes mellitus and also those on insulin. The issue of handling used sharps in the community is an area of concern. Aims: Our study aimed to assess the change in knowledge and practise concerning the disposal of used insulin sharps in patients with diabetes, pre- and post-evaluation, a structured, health provider-initiated, patient-centred insulin-use health education (PIHE) Settings and Design: A pre- and post-evaluation study of PIHE set in an urban health centre in south India Methods and Materials: A pre-evaluation study was done on a cross-sectional sample of type II diabetes patients, who visited the urban health centre and were on insulin for at least 1 year. A semi-structured pilot-tested questionnaire was used for the study. For 18 months, PIHE was provided to all insulin users at outpatient contact, after which a post-evaluation study among another cross-sectional sample of patients in the same centre, was done to assess change in knowledge and practise. Statistical Analysis Used: Univariate analysis followed by logistic regression. Results: The participants in the pre- and post-evaluation studies had a mean (SD) age of 54.9 (11.33) years and 57.2 (11.01) years, respectively. The baseline characteristics of gender, socioeconomic status and diabetes duration were similar. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) difference in knowledge (19 [19%] to 81 [81%]) and practise (7 [7%] to 73 [73%]) of participants regarding the correct disposal method of used insulin syringes and sharps before and after PIHE. Conclusions: PIHE over an 18-month period for diabetic patients on insulin significantly improved knowledge and practises relating to insulin use and correct disposal of syringes and sharps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Accuracy of Trained Community-based Rehabilitation Volunteers in Identification and Appropriate Referral of Adults with Perceived Visual Disability in an Urban-slum Setting in Southern India.
- Author
-
Amritanand, Anika, Paul, Padma, Nagarajan, S Guru, Doss, Prem Ashirvadam, Yovan, Parmanandan, and John, Sushil
- Subjects
ADULTS ,SLUMS ,VOLUNTEERS ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,EYE care ,CREATIVE activities & seat work - Abstract
The integration of primary eyecare into existing primary healthcare systems requires simple yet effective tools that do not overburden the grass-root level worker. The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of a questionnaire-based tool administered by trained community-based rehabilitation volunteers (CBRVs) in identifying persons with visual disability, proportions accessing referral pathway and barriers to uptake of eyecare services. CBRVs working in the urban-slum service area of a teaching hospital were trained in administering a questionnaire-based tool derived from the World Health Organization (WHO) "Training in the community for people with disabilities" to a responsible adult member of the household. Post-training, they screened and referred adults with perceived visual problems. This tool was tested against two reference standards: (i) history of visual disability elicited by ophthalmologist; (ii) pre-set visual acuity and diagnosis criteria. Ten CBRVs screened 950 individuals of whom 805 (84.7%) were examined by an optometrist and ophthalmologist. Sensitivity and specificity of this method were 75% (95% CI 72–78%), 95.8% (95% CI 94–98%) respectively, using history and 60.2% (95% CI 57–63%), 91.8% (95% CI 90–94%) using clinical criteria as reference standard. Referral pathway was used by 91/221 (41.2%) referred individuals. The commonest barriers to accessing eye care were 'did not feel the need' (32.2%) and 'busy with work/household responsibilities' (30.2%). This questionnaire-based tool administered by grass-root level health workers to a responsible adult member of the family may be a promising screening method for identification and appropriate referral of persons with visual disability in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Body iron and lead status in early childhood and its effects on development and cognition: a longitudinal study from urban Vellore.
