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The use of three-dimensional maps is more effective than two-dimensional maps in representing the Earth’s surface. However, the traditional methods used to create digital surface models are not efficient for capturing the details of Earth’s features. This is because they represent only three-dimensional objects in a single texture and do not provide a realistic representation of the real world. Additionally, there is a growing demand for up-to-date and accurate geo-information, particularly in urban areas. To address this challenge, a new technique is proposed in this study that involves integrating remote sensing, Geographic Information System, and Architecture Environment software to generate a highly-detailed three-dimensional model. The method described in this study includes several steps such as acquiring high-resolution satellite imagery, gathering ground truth data, performing radiometric and geometric corrections during image preprocessing, producing a 2D map of the region of interest, constructing a digital surface model by extending the building outlines, and transforming the model into multi-patch layers to create a 3D model for each object individually. The research findings indicate that the digital surface model obtained with comprehensive information is suitable for different purposes, such as environmental research, urban development and expansion planning, and shape recognition tasks. Godkänd;2023;Nivå 0;2023-06-05 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

A large-scale shear apparatus has been originally developed and built to test the mechanical properties of coarsegrained material. It was used to evaluate the shear behaviour of brash ice. The brash ice blocks were collected at Luleå harbour in two separate measuring campaigns in March 2020 and March 2021. The shear cylinder was loaded with brash ice in Luleå port in two different locations for the two test campaigns, and the displacementcontrolled shear tests were conducted. A vertical actuator was used to set a constant normal load and then a horizontal actuator was used to move the shear swing. In this setup, time, forces, and displacements were recorded at the forward and return stroke of the horizontal actuator. In total 6 shear cycles on two brash ice samples with axial stress of 4.8 kPa, 2 kPa and 1 kPa were performed. The test data was analysed to determine the relationship between shear stress and shear strain. The macro-porosity and confining axial force were found to be the most influential factors in determining the strength and deformation of the brash ice. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to estimate a few parameters of a material model known as the Continuous Surface Cap Model.

Timber piling allows for a solution with lower carbon footprint than concrete or steel piling, yet there exist few well-documented cases of modern timber piled embankments. In this paper, field measurements on a geosynthetic-reinforced timber pile-supported road embankment are reported and evaluated. The monitored road embankment is a section of a newly reconstructed semi-motorway in northern Sweden. The embankment was constructed on 8 m long untreated timber piles with 1.1 m spacing in a triangular pattern, without pile caps. On top of that, a 1.7 m high embankment was constructed, reinforced by two layers of biaxial geogrids. A long-term monitoring program is being carried out from when the semi-motorway was reconstructed. This study presents results from the first year of monitoring. The measurements include the load on the pile heads and subsoil, geogrid strain, pore water pressures, and settlements. The measurements show the development of arching over time, the interlocking of geogrid and embankment material, the subsoil consolidation, etc. The results of the monitoring are compared with results of analytical models from recommendations and codes. Funder: Branschsamverkan i grunden (BIG)

Lack of land for waste disposal is one of the main problems facing urban areas in developing countries. The Sulaimaniyah Governorate, located in northern Iraq, is one of the main cities of the country in the Kurdistan Region, covering an area of 2400 km2. Currently, there is no landfill site in the study region that meets scientific and environmental requirements, inappropriate dumping of solid waste causes adverse effects on the environment, economic and urban aesthetic. To overcome with this phenomenon, it is very crucial to suggest a landfill site, even in countries that recycle or burn their waste to protect the environment. Landfill sites should be carefully selected by considering all regulations and other restrictions. The integration of geographic information systems and multi-criteria decision analysis is used in this study to select suitable landfill locations in the region, for this purpose, thirteen layers are prepared according to their importance including urban area, villages, rivers, groundwater depth, slope, elevation, soil types, geological formations, roads, oil and gas field, land use classification, archaeological site and power lines. Two different methods (simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process) are implemented in a geographical information system to obtain the suitability index map for candidate landfill sites, where all these sites satisfied the scientific and environmental criteria which were adopted in this study. The comparison of the maps resulting from these two different methods demonstrates that both methods produced consistent results. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-04-28 (johcin)