- Author
-
Koshy, Beena, Srinivasan, Manikandan, Zachariah, Susan Mary, Karthikeyan, Arun S, Roshan, Reeba, Bose, Anuradha, Mohan, Venkata Raghava, John, Sushil, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, and Kang, Gagandeep
- Subjects
IRON in the body ,COGNITION ,LONGITUDINAL method ,CHILD development ,AGE groups ,COGNITION in children ,LEAD toxicology - Abstract
Objective: Early childhood factors can have persisting effects on development and cognition in children. We propose to explore the trends of Fe deficiency and Pb toxicity in early childhood and their association with child development at 2 years of age and cognition at 5 years.Design: Longitudinal birth cohort study.Setting: Urban slum, Vellore, India.Participants: Children enrolled at birth were followed up regularly in the first 2 years with developmental and cognitive assessments at 2 and 5 years of age, respectively.Results: The birth cohort enrolled 251 children with 228 children followed up at 2 years and 212 at 5 years of age. Fe deficiency (ID) was highest at 15 months of age and improved subsequently at 24 months. Blood Pb levels (BLL) remained high at all age groups with an increasing trend with age; 97 % at 36 months having high BLL. Persistent high mean BLL at 15 and 24 months had negative association with both cognition and expressive language raw scores of 24 months, while high mean BLL at 15, 24 and 36 months had no significant association with any of the domains of cognition at 5 years of age. Early childhood cumulative body Fe status at 7, 15 and 24 months did not show any association with child development at 2 years, but was associated with verbal, performance and processing speed components of cognition at 5 years.Conclusions: Optimising body Fe status and limiting Pb exposure in early childhood can augment child development and school entry cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. CHAPTER 32 - Community-oriented medical education
- Author
-
Bhattacharji, Sara and John, Sushil Mathew
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Contributors
- Author
-
Jamkar, Arun, Bansal, Payal K., Shetmahajan, Madhavi, Sharma, Kailash, Pandya, Sunil K., Sood, Rita, Bhuiyan, Pritha S., Rajgopal, Lakshmi, Nayak, Ajita, Parkar, Shubhangi R., Kusurkar, Rashmi A., Artino, AR, Ten, Cate ThJ, Desai, Chetna, Tullu, Milind S., Bavdekar, Sandeep B., Rege, Nirmala N., Joshi, Medha A., Vyas, Rashmi, Hirkani, Munira, Dandekar, Sucheta P., Iyer, Praveen B., Bhosale, Yuvaraj J., Saoji, Vivek A., Supe, Avinash N., Grant, Janet, Patel, Tejal, Adkoli, Balchandra V., Mehta, Manju, Nayar, Usha, Shah, Henal R., Karve, Ashwini V., Seshadri, Krishna G., Patil, Rashmi A., Anshu, Mehta, Preeti, Ingole, Nayana, Shyamkishore, K., Pandey, Rajneesh, Das, Shukla, Ramchandran, VG, Sharma, Sonal, Sethuraman, KR, Singh, Tejinder, Modi, Jyoti Nath, Srinivas, DK, Pandit, Daksha D., Ramnarayan, K, Bhattacharji, Sara, John, Sushil Mathew, Zachariah, Anand, Chacko, Thomas V., Patil, Nivritti G., and Shankar, P. Ravi
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Intestinal permeability and inflammation mediate the association between nutrient density of complementary foods and biochemical measures of micronutrient status in young children: results from the MAL-ED study.
- Author
-
McCormick, Benjamin J J, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Lee, Gwenyth O, Schulze, Kerry J, Ross, A Catharine, Bauck, Aubrey, Lima, Aldo A M, Maciel, Bruna L L, Kosek, Margaret N, Seidman, Jessica C, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Bose, Anuradha, John, Sushil, Kang, Gagandeep, Turab, Ali, Mduma, Estomih, Bessong, Pascal, Shrestra, Sanjaya K, Ahmed, Tahmeed, and Mahfuz, Mustafa
- Subjects
ANEMIA ,MALNUTRITION risk factors ,FECAL analysis ,ALPHA 1-antitrypsin ,CALCIUM ,CHILDREN'S health ,COENZYMES ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DISACCHARIDES ,FERRITIN ,GLYCOPROTEINS ,INFLAMMATION ,INGESTION ,SMALL intestine ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,PERMEABILITY ,PEROXIDASE ,RISK assessment ,MICRONUTRIENTS ,TRANSFERRIN ,VITAMIN A ,VITAMIN B6 ,ZINC compounds ,MANNITOL ,NUTRIENT density ,DISEASE complications ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is thought to increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, but few studies adjust for dietary intakes and systemic inflammation. Objective We tested whether EED is associated with micronutrient deficiency