Three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations were performed to further develop the Swedish design guidelines for geogrid-reinforced timber pile-supported embankments, also known as lightly piled embankments. Lightly piled embankments are constructed mainly in areas which typically have highly compressible soils, and the method utilises untreated timber piles as its key feature. The timber piles are installed in a triangular arrangement instead of the more common square arrangement, with a centre-to-centre distance of 0.8–1.2 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current standard using FE modelling setups with square and triangular pile arrangements with varying centre-to-centre distances, based on a typical road foundation case. The evaluation mainly focused on comparing the embankment settlements, as well as the load and stress distribution in the embankment, the piles and the geosynthetic reinforcement. As part of the evaluation, a state-of-the-art study was done on international design guidelines and analytical models. From the FE simulations, no evident difference in mechanical behaviour was found between the triangular and square piling patterns. The maximum allowed centre-to-centre distance between piles can potentially be increased to 1.4 m, decreasing the number of piles by as much as one third. Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-01-01 (johcin)

Iraq relies in its water resources on the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries. It used to be considered rich in its water resources until 1970. Then, the water quantity started to decrease due to the construction of hydrological projects within the riparian countries as well as the effect of climate change. In addition, water management planning in Iraq requires number of strategies that can help to overcome the water shortage problem. In this work, the negative problems are discussed and solutions are given to solve the water shortage problem. Keywords: Water Scarcity, Tigris, Euphrates, Climate Change, Iraq.

The awareness to tailings dam safety monitoring and reviews has increased by the catastrophes resulting from failures of such dams worsened by increasing tailings waste and construction of larger dams. The losses born by the mining industry from high costs of compensations and environmental rehabilitation work have brought this matter into focus. In the present article the need for safety monitoring programs of tailings dam is highlighted and mode of failures and factors leading to them are described. Basic principles of such programs are investigated with all phenomena needing observation described and their impacts explained. As in conventional dams this work is carried out by visual inspections and use of similar methods and instruments. In similar manners in both types of dams’ observation and measurements are done for measuring seepage water quantity and quality, phreatic surface level and pore pressure and total earth pressure values in addition to deformation measurements; and all are done by similar devices and methods such as weirs, piezometers, inclinometers, settlement plates and geodetic surveying. Basic differences between safety monitoring systems of the two types of dam, however, are presented in a tabular form. The continuity of safety monitoring of tailings dams is emphasized not only during the long construction phase but also after that in the abandonment and closure phase which can last indefinitely in order to watch for possible adverse effects on the environment and ecosystem due to the winds eroding and carrying of poisonous tailings contents, in addition to contaminated seepage water entering surface water streams and ground water. Justifications for using real time monitoring systems for recording and transmitting all data to the control center are presented with emphasis given on savings in both labor and time and need for the discovery of warning signs enabling raising earlier the alarm of possible failure or incident and the early taking of preventive measures. In this article it is argued that, in spite of the large investment of installing and running cost of comprehensive dam safety monitoring systems in tailings dams, such costs are justified as they form only a small percentage of the total investment in the tailings facilities projects, and may save huge costs if failure does happen. Such systems may be considered as an additional insurance against such events. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-09-29 (johcin)

Seismic instrumentation of dams and reservoirs sites is accepted today as a valuable tool to understand significant seismic hazards facing existing dams or future planed dams. With the advent of digital seismic accelerometers and recorders, it can now be used today as an integral part of dam safety monitoring systems. Outputs of these instruments help in understanding the dynamic response of dams during earthquake, assessing the damage caused by such events and determining required upgrading works necessary for existing dams and designing of safer dams in the future. Measuring and recording by strong motion seismographs covers the induced Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), velocity and displacement recorded on time scale to indicate the intensity and frequency of ground vibration at the site during seismic events. Seismometers for such measurements and recordings have undergone considerable evolution and there exist today a variety of these instruments with high degree of refinement which can even provide for remote sensing. In this work, this development is outlined and examples of seismic instrumentation in strategic dams are described. Damages to actual concrete and embankment dams of various types are described indicating the associated PGAs experienced during the mentioned earthquakes. Damages in the form of cracking, increased seepage, additional settlements and displacements are described to show type and extent of possible consequences of such events on dams. The reached conclusion is that seismic instrumentation systems are desirable and highly recommendable for all types of dams; existing and future ones and their high cost is justified by the service they provide. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-09-29 (johcin)