risk independent of diet and systemic inflammation, and whether it mediates the relation between intake and micronutrient status. Methods Using data from 1283 children in the MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) birth cohort we evaluated the risk of anemia, low retinol, zinc, and ferritin, and high transferrin receptor (TfR) at 15 mo. We characterized gut inflammation and permeability by myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentrations from asymptomatic fecal samples averaged from 9 to 15 mo, and averaged the lactulose:mannitol ratio z -score (LMZ) at 9 and 15 mo. Nutrient intakes from complementary foods were quantified monthly from 9 to 15 mo and densities were averaged for analyses. α-1-Acid glycoprotein at 15 mo characterized systemic inflammation. Relations between variables were modeled using a Bayesian network. Results A greater risk of anemia was associated with LMZ [1.15 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.31)] and MPO [1.16 (1.01, 1.34)]. A greater risk of low ferritin was associated with AAT [1.19 (1.03, 1.37)] and NEO [1.22 (1.04, 1.44)]. A greater risk of low retinol was associated with LMZ [1.24 (1.08, 1.45)]. However, MPO was associated with a lower risk of high transferrin receptor [0.86 (0.74, 0.98)], NEO with a lower risk of low retinol [0.75 (0.62, 0.89)], and AAT with a lower risk of low plasma zinc [0.83 (0.70, 0.99)]. Greater nutrient intake densities (vitamins A and B6, calcium, protein, and zinc) were negatively associated with EED. Inverse associations between nutrient densities and micronutrient deficiency largely disappeared after adjustment for EED, suggesting that EED mediates these associations. Conclusions EED is independently associated with an increased risk of low ferritin, low retinol, and anemia. Greater nutrient density from complementary foods may reduce EED, and the control of micronutrient deficiencies may require control of EED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. First Dose of Measles Vaccine after 12 Months of Age.
- Author
-
John, Sushil Mathew and David, Kirubah Vasandhi
- Subjects
MEASLES vaccines ,VACCINATION ,VACCINES ,CHILDREN'S health ,IMMUNIZATION of children - Abstract
The article discusses the schedule of giving one dose of measles vaccine after children are 12 months of age. It cites the interpretation of health workers and the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) on the first 9-12 months of a child as the exclusive time for giving the vaccine. It notes the Government Order for ensuring a measles vaccine dose to be given to children up to 5 years old.
- Published
- 2011
39. The challenge of patients with severe psychiatric illness who do not access care — away forward.
- Author
-
John, Sushil Mathew, Venkatesan, Sankarapandian, Tharyan, Anna, and Bhattacharji, Sara
- Subjects
MENTAL illness ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,PRIMARY care ,HYGIENE ,CLOZAPINE - Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses are a significant cause of morbidity all over the world. In India many people with mental disorders are unable to access psychiatric care for a variety of reasons. This article describes the successful management of a person with schizophrenia in the community through a primary care team in liaison with psychiatrist services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Tuberculosis control must be scientifically defined & soundly designed.
- Author
-
John, T. Jacob, Vashishtha, Vipin M., John, Sushil Mathew, and Sudarsanam, Thambu David
- Subjects
- *
TUBERCULOSIS prevention , *PREVENTIVE health services , *PUBLIC health , *PUBLIC health surveillance - Abstract
The article focuses on the importance of a scientifically defined and soundly designed program for tuberculosis (TB) control in India. The country has been regarded as the TB capital of the world, holding nearly a third of the global cases of TB. It stresses the need to implement additional interventions to ensure that the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) meets its goal of reducing TB burden and mortality come 2015. It discusses ways on how to redesign the TB program, one of which is establish a functional public health surveillance system.
- Published
- 2010
41. Primary care for the urban poor in India during the pandemic: Uninterrupted management of non-communicable diseases and home-based care of patients with COVID-19 infection.
- Author
-
Abraham S, John SM, Gupta A, Biswas S, Khare MM, Mukherjee P, and Frankline AC
- Subjects
- Humans, Pandemics, Communicable Disease Control, Primary Health Care, COVID-19 epidemiology, Noncommunicable Diseases epidemiology, Noncommunicable Diseases therapy
- Abstract
Problem: The two waves of COVID-19 severely affected the healthcare system in India. The government responded to the first wave with a strict nationwide lockdown which disrupted primary care, including the management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The second wave overwhelmed healthcare facilities leading to inadequate access to hospital services. Collectively, these issues required urgent responses, including the adaptation of primary care., Approach: The Low-Cost Effective Care Unit (LCECU) of Christian Medical College, Vellore (CMC) has a network of community volunteers, community health workers, an outreach nurse, social workers and doctors who operate clinics in six poorer areas of Vellore. The network adapted quickly, responding to the lockdown during the first wave and ensuring ongoing primary care for patients with non-communicable diseases. During the second wave, the team developed a system in collaboration with other CMC departments to provide home-based care for patients with COVID-19., Local Setting: The LCECU is a 48-bed unit of the Department of Family Medicine, part of the 3,000-bed CMC. It originated in 1982, aiming to care for the poor populations of Vellore town. It has been actively working among urban communities since 2002, with a focus on delivering Community Oriented Primary Care (COPC), for six poor urban communities since 2016., Relevant Changes: During the first wave of COVID the LCECU team ensured patients with NCDs had uninterrupted primary care and medications by visiting them in their homes. The team also addressed food insecurity by organizing a daily lunch service for 600 people for over 2 months. In the second wave, the team responded to community needs by organizing and delivering home-based care to monitor patients affected by COVID-19., Lessons Learned: The COVID-19 pandemic raises many questions about the preparedness of health systems for disasters that disproportionately affect marginalized populations globally. COVID-19 is only one of the many potential disasters, including non-communicable diseases, mental health problems, pollution, climate change, and lifestyle illness. There is an urgent need to study models of care that support vulnerable communities in an accessible, cost-effective, and patient-oriented way, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This paper outlines lessons on how the LCECU team addressed disaster management:1. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of primary care-based rapid response interventions in disaster management.2. The LCECU model demonstrated the effectiveness of a primary care intervention based on pre-existing networks and familiarity between primary care teams and the community.3. Establishing community-based health care via interdisciplinary teams, including community health workers, community volunteers, outreach nurses, and doctors, is key.4. Addressing other social determinants of health, such as food insecurity, is an important component of care delivery., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Abraham, John, Gupta, Biswas, Khare, Mukherjee and Frankline.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Screening practices for breast and cervical cancer and associated factors, among rural women in Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
- Author
-
Saha S, Priya SM, Surender A, Jacob RC, George MP, Varghese NM, Kumar N, Eappen N, Kumar PR, Raymond R, Phillips AC, Mathew RT, Vijayan MM, Sukhadhan C, Thomas BM, Marconi SD, Sindhu KN, Oommen AM, and John SM
- Abstract
Background: Population-based screening coverage for breast and cervical cancer screening in the community is inadequately reported in India. This study assessed screening rates, awareness, and other factors affecting screening, among rural women aged 25-60 years in Vellore, Tamil Nadu., Methods: Women aged 25-60 years, from five randomly selected villages of a rural block were included in this cross-sectional study in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Households were selected by systematic random sampling, followed by simple random sampling of eligible women in the house. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess screening practices, awareness, and other factors related to cervical and breast cancer., Results: Although 43.8% and 57.9% were aware of the availability of screening for cervical and breast cancer respectively, screening rates were only 23.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.4-28.4%) and 16.2% (95% CI: 11.9-20.5%), respectively. Adequate knowledge (score of ≥50%) on breast cancer was only 5.9%, with 27.2% for cervical cancer. Only 16.6% of women had ever attended any health education program on cancer. Exposure to health education (breast screening odds ratio [OR]: 6.89, 95% CI: 3.34-14.21; cervical screening OR: 6.92, 95% CI: 3.42-14.00); and adequate knowledge (breast OR: 4.69, 95% CI: 1.55-14.22; cervix OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.59-5.68) were independently associated with cancer screening., Conclusion: Awareness and screening rates for breast and cervical cancer are low among rural women in Tamil Nadu, a south Indian state with comparatively good health indices, with health education being an important factor associated with screening practices., Competing Interests: None
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Probiotics, antibiotics and the immune responses to vaccines.