Sedimentation of reservoirs has its negative impacts on dams, first by reducing useful storage, altering the benefit/cost ratio originally calculated for the dam, and second by reducing the dams’ capacity for flood routing; increasing flooding hazards on the dam itself and for the downstream. More problems can be created by sediments and floating debris during floods on outlet structures by clogging them and thus creating dangerous situations, or damage trash screens leading to even more problems. If these debris and coarse sediments are allowed in, then they may damage dam structures such as gates, spillways intakes in addition to chutes, stilling basins and power penstocks by the mechanical abrasion impacts of such sediments on them. Frequent inspections, especially after floods must be made to ensure proper functioning of such structure and take actions for reducing the damage. In small reservoirs, dredging; although it adds to maintenance cost, may ease the problem, but in very large reservoirs, this may prove unpractical. Designers, therefore, have a duty to consider sedimentation problem seriously in the initial stages of design by: checking the anticipated accumulation of sediments, allowing enough storage free from siltation, foreseeing their negative impacts on intakes and outlet structures and taking design measures to reduce these impacts. At the same time, dam stability calculations shall have to provision for the anticipated new conditions of silting up at the face of the dam. Operators of dams, on the other hand, shall have to keep open eyes for all the negative issues created by sediments and floating debris, repairing damages caused by them and take measures to reduce their impacts in the future. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-09-29 (johcin)

Tigris River is a major source to supply water for a big part of Iraq. Lately, Iraq has experienced water shortage problems such as variability in climate and the building of huge dams in the upstream countries (Turkey and Iran). In this work, the total dissolved salts (T.D.S.) were measured at fourteen sites on the Tigris River in two periods of the year 2014. The first period consisted of six rainy-months (April–September) and the second period covered non-rainy-months (October-March). Interpolation technique of inverse-distance-weighting (I.D.W.) in ArcGIS was applied to create the prediction maps of the river for (T.D.S.) concentration in both periods. The findings revealed that the (T.D.S.) levels continued to the last site in Al-Qurnah-city (Basrah) from the first site in Fish-Khabur-city (S-1). In the first period, the (T.D.S.) levels at fourteen selected sites were over the levels in the second period. According to World-Health-Organization (2003), the (T.D.S.) concentration on the Tigris River in both periods in 2014 was graded into five classes, then, the prediction maps of the (T.D.S.) classifications were created.

As the world’s population has grown, waste generation has increased rapidly. Solid waste management requires a greater knowledge of the composition, generation quantity, physical properties, and impacts of economic aspects. This paper clarified the status of municipal solid waste management across Sulaimaniyah governorate and presented a comprehensive overview and implication of poor solid waste management in the study area. The core aspects covered were the future estimations of the cumulative solid waste amount with population growth by 2040 using brief calculations of the waste generation rate from 2016. The results revealed that the daily per capita waste generation in the Sulaimaniyah governorate is 1.32 kg by 2040, a cumulative solid waste of about 10,445,829 tons, and an estimated volume of 9,146,368 m3 which will be required for the disposal site in the future. ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-3-030-51209-5, 978-3-030-51212-5, 978-3-030-51210-1

The stabilization of soft soils with hydraulic binder is a common technique all over the world. By means of stabilization the engineering properties of fine-grained soils can be improved, where settlements or stability problems have to be handled. Lime and cement are usual binders. The use of industrial by-products as binders has been investigated and some are already established on the market in combination with cement, as e.g. fly ash or slag. Nowadays the reduction of CO2 is in focus, leading to a search for more by-products from the industry that are suitable to use as hydraulic binder. One of these is cement kiln dust (CKD) that is started to be used commercially as a binder in combination with cement. Fine-grained soils are often frost susceptible i. e. they show frost heave and/or thaw weakening. These typical problems are handled by improvement with hydraulic binder in countries with moderate climate [33]. In countries with cold climate, near surface soil stabilization with hydraulic binder is less used. One reason for this reduced usage are uncertainties about the influence of low temperature on the expected stabilizing effects of the hydraulic binder. Previous research has shown that the strength of the stabilized material is decreased by frost impact, when compared to without frost. New research results have shown a recovering of the strength after a reduction due to frost [1; 2]. In the present contribution, a multiple linear regression analysis is presented for identifying significant influencing factors for soil stabilization of fine-grained subgrade with hydraulic binders in cold environment. The regression analysis is based on the results from three earlier published laboratory studies [3-5], where the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was used as a measure of strength. The laboratory studies involved different soil types, different binders (mainly by-products), and varying binder contents. The results from the laboratory studies show that the strength increases during curing in cold environment. After twelve freeze-thaw-cycles the strength is reduced for several samples, compared to without freeze-thaw-cycles, but it is higher than without stabilization. A recovering of strength after a subsequent curing time after the freeze-thaw-cycles is visible in some cases for the stabilized samples. The multiple linear regression analysis presented here shows the influence of the binder content, as well as the freeze-thaw-cycles and the curing time, on the strength.

The Governorate of Sulaymaniyah is located in the north of Iraq with a population of 856 990 in 2016. The process of selecting a landfill site is considered as a complicated task with several factors and regulations to take into account. Currently, there are no landfill sites in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate that Governorate that respect the prerequisites of the scientific and environmental criteria. Therefore, in this study, thirteen suitable criteria were selected. These criteria are: groundwater depth, urban area, rivers, villages, soil types, elevation, roads, slope, land use, archaeological sites, power lines, oil and gas field, and geology. These criteria were used in the GIS (Geographic Information System), due to its high ability to manage and analyze various data. In addition, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was used to derive the weightings of criteria, through a matrix of pairwise comparison. In this work, the study site was classified into four different areas according to the Suitability Index for landfill sites, where they all satisfied the scientific and environmental criteria. ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-3-030-51209-5, 978-3-030-51212-5, 978-3-030-51210-1

Frost heave is major problem for infrastructures build in cold regions. Frost heave occurs due to suction (negative pore water pressure) generated due to the freezing process close to the frost line, i.e., at the frozen fringe. To understand and predict these negative pore water pressures is a key factor to accurately calculate the segregation heave, i.e. heave related to the formation of ice lenses. Segregation heave is the major part of the total heave and also the most challenging to predict. Many attempts have been presented in literature where the generated suction during freezing is related to temperatures, temperature gradients, grain size of the freezing soil etc. Very few laboratory tests have been presented in which the actual suction is measured during the ice lens formation process and compared with theoretical estimations. One reason is that these measurements are challenging. This paper presents results from laboratory measurements of generated suction during freezing. Laboratory tests were conducted on a silty soil sample and suction was measured at the frozen fringe using small pore pressure transducers (PPT’s). The samples were subjected to one-dimensional freezing from top to bottom in an open water system at a constant temperature gradient. Temperatures were measured at various points along the height of the soil sample while suction was measured at middle of the sample. Test results have shown that PPTs do not show pressure change in long-term static pressure test under sub-freezing temperature. For suction measurement at the frozen fringe, pore pressure readings should be measured at various points along the sample height.

Mosul Dam is an earth fill dam, with a storage capacity of 11.11 km3 constructed on highly karstified gypsum beds alternating with marl and limestone. After impounding in 1986, seepage locations were recognized. The dam situation now indicates that it is in a state of extreme relative risk. If it fails, then 6 million people will be affected and 7202 km2 area will be flooded. Grouting operations will elongate the life of the dam but will not solve the problem. Building a protection dam downstream will be the best measures to secure the safety of the downstream area and its’ population.

The development in society means that infrastructure like ballasted railway systems is facing challenges due to requests for a increased number of high-speed trains and heavier freight trains. This implies that ballasted railways get an increased impact from larger dynamic loads. The question is how the ballasted railways are today affected by dynamic loading and how will an increase in train speed and weight change the soil behavior within the railway embankment. A method of investigating soil behavior is via geophysical measurements. Accelerometers are commonly used for vibration measurements and by installing them on trains, measurements are possible to perform for complete railway sections. The knowledge of Eigen frequencies for various track components and soil layers are essential when considering frequency analysis of accelerometer measurements. Specifically, this means that the analysis is about detecting resonance of different components. From the actual case study, a good correlation is obtained between the expected Eigen frequencies and the measurement results. Thus, an assessment of the dynamic loadings influences on various soil layers and ballast has been possible to perform. Resonance of a soil layer means that the particles will be rearranged and degraded. For the case when saturated soil layers are subjected to resonance a phenomenon called liquefaction can occur if the pore pressures increases to the level were soil layers lose their effective stresses. Therefore, the most critical finding in this study is liquefaction because it leads to a loss in bearing capacity followed by settlements. Old railway tracks where little or no information exists of the soil conditions are the most suitable areas were this measurement and analysis method is of special use. Consequently, conventional borehole sampling can be reduced. ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-981-15-0449-5, 978-981-15-0450-1