- Author
-
Praharaj I, John SM, Bandyopadhyay R, and Kang G
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Developing Countries, Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Probiotics, Vaccines administration & dosage, Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
Orally delivered vaccines have been shown to perform poorly in developing countries. There are marked differences in the structure and the luminal environment of the gut in developing countries resulting in changes in immune and barrier function. Recent studies using newly developed technology and analytic methods have made it increasingly clear that the intestinal microbiota activate a multitude of pathways that control innate and adaptive immunity in the gut. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the underperformance of oral vaccines in developing countries, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota is now being tested in human clinical trials. Supplementation with specific strains of probiotics has been shown to have modulatory effects on intestinal and systemic immune responses in animal models and forms the basis for human studies with vaccines. However, most studies published so far that have evaluated the immune response to vaccines in children and adults have been small and results have varied by age, antigen, type of antibody response and probiotic strain. Use of anthelminthic drugs in children has been shown to possibly increase immunogenicity following oral cholera vaccination, lending further support to the rationale for modulation of the immune response to oral vaccination through the intestinal microbiome., (© 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Measuring socioeconomic status in multicountry studies: results from the eight-country MAL-ED study.
- Author
-
Psaki SR, Seidman JC, Miller M, Gottlieb M, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Ahmed AS, Bessong P, John SM, Kang G, Kosek M, Lima A, Shrestha P, Svensen E, and Checkley W
- Abstract
Background: There is no standardized approach to comparing socioeconomic status (SES) across multiple sites in epidemiological studies. This is particularly problematic when cross-country comparisons are of interest. We sought to develop a simple measure of SES that would perform well across diverse, resource-limited settings., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 800 children aged 24 to 60 months across eight resource-limited settings. Parents were asked to respond to a household SES questionnaire, and the height of each child was measured. A statistical analysis was done in two phases. First, the best approach for selecting and weighting household assets as a proxy for wealth was identified. We compared four approaches to measuring wealth: maternal education, principal components analysis, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and a novel variable selection approach based on the use of random forests. Second, the selected wealth measure was combined with other relevant variables to form a more complete measure of household SES. We used child height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) as the outcome of interest., Results: Mean age of study children was 41 months, 52% were boys, and 42% were stunted. Using cross-validation, we found that random forests yielded the lowest prediction error when selecting assets as a measure of household wealth. The final SES index included access to improved water and sanitation, eight selected assets, maternal education, and household income (the WAMI index). A 25% difference in the WAMI index was positively associated with a difference of 0.38 standard deviations in HAZ (95% CI 0.22 to 0.55)., Conclusions: Statistical learning methods such as random forests provide an alternative to principal components analysis in the development of SES scores. Results from this multicountry study demonstrate the validity of a simplified SES index. With further validation, this simplified index may provide a standard approach for SES adjustment across resource-limited settings.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Nature, prevalence and risk factors of alcohol use in an urban slum of Southern India.
- Author
-
Kim S, Rifkin S, John SM, and Jacob KS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Middle Aged, Occupations, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking epidemiology, Young Adult, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Alcohol-Related Disorders epidemiology, Poverty Areas, Urban Population statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: There is a paucity of data on the use of alcohol in urban slums of southern India., Methods: We screened 2811 men for alcohol use via a household-level census in an urban slum in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, and interviewed 220 age- and area-matched pairs of men drinkers and non-drinkers to examine factors associated with alcohol use. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), a standard instrument, was used to assess risk levels of drinking of 354 drinkers. Prevalence rates were calculated using age- adjusted direct standardization. Odds ratios (ORs) of drinking status and higher-risk drinking were calculated using conditional logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression, respectively., Results: Among all men, we estimated that 46.1% consumed alcohol and 31.4% were hazardous drinkers (19% increased-risk, 7.7% high-risk and 4.7% dependent drinkers). Factors associated with alcohol use were: manual labour occupations (OR 2.08); presence of a common mental disorder (OR 1.50) and smoking (OR 2.08); while Muslim religion was protective (OR 0.43). Factors associated with higher-risk alcohol use were: being reported as a non-drinker during the census (OR 3.96); presence of a common mental disorder (OR 3.83); smoking (OR 1.78); drinking before legal age of 21 years (OR 2.71); spending more than `100 per day on alcohol (OR 6.17); and mainly drinking Indian-made foreign liquor (OR 5.45)., Conclusion: High prevalence of hazardous drinking and the factors associated with it suggest the need for population- wide interventions and further investigations to effectively reduce hazardous alcohol use and its harmful effects., (Copyright 2013, NMJI.)