A crisis of water scarcity in the world encouraged researchers, especially in the arid areas to know the nature and quality of all its sources regardless of surface water. The groundwater evaluation for irrigation was suggested by using the model of Water Quality Index for Irrigation (WQIIR) in the ArcMap/GIS Software. This model was applied to 48 wells distributed throughout the Hilla district, Babylon, Iraq. The samples of EC, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−1, Na+1, HCO3−1, and SAR for groundwater were collected from these wells during wet and dry seasons in 2016. The generated maps in GIS for the WQIIR model in both seasons were divided into categories based on restriction’s groundwater use for irrigation. These categories consisted of Severe Restriction (SR), High Restriction (HR), Moderate Restriction (MR), Low Restriction, and No Restriction. The areas values and their classification of restriction’s groundwater use for irrigation related to the five categories that resulted within the generated maps in GIS using the WQIIR model in the wet season (in km2) were: 42.79 (SR), 407.05 (HR), 377.77 (MR), 32.39 (LR) and 0.23 (NR) respectively and for the dry season were as follows: 42.79 (SR), 407.05 (HR), 377.77 (MR), 32.39 (LR) and 0.23 (NR) respectively. The areas and the classification categories of restriction groundwater for irrigation calculated based on the values resulted from the WQIIR model have shown variation in the dry and wet seasons.

Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, TDS, BOD5, NO3, and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the water quality index (WQI). The interpolation method (IDW) was applied in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the prediction maps for 12 parameters at 11 stations along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons in 2016. The regression prediction was applied on three stations in the Tigris River between observed values and predicted values, from the prediction maps, in both seasons. The results showed that the regression prediction for all parameters was given the acceptable values of the determination coefficient (R2). Furthermore, the state of water quality for the Tigris River was degraded downstream of the Tigris River, especially at the station (8) in Aziziyah in the wet and dry seasons and increase degradation clearly at Qurnah (Basrah province) in the south of Iraq. This paper considers the whole length of the Tigris River for the study. This is important to give comprehensive knowledge about the contamination reality of the river. Such that it becomes easier to understand the problem of contamination, analyze it, and then find the suitable treatments and solutions.

Nonlinear analysis for reinforced concrete members (R.C.) with two types of bars also with unsaturated and saturated soils was used to represent the models. To control the corrosion in the steel bar that used in R.C. member and decrease the cost, the geogrid with steel bar reinforcement are taken in this study to determine the effect of load-deflection and stress-strain relationships. The finite element method is used to model the R.C. member, bars and soil. A three-dimensional finite element model by ABAQUS version 6.9 software program is used to predict the load versus deflection and stress versus strain response with soil. The results for the model in this study are compared with the experimental results from other research, and the results are very good. Therefore, it was concluded that the models developed in this study can accurately capture the behavior and predict the load-carrying capacity of such R.C. members with soil and the maximum stresses with strains. The results show plastic strain values in the R.C. member with saturated soil are larger than their values in unsaturated soil about (54%, 58%, and 55% and 52%) when the geogrid ratios are (without geogrid, 60%, 40% and 20%) respectively, with the same values of stresses. Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-11-06 (johcin)

Underground thermal energy storage (UTES) systems are well known applications around the world, due to their relation to heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) applications. There are six kinds of UTES systems, they are tank, pit, aquifer, cavern, tubes, and borehole. Apart from the tank, all other kinds are site condition dependent (hydro-geologically and geologically). The aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system is a widespread and desirable system, due to its thermal features and feasibility. In spite of all the advantages which it possesses, it has not been adopted in very shallow groundwater (less than 2 m depth) regions, till now, due to the susceptibility of the storage efficiency of these systems to the in-site parameters. This paper aims to find a reliable method that can be used to find the best location to install ATES systems. The concept of the suggested method is based on integrating three methods. They are, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the DRASTIC index method, and ArcMap/GIS software. The results from this method include a criterion that summarizes the best location to install an ATES system. This criterion is depicted by ArcMap/GIS software, producing raster maps that specify the best location for the storage system. The suggested method can be used to find the best location to install the thermal storage, especially in susceptible aquifers.