- Published
- 2013
46. Treating a homeless psychiatric patient: ethical challenges.
- Author
-
David KV, John SM, Venkatesan S, Bhattacharji S, and Tharyan A
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Resuscitation Orders ethics, Social Responsibility, Coma therapy, Decision Making ethics, Ill-Housed Persons, Mental Disorders therapy, Terminal Care ethics
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Enumeration and strain characterization of fecal Escherichia coli associated with feeding triticale dried distillers grain with solubles in beef cattle diets.
- Author
-
Sharma R, Keffer-Wilkes L, Wu R, Li JQ, John SJ, and Topp E
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Load, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Cephalothin, Dietary Fiber administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli growth & development, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Phenotype, Repressor Proteins genetics, Tetracycline Resistance genetics, Cattle microbiology, Diet, Edible Grain, Escherichia coli classification, Feces microbiology
- Abstract
Triticale dried distillers grain with solubles (TDDGS), a major by-product of the bioethanol industry, has potential for utilization in animal feed. This study investigated the changes in generic fecal Escherichia coli strains associated with inclusion of TDDGS in cattle diets. Within this study, a longitudinal experiment (112 days) examined the effect of step-up increasing TDDGS inclusion from control to a final diet containing 30% TDDGS among cattle (n = 4), and a short-term experiment (28 days) compared animals (n = 16) fed control, 20%, 25%, or 30% TDDGS diets. We found that incorporation of either 20%, 25%, or 30% TDDGS did not have any effect on the amount of total E. coli shedding over either the longitudinal (p = 0.06) or the short-term (p = 0. 87) study. In both the experiments, 67% of the total E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to one or more of the 17 antimicrobials tested. Among the resistant isolates, cephalothin was the most prevalent resistance (44% isolates). Over the duration of the study, tet(C) was a commonly detected resistance gene in tetracycline-resistant E. coli. Significant diversity was observed among isolates with 33 and 31 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns clustering into 11 and 10 restriction endonuclease digestion pattern clusters for the longitudinal and short-term studies, respectively. Neither the duration of feeding nor increasing the proportion of TDDGS within the diet affected the diversity of E. coli resistance phenotypes or the clonal relatedness of the observed strains. Individual animals retained similar or closely related strains. Based on this study, inclusion of TDDGS as a protein and fiber source in cattle diets is not associated with increased maintenance, shedding, or proliferation of resistant strains of generic E. coli, which is an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance among cattle.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The challenge of patients with severe psychiatric illness who do not access care - a way forward.
- Author
-
John SM, Venkatesan S, Tharyan A, and Bhattacharji S
- Subjects
- Community Mental Health Services, Female, Fluphenazine administration & dosage, Health Behavior, Humans, India, Patient Care Team, Primary Health Care, Schizophrenia diagnosis, Schizophrenia rehabilitation, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Antipsychotic Agents administration & dosage, Fluphenazine analogs & derivatives, Health Services Accessibility, Schizophrenia drug therapy
- Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses are a significant cause of morbidity all over the world. In India many people with mental disorders are unable to access psychiatric care for a variety of reasons. This article describes the successful management of a person with schizophrenia in the community through a primary care team in liaison with psychiatrist services.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery.