Rapid growth in urbanized areas is a worldwide phenomenon. The rate of urban growth is very fast in developing countries like Iraq. This study illustrated urbanized area development in Sulaimaniyah Governorate from 2001 to 2017 using different Landsat imagery, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI). The Environment for visualizing images ENVI 5.3 and GIS software was utilized for image pre-processing, calibration and classification. The Maximum likelihood method was used in the accurately extracted solution information from geospatial Landsat satellite imagery of different periods. The Landsat images from the study area were categorized into six different classes. These are: forest, vegetation, rock, soil, built up and water body. Land cover variation and land use change detection in the area were calculated for over a 17 year period. The Change detection Analysis shows an explosive demographic shift in the urban area with a record of +8.99% which is equivalent to 51.80 km2 over a 17 years period and the vegetation area increased with 214 km2. On the other hand, soil area was reduced by 257.87 km2. This work will help urban planners in the future development of the city. ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-3-030-01439-1, 978-3-030-01440-7

Excessive richness of nutrients in water bodies such as rivers, lakes and ponds lead into deterioration of aquatic life as a results of dense growth of algae. Phosphate is one of the main nutrients that should be controlled to prevent this serious issue. Utilizing low cost material as a phosphate sorbent is offering a treatment method characterized as a sustainable solution. In this study the efficiency of biomass bottom ash BBA as phosphate sorbent material from aqueous solution is investigated. Batch experiments were undertaken, in which a particular mass of BBA was brought into contact with the phosphate solution. The experiments studied the influence of pH (different phosphate solutions were prepared with pH range 4 to 8), temperature (adsorption capacity measured at the temperature range of 10 to 30 °C), and contact time. In addition, the adsorption isotherm models were also applied to better understand the mechanism of phosphate sorption by BBA. The results revealed that the bonding between the cations (BBA surface) and anions (phosphate solution) is significantly affected by the pH of the solution. BBA presents an excellent phosphate sorption, especially, at low pH value and temperature around 20 oC. The method of this research can be adopted as a followed strategy for examination the capability of selected material for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-11-06 (johcin)

Badush Dam is a partially completed dam and a unique case of flood reten- tion dams. Its intended main function is to perform flood protection once in its lifetime; that is if Mosul Dam would collapse. In such a case, the Badush dam would temporarily store the whole flood wave and route it safely to the downstream. For this end, the bulk of the reservoir is left dry, while the re- maining volume at the lower part which is intended for power eneration does not give an economic justification for building the full height of the dam. The short duration of the intended use as a protection dam has led to relaxing many design assumptions which have raised concerns over the dam integrity. The current controversy rages now over whether to continue the construction of the dam as it was first designed or to change all that in view of the similar site geology of Mosul Dam. Mosul dam foundations suffer at the moment from the severe continuous dissolution of the soluble materials in its foundation leading to continued maintenance grouting of that foundation. This paper gives an overview of the history of Badush dam, its current design and what new equirements which are needed if it is to replace Mosul Damitself. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2019-12-19 (johcin)

Filtration materials coating with metallic oxides represented a good method for phosphate sorption. However, most of the researchers utilize chemicals as a source of metallic oxides and heating process to set the chemicals over the filtration materials. This study is aimed to introduce the furnace bottom ash FBA as a source of metallic oxides; it is available free because it is dumped as a waste material from power generation plants. The method of creating new filter media involves coating the limestone and sand by FBA, and the ordinary Portland cement OPC utilized as binder to binding the mixture materials. The water is the factor which is responsible for activating the OPC. All factors such as mixed materials ratio, water content and age of reaction have subjected to optimization process. The results revealed that the optimal mixture for phosphate removal consists of 40% FBA, 5% OPC from dry weight of supporting material, 35% water ratio from the total weight of FBA and OPC, and 14 days are enough to complete the materials reaction. Limestone-furnace bottom ash LFBA indicated high capacity for phosphate sorption and possibility of efficiency regenerate. This study demonstrates a new method for coating the filtration materials more convenient with sustainability approach. Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2019-12-19 (johcin)

The sound design of landfills is essential in order to protect human health and the environment (air, water, and soil). The study area, Babylon Governorate, is situated in the middle of Iraq, and is distinguished by a hot climate and shallow groundwater. The governorate did not have landfill sites that meet international criteria; in addition, the groundwater depth in Babylon Governorate is commonly shallow. Previously, the most important criteria for the study area and GIS software were used to select the best sites for locating landfills in the major cities of the governorate. In this study, the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP 3.95D) model was applied in order to ensure that there was no leakage of the leachate that results from the waste in the selected landfill sites. It is the most commonly utilized model for landfill design, and it is used to estimate water inflow through the soil layers. For the present study, to avoid groundwater pollution by leachate from a landfill site due to the shallow groundwater depth, compacted waste was placed on the surface using two height scenarios (2 m and 4 m). This design was developed using the soil properties of the selected sites coupled with the weather parameters in Babylon Governorate (precipitation, temperature, solar, and evapotranspiration) for a 12-year period covering 2005 to 2016. The results from both of the suggested landfill designs showed an absence of leachate from the bottom liner.