- Author
-
Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, and Sankarapandian V
- Subjects
- Diarrhea drug therapy, Furazolidone therapeutic use, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination therapeutic use, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Dysentery, Bacillary drug therapy, Shigella
- Abstract
Background: Shigella dysentery is a relatively common illness and occasionally causes death, worldwide. Mild symptoms are self-limiting but in more severe cases, antibiotics are recommended for cure and preventing relapse. The antibiotics recommended are diverse, have regional differences in sensitivity, and have side effects., Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for treating Shigella dysentery., Search Strategy: In June 2009 we identified all relevant trials from the following databases: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT). We also checked conference proceedings for relevant abstracts, and contacted researchers, organizations, and pharmaceutical companies., Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled trials of antibiotics for Shigella dysentery., Data Collection and Analysis: Four authors, working in pairs, independently assessed trial eligibility, methodological quality, and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous data, and used the random-effects model for significant heterogeneity. We explored possible sources of heterogeneity, when present, in subgroup analyses of participant age and percentage of participants with confirmed Shigella infection., Main Results: Sixteen trials (1748 participants), spanning four decades and with differing sensitivity to Shigella isolates, met the inclusion criteria. Seven were judged to be at risk of bias due to inadequate allocation concealment or blinding, and 12 due to incomplete reporting of outcome data. Limited data from one three-armed trial of people with moderately severe illness suggest that antibiotics reduce the episodes of diarrhoea at follow-up (furazolidone versus no drug RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.48, 73 participants; cotrimoxazole versus no drug RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.59, 76 participants).There was insufficient evidence to consider any class of antibiotic superior in efficacy in treating Shigella dysentery, but heterogeneity for some comparisons limits confidence in the results. All the antibiotics studied were safe. There was inadequate evidence regarding the role of antibiotics in preventing relapses., Authors' Conclusions: Antibiotics reduce the duration of Shigella dysentery.Regularly updated local or regional antibiotic sensitivity patterns to different species and strains of Shigella are required to guide empiric therapy. More trials adhering to standard guidelines are required to evaluate the role of antibiotics in the treatment of severe forms of Shigella dysentery and in groups who are at high risk of complications.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery.
- Author
-
Prince Christopher R H, David KV, John SM, and Sankarapandian V
- Subjects
- Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Dysentery, Bacillary drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Shigella dysentery is a relatively common illness and occasionally causes death, worldwide. Mild symptoms are self-limiting but in more severe cases, antibiotics are recommended for cure and preventing relapse. The antibiotics recommended are diverse, have regional differences in sensitivity, and have side effects., Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for treating Shigella dysentery., Search Strategy: In June 2009 we identified all relevant trials from the following databases: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT). We also checked conference proceedings for relevant abstracts, and contacted researchers, organizations, and pharmaceutical companies., Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled trials of antibiotics for Shigella dysentery., Data Collection and Analysis: Four authors, working in pairs, independently assessed trial eligibility, methodological quality, and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous data, and used the random-effects model for significant heterogeneity. We explored possible sources of heterogeneity, when present, in subgroup analyses of participant age and percentage of participants with confirmed Shigella infection., Main Results: Sixteen trials (1748 participants), spanning four decades and with differing sensitivity to Shigella isolates, met the inclusion criteria. Seven were judged to be at risk of bias due to inadequate allocation concealment or blinding, and 12 due to incomplete reporting of outcome data. Limited data from one three-armed trial of people with moderately severe illness suggest that antibiotics reduce the episodes of diarrhoea at follow-up (furazolidone versus no drug RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.48, 73 participants; cotrimoxazole versus no drug RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.59, 76 participants).There was insufficient evidence to consider any class of antibiotic superior in efficacy in treating Shigella dysentery, but heterogeneity for some comparisons limits confidence in the results. All the antibiotics studied were safe. There was inadequate evidence regarding the role of antibiotics in preventing relapses., Authors' Conclusions: Antibiotics reduce the duration of Shigella dysentery.Regularly updated local or regional antibiotic sensitivity patterns to different species and strains of Shigella are required to guide empiric therapy. More trials adhering to standard guidelines are required to evaluate the role of antibiotics in the treatment of severe forms of Shigella dysentery and in groups who are at high risk of complications.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.