The sound design of landfills is essential in order to protect human health and the environment (air, water, and soil). The study area, Babylon Governorate, is situated in the middle of Iraq, and is distinguished by a hot climate and shallow groundwater. The governorate did not have landfill sites that meet international criteria; in addition, the groundwater depth in Babylon Governorate is commonly shallow. Previously, the most important criteria for the study area and GIS software were used to select the best sites for locating landfills in the major cities of the governorate. In this study, the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP 3.95D) model was applied in order to ensure that there was no leakage of the leachate that results from the waste in the selected landfill sites. It is the most commonly utilized model for landfill design, and it is used to estimate water inflow through the soil layers. For the present study, to avoid groundwater pollution by leachate from a landfill site due to the shallow groundwater depth, compacted waste was placed on the surface using two height scenarios (2 m and 4 m). This design was developed using the soil properties of the selected sites coupled with the weather parameters in Babylon Governorate (precipitation, temperature, solar, and evapotranspiration) for a 12-year period covering 2005 to 2016. The results from both of the suggested landfill designs showed an absence of leachate from the bottom liner. Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-01-22 (rokbeg)

The landfill design is necessary to be implemented in various regions to protect public human health and the factors ofenvironment. The suggested design of landfill was performed in the arid areas, where that Babylon Governorate, Iraq was selected as a case study. Babylon overnorate is located in the middle of Iraq. The suggested design for the selected sites for landfill in the arid areas was consisted of the base liner and final cover systems. The HELP 3.95D model was applied on both systems to check if there is any leakage by leachate from the suggested soil layers of landfill base on the water balance in Babylon Governorate for the years 2005-2016. The suggested design of final cover system was implemented based on weather parameters in the arid areas through storing water that coming from the surface within upper layers that have fine particles and over the top barrier without leakage into the waste body, thereby preventing leachate generation. This is allowing to the stored water to evaporate from the surface of soil or transpire through vegetation due to the high temperature during the most months in the study area. The results showed there was no percolation of leachate through the base liner system. The design of final cover system was acted to reduce the runoff on the surface and increase theactual evaporation. Validerad;2019;Nivå 1;2019-03-08 (oliekm)

The aim of this research was to simulate the water quality along the lower course of the Diyala River using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. For this purpose, the samples were taken at 24 sites along the study area. The parameters: total dissolved solids (T.D.S), total suspended solids (T.S.S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) were considered. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis for a duration of five years. The adopted analyzing approach was tested by calculating the mean absolute error (MAE) and the correlation coefficient (R) between observed water samples and predicted results. The result showed a percentage error less than 10% and significant correlation at R > 89% for all pollutant indicators. It was concluded that the accuracy of the applied model to simulate the river pollutants can decrease the number of monitoring station to 50%. Additionally, a distribution map for the concentrations’ results indicated that many of the major pollution indicators did not satisfy the river water quality standards.

The aim of this research was to simulate the water quality along the lower course of the Diyala River using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. For this purpose, the samples were taken at 24 sites along the study area. The parameters: total dissolved solids (T.D.S), total suspended solids (T.S.S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) were considered. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis for a duration of five years. The adopted analyzing approach was tested by calculating the mean absolute error (MAE) and the correlation coefficient (R) between observed water samples and predicted results. The result showed a percentage error less than 10% and significant correlation at R > 89% for all pollutant indicators. It was concluded that the accuracy of the applied model to simulate the river pollutants can decrease the number of monitoring station to 50%. Additionally, a distribution map for the concentrations’ results indicated that many of the major pollution indicators did not satisfy the river water quality standards.

Geophysical Journal International, 178 (3), ISSN:0956-540X, ISSN:1365-246X

Granular Matter, 12 (3), ISSN:1434-5021, ISSN:1434-